The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Small, dense low density lipoproteins, the insulin resistance syndrome and noninsulin-dependent diabetes
Abstract
The role of small, dense LDL as a risk factor for coronary heart disease is becoming well established. Several atherogenic mechanisms have been proposed to explain this relationship, including the association of small, dense LDL with the insulin resistance syndrome. A variety of studies, including large epidemiologic investigations, have now demonstrated that a predominance of small, dense LDL is one of the constellation of interrelated risk factors that characterize the insulin resistance syndrome. Recent results using a multivariate factor analysis approach have also shown that this set of risk factors can be simplified into three or four uncorrelated components that may provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying the syndrome and its association with disease. Furthermore, a number of cross-sectional studies and one prospective study have shown that small, dense LDL is a risk factor for noninsulin-dependent diabetes itself, and that this association may also be attributable to the insulin resistance syndrome.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Small dense LDL is closely associated with hypertriglyceridemia and hypo-HDL cholesterolemia259, 266).”
From Japan Atherosclerosis Society (JAS) guidelines for prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases 2017 (2018) · cites this paper as [266]
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Grundy, S. M., Benjamin, I. J., Burke, G. L., Chait, A., Eckel, R. H., Howard, B. V., Mitch, W., Smith, S. C., & Sowers, J. R. (1999) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.100.10.1134 · Cited by 2,698
Kinoshita, M., Yokote, K., Arai, H., Iida, M., Ishigaki, Y., Ishibashi, S., Umemoto, S., Egusa, G., Ohmura, H., Okamura, T., et al. (2018) · Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis · doi:10.5551/jat.gl2017 · Cited by 813
Hypertriglyceridemia, insulin resistance, and the metabolic syndrome
Grundy, S. M. (1999) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9149(99)00211-8 · Cited by 610
Li-ya, W., & Parhofer, K. G. (2014) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2014.08.010 · Cited by 543
Shih, D. Q., Bussen, M., Sehayek, E., Ananthanarayanan, M., Shneider, B. L., Suchy, F. J., Shefer, S., Bollileni, J. S., Gonzalez, F. J., Breslow, J. L., et al. (2001) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/86871 · Cited by 422
“Small dense LDL is a spherical particle that contains mainly esterified cholestero”
BackgroundCosta, J., Borges, M., David, C., & Carneiro, A. V. (2006) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.38793.468449.ae · Cited by 340
Okamura, T., Tsukamoto, K., Arai, H., Fujioka, Y., Ishigaki, Y., Koba, S., Ohmura, H., Shoji, T., Yokote, K., Yoshida, H., et al. (2023) · Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis · doi:10.5551/jat.gl2022 · Cited by 345
Lipoprotein subfraction concentrations in preeclampsia: Pathogenic parallels to atherosclerosis
Sattar, N. A., Bendomir, A., Berry, C., SHEPHERD, J., Greer, I. A., & Packard, C. J. (1997) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/s0029-7844(96)00514-5 · Cited by 283
Apolipoproteins: metabolic role and clinical biochemistry applications
Dominiczak, M. H., & Caslake, M. J. (2011) · Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.1258/acb.2011.011111 · Cited by 238
Zimmet, P., Boyko, E. J., Collier, G. R., & de Courten, M. (1999) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb07783.x · Cited by 234
Rana, J. S., Nieuwdorp, M., Jukema, J. W., & Kastelein, J. J. P. (2006) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2006.00594.x · Cited by 212
Voulgari, Tentolouris, N., & Papadogiannis, D. E. (2010) · Vascular Health and Risk Management · doi:10.2147/vhrm.s11681 · Cited by 211
Sattar, N. A., Greer, I. A., Louden, J., Lindsay, G., McConnell, M., Shepherd, J., & Packard, C. J. (1997) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.82.8.4126 · Cited by 193
“In men and in nonpregnant women, plasma triglyceride is the major determinant of small dense LDL, accounting for 40 ‐ 60% of the variability of this fraction in the plasma (12, 14, 18 , 19).”
BackgroundPirwany, I. R., Fleming, R., Greer, I. A., Packard, C. J., & Sattar, N. A. (2001) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.2001.01228.x · Cited by 169
The atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype and vascular endothelial dysfunction
Sattar, N. A., Petrie, J. R., & Jaap, A. J. (1998) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/s0021-9150(98)00037-9 · Cited by 162
“Raised plasma triglyceride-rich lipoproteins are associated with low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-cholesterol) and small, dense LDL particles and together comprise the atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype (ALP) [8].”
BackgroundInfluentialSaleem, U., Khaleghi, M., Morgenthaler, N. G., Bergmann, A., Struck, J., Mosley, T. H., & Kullo, I. J. (2009) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2008-2278 · Cited by 161
“terol (5), uric acid (6), C-reactive protein (2), plasminogen”
BackgroundRuotolo, G., Ericsson, C.-G., Tettamanti, C., Karpe, F., Grip, L., Svane, B., Nilsson, J. Å., Fairé, U. D., & Hamsten, A. (1998) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(98)00442-2 · Cited by 158
“Furthermore, support was obtained for the notion that IDL is implicated in progression of CAD.”
BackgroundInfluentialMolecular structure of low density lipoprotein: current status and future challenges
Prassl, R., & Laggner, P. (2008) · European Biophysics Journal · doi:10.1007/s00249-008-0368-y · Cited by 122
“Indeed, high concentrations of small, dense LDL have been identiWed as an additional risk factor for atherosclerosis (Austin et al. 1990; Austin and Edwards 1996; Galeano et al. 1998), and are associated with atherogenic conditions such as hyperbetalipoproteinemia (Teng et al. 1985) or familial…”
BackgroundIncreased Prevalence of Smaller and Denser LDL Particles in Asian Indians
Kulkarni, K. R., Markovitz, J. H., Nanda, N. C., & Segrest, J. P. (1999) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.19.11.2749 · Cited by 109
Lipids, lipoproteins and the risk of benign prostatic hyperplasia in community‐dwelling men
Parsons, J. K., Bergstrom, J., & Barrett-Connor, E. L. (2007) · British Journal of Urology · doi:10.1111/j.1464-410x.2007.07332.x · Cited by 104
“Compared to the general population, diabetic patients typically have higher triglyceride levels and lower HDL levels (the classic dyslipidemia of diabetes and the metabolic syndrome) and no difference in total or LDL cholesterol [20,21].”
BackgroundResultWinkler, K., Konrad, T., Füllert, S., Friedrich, I., Destani, R., Baumstark, M. W., Krebs, K., Wieland, H., & März, W. (2003) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.26.9.2588 · Cited by 104
“Lipid metabolism in insulin resistance is characterized by increased triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol, only slightly elevated LDL cholesterol levels (3), and a preponderance of dense LDL (4,5) that is often referred to as the atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype (6).”
Shepherd, J., Betteridge, J. D., Gaal, L. V., & Panel, O. B. O. A. E. C. (2005) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1185/030079905x43677 · Cited by 100
Glycation as an atherogenic modification of LDL
Younis, N. N., Sharma, R., Soran, H., Charlton-Menys, V., Elseweidy, M. M., & Durrington, P. N. (2008) · Current Opinion in Lipidology · doi:10.1097/mol.0b013e328306a057 · Cited by 102
Susceptibility of LDL and its subfractions to glycation
Soran, H., & Durrington, P. N. (2011) · Current Opinion in Lipidology · doi:10.1097/mol.0b013e328348a43f · Cited by 91
Henderson, H., Kastelein, J. J. P., Zwinderman, A. H., Gagné, E., Jukema, J. W., Reymer, P. W. A., Groenemeyer, B. E., Lie, K. I., Bruschke, A. V. G., Hayden, M. R., et al. (1999) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)32153-2 · Cited by 87
Yamaoka‐Tojo, M., Tojo, T., Takahira, N., Matsunaga, A., Aoyama, N., Masuda, T., & Izumi, T. (2010) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/1475-2840-9-17 · Cited by 86
“In addition to insulin resistance/hyperinsulinemia, investigators have found several biomarkers to be associated with MetS including leptin [4], catecholamine [6], brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) [7], oxidized low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL)[8], uric acid [9], C-reactive protein (CRP) [4], plasminogen activa…”
InfluentialThe safety of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors in special populations at high cardiovascular risk
Corsini, A. (2003) · Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy · doi:10.1023/a:1026132412074 · Cited by 82
Albers, J. J., Marcovina, S. M., Imperatore, G., Snively, B. M., Stafford, J. M., Fujimoto, W. Y., Mayer‐Davis, E. J., Petitti, D. B., Pihoker, C., Dolan, L. M., et al. (2007) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2007-2176 · Cited by 83
Lipoprotein disorders associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance
Haffner, S. M. (2002) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9149(02)02634-6 · Cited by 82
Levels and correlates of LDL and VLDL particle sizes among children: the Bogalusa heart study
Freedman, D. S., Bowman, B. A., Otvos, J. D., Srinivasan, S. R., & Berenson, G. S. (2000) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/s0021-9150(99)00495-5 · Cited by 77
“Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia also influence VLDL metabolism, leading to high levels of large VLDL [44] and smaller LDL particles [36,40,45].”
BackgroundCholesterol Management in Theory and Practice
Gotto, A. M. (1997) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.96.12.4424 · Cited by 76
van Etten, R. W., de Koning, E. J. P., Honing, M. L. H., Stroes, E. S. G., Gaillard, S., & Rabelink, T. J. (2002) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.0000015330.64968.c4 · Cited by 72
Effect of alpha lipoic acid on oxidative stress and vascular wall of diabetic rats.
Budin, S. B., Othman, F. B., Louis, S. R., Bakar, M. A., Radzi, M., Osman, K., Das, S., & Mohamed, J. (2009) · PubMed · Cited by 61
Teramoto, T., Sasaki, J., Ueshima, H., Egusa, G., Kinoshita, M., Shimamoto, K., Daida, H., Biro, S., Hirobe, K., Funahashi, T., et al. (2007) · Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis · doi:10.5551/jat.e578 · Cited by 57
Low density lipoprotein particle diameter in young, nonobese, normolipidemic Japanese men
Kazumi, T., Kawaguchi, A. T., Hozumi, T., Nagao, M., Iwahashi, M., Hayakawa, M., 石原, 健., & Yoshino, G. (1999) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/s0021-9150(98)00201-9 · Cited by 57
Plasma oxysterols and tocopherol in patients with diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia
Murakami, H., Tamasawa, N., Matsui, J., Yasujima, M., & Suda, T. (2000) · Lipids · doi:10.1007/s11745-000-0530-1 · Cited by 56
“Although the factors determining the susceptibility of LDL to oxidation are not thoroughly understood ( 29 ), CuSO 4 oxidation of lipoproteins has been widely used to examine LDL oxidation (8,11).”
BackgroundWinkler, K., Abletshauser, C., Hoffmann, M. M., Friedrich, I., Baumstark, M. W., Wieland, H., & März, W. (2002) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2002-020370 · Cited by 55
Pathophysiology of diabetic dyslipidemia:implications for atherogenesis and treatment
Sugden, M., & Holness, M. (2011) · Clinical Lipidology · doi:10.2217/clp.11.32 · Cited by 55
Sone, H., Takahashi, A., Shimano, H., Ishibashi, S., Yoshino, G., Morisaki, N., Saitō, Y., Kawazu, S., Teramoto, T., Fujita, T., et al. (2002) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0024-3205(02)02038-6 · Cited by 45
Lipids, cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus
Wierzbicki, A. S. (2000) · Lupus · doi:10.1191/096120300678828235 · Cited by 42
Yamaoka‐Tojo, M., Tojo, T., Wakaume, K., Kameda, R., Nemoto, S., Takahira, N., Masuda, T., & Izumi, T. (2011) · Nutrition & Metabolism · doi:10.1186/1743-7075-8-3 · Cited by 40
Clinical implications of the metabolic syndrome
Češka, R. (2007) · Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research · doi:10.3132/dvdr.2007.049 · Cited by 41
“This LDL phenotype is also implicated in the development of type 2 diabetes per se.(19) Management of metabolic syndrome has two main objectives, therefore.”
BackgroundPeripheral cholesterol metabolic disorders and Alzheimer s disease
Ledesma, M. D. (2012) · Frontiers in Bioscience-Elite · doi:10.2741/e368 · Cited by 33
Ristić-Medić, D., Ristic, V., Arsić, A., Poštić, M., Ristić, G., Mladenović, V., & Tepšić, J. (2005) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2005.06.008 · Cited by 31
DYSLIPIDEMIA IN TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS: MORE ATHEROGENIC LIPID PROFILE IN WOMEN
Nakhjavani, M., Esteghamati, A., Esfahanian, F., & Heshmat, A. (2006) · Cited by 30
Localization of genes that control LDL size fractions in baboons
Rainwater, D. L., Kammerer, C. M., Mahaney, M. C., Rogers, J., Cox, L. A., Schneider, J. L., & VandeBerg, J. L. (2003) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/s0021-9150(03)00051-0 · Cited by 31
McNeill, K. L., Fontana, L., Russell-Jones, D. L., Rajman, I., Ritter, J. M., & Chowienczyk, P. (2000) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(00)00607-0 · Cited by 31
“The importance of small dense LDL has received much attention because of experimental evidence suggesting increased atherogenic potential of small dense LDL and evidence, mainly in nondiabetic subjects, that small dense LDL is associated with a higher incidence of ischemic heart disease (6,18).”
BackgroundTan, C., Chew, L. S., Chio, L. F., Tai, E. S., Lim, H., Lim, S. C., Jayakumar, L., Eng, H. K., & Packard, C. J. (2001) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/s0168-8227(00)00211-4 · Cited by 30
Effects of Lipoproteins on Metabolic Health
Albitar, O., D’Souza, C. M., & Adeghate, E. A. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16132156 · Cited by 41
“Numerous studies, including extensive epidemiological research, have confirmed that an excess of small, dense LDL is among the cluster of interconnected risk factors characteristic of insulin unresponsiveness [46].”
BackgroundMetabolic syndrome and right ventricle: An updated review
Tadic, M. V., Ivanovic, B. A., & Cuspidi, C. (2013) · European Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2013.08.007 · Cited by 28
Thiazolidinediones, dyslipidaemia and insulin resistance syndrome
Sunayama, S., Watanabe, Y., Daida, H., & Yamaguchi, H. (2000) · Current Opinion in Lipidology · doi:10.1097/00041433-200008000-00009 · Cited by 29
Clemson University, C. E. S. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780199543724.001.0001 · Cited by 28
Peripheral cholesterol metabolic disorders and Alzheimer s disease
Maria, D. L. (2011) · Frontiers in Bioscience-Elite · doi:10.2741/368 · Cited by 35
“In fact, the levels of HDL cholesterol are lower in obese than in lean subjects (61,65) while total and LDL cholesterol can be elevated (61,66,67).”
BackgroundAthyros, V. G., Mitsiou, E. K., Τζιόμαλος, Κ., Karagiannis, A. I., & Mikhailidis, D. P. (2010) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1517/14656560903575654 · Cited by 25
“In T2DM, high TG levels are related to increased flow of fatty acids to the liver [17], whereas low HDL-C levels are partly due to increased cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) activity [17].”
BackgroundBenefits of micronised Fenofibrate in type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects with good glycemic control
Tan, C., Chew, L. S., Tai, E. S., Chio, L. F., Lim, H., Loh, L. M., & Shepherd, J. (2001) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/s0021-9150(00)00497-4 · Cited by 25
“Available data suggests that the typical dyslipidemia in type 2 DM (hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL-C and a predominance of small dense LDL) is a major cause of coronary risk in this group of patients [5,6].”
BackgroundWinkler, K., Friedrich, I., Baumstark, M. W., Wieland, H., & März, W. (2002) · The British Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1177/14746514020020021301 · Cited by 25
Nivoit, P., Wiernsperger, N. F., Moulin, P., Lagarde, M., & Renaudin, C. (2003) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-003-1225-2 · Cited by 22
“In our study, diabetic patients have a low cholesterol to protein weight ratio in the LDL fraction reaching statistical significance only for Type 2 diabetic patients, indicating predominance of small dense LDL, as reported previously [37, 38].”
ResultDiabetes and cardiovascular disease
Neil, A. (2003) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1046/j.1462-8902.2003.0311.x · Cited by 24
Wierzbicki, A. S., Lumb, P. J., Cheung, J., & Crook, M. A. (1997) · QJM · doi:10.1093/qjmed/90.10.631 · Cited by 23
THE ROLE OF LIPID LOWERING IN TRANSPLANTATION
Wierzbicki, A. S. (1999) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.1999.tb11661.x · Cited by 23
Rubiés-Prat, J., Ordóñez‐Llanos, J., Martín, S., Blanco‐Vaca, F., Balaguer, L. M., Goday, A., & Pedro‐Botet, J. (2001) · Clinical and Experimental Hypertension · doi:10.1081/ceh-100104240 · Cited by 22
“Plasma triglycerides or VLDL-triglycerides account for approximately 40% of the variability in small dense LDL particles (26), and LDL size shows an inverse association with plasma triglyceride levels (24, 25) as occurred in the present study both in patients and controls.”
BackgroundGuan, J., Murakami, H., Yamato, K., Tanabe, J., Matsui, J., Tamasawa, N., & Suda, T. (2004) · Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis · doi:10.5551/jat.11.56 · Cited by 20
Strategies for the Management of Diabetic Dyslipidaemia
Taskinen, M. (1999) · Drugs · doi:10.2165/00003495-199958001-00011 · Cited by 19
“[24] Furthermore, there are several mechanisms by which small, dense LDL particles may exert greater atherogenicity than larger, more buoyant particles.[11] These include increased oxidation, increased affinity for the arterial wall, and alteration of metabolic properties (interference with clearance via the LDL recep…”
BackgroundIDL can stimulate atherogenic gene expression in cultured human vascular endothelial cells
Maeno, Y., Kashiwagi, A., Nishio, Y., Takahara, N., & Kikkawa, R. (2000) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/s0168-8227(99)00147-3 · Cited by 19
Corsetti, J. R. (2003) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2003.08.027 · Cited by 19
“[2], have utilized factor analysis to investigate different aspects of the metabolic syndrome in various populations with several reviews appearing as well [14,15].”
MethodBays, H. E. (2003) · The British Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1177/14746514030030050801 · Cited by 18
Leonhardt, W., Pfützner, A., Müller, J., Pietzsch, J., Forst, T. M., Karagiannis, E., Lübben, G., & Markolf Hanefeld, E. (2008) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.01.007 · Cited by 17
“Lipid metabolism in subjects with insulin resisance is characterized by increased triglycerides, low HDL-C, nly slightly elevated LDL-C [1], and a preponderance of mall dense LDL3 particles [2,3].”
BackgroundFenofibrate protects lipoproteins from lipid peroxidation: Synergistic interaction with α‐tocopherol
Chaput, E., Maubrou‐Sanchez, D., Bellamy, F., et al. (1999) · Lipids · doi:10.1007/s11745-999-0390-8 · Cited by 17
Observational study of lipid profile and LDL particle size in patients with metabolic syndrome
Sancho‐Rodríguez, N., Avilés-Plaza, F. V., Fernández, E. G., Hernández-Martínez, A. M., Albaladejo-Otón, M. D., Martínez-Mernández, P., & Pallarés, S. P. (2011) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/1476-511x-10-162 · Cited by 16
Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors Other than Dyslipidemia
Teramoto, T., Sasaki, J., Ishibashi, S., Birou, S., Daida, H., Dohi, S., Egusa, G., Hiro, T., Hirobe, K., Iida, M., et al. (2013) · Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis · doi:10.5551/jat.17368 · Cited by 16
Analysis of Lipoprotein Subfractions in 920 Patients With and Without Type 2 Diabetes
Zhao, X., Zhang, H., Zhang, Y., et al. (2016) · Heart Lung and Circulation · doi:10.1016/j.hlc.2016.10.020 · Cited by 15
Tamasawa, N., Murakami, H., Yamato, K., Matsui, J., Tanabe, J., & Suda, T. (2003) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1046/j.1463-1326.2003.00286.x · Cited by 15
Kazdová, L., Žák, A., & Vrána, A. (1997) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb51863.x · Cited by 15
Gordon, P. A. (2004) · Journal of Vascular Nursing · doi:10.1016/s1062-0303(03)00083-9 · Cited by 15
Aziz, K. M. A. (2014) · Bioenergetics Open access · doi:10.4172/2167-7662.1000118 · Cited by 13
“Hypertension is another well-established risk factor for CVD/IHD, to the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy (DKD) and has association with IR [24-46].”
BackgroundTroyo-Barriga, P. (2004) · PubMed · Cited by 13
Hayaishi-Okano, R., Yamasaki, Y., Ohtoshi, K., et al. (2002) · Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis · doi:10.5551/jat.9.200 · Cited by 12
Wierzbicki, A. S., Watts, G. F., Lynas, J., et al. (2001) · Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease · doi:10.1023/a:1012407609063 · Cited by 12
Wen, Y., Doyle, M. C. T., Norris, L., et al. (1999) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2125.1999.00895.x · Cited by 11
(2007) · Clinical Governance An International Journal · doi:10.1108/cgij.2007.24812aae.004 · Cited by 11
The Aging Vasculature: Glucose Tolerance, Hypoglycemia and the Role of the Serum Response Factor
Aberdeen, H., Battles, K., Taylor, A., Garner-Donald, J., Davis-Wilson, A., Rogers, B. T., Cavalier, C., & Williams, E. D. (2021) · Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease · doi:10.3390/jcdd8050058 · Cited by 9
“In addition, less cholesterol is packaged and transported in the core of small LDL particles compared to that of large particles [91,92] Oxidized LDL are also pro-atherogenic.”
BackgroundMigdalis, I. N., Ioannidis, I., Παπάνας, Ν., Raptis, A. E., Sotiropoulos, A., Dimitriadis, G., & (HDNS), O. B. O. T. H. D. N. S. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11113224 · Cited by 8
“In addition to the potential role of dyslipidemia and diabetes in the progression of DCKD, diabetic nephropathy per se can also impair lipid metabolism, mainly via urinary protein excretion [39].”
BackgroundInterpreting clinical trials of diabetic dyslipidaemia: new insights
Wierzbicki, A. S. (2009) · Diabetes, obesity and metabolism · doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2007.00751.x · Cited by 7
The use of statins in optimising reduction of cardiovascular risk: focus on fluvastatin
Corsini, A. (2004) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1368-5031.2004.00154.x · Cited by 8
Sanguinetti, S. M., Schreier, L. E., Elbert, A. E., et al. (1999) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/s0021-9150(98)00276-7 · Cited by 8
“In diabetic patients, we found a low cholesterol to protein weight ratio in the LDL fraction (Table 1), indicating predominance of small dense LDL, as reported previously [9,10].”
ResultDiabetes and Coronary Heart Disease
McMahon, G. T. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-1475-9_27 · Cited by 7
Arai, H. (2013) · Nihon Naika Gakkai Zasshi · doi:10.2169/naika.102.890 · Cited by 6
Exercise and Cardiovascular Risk among Masters Athletes with Type 2 Diabetes
Parisi, E. J., & Baggish, A. L. (2019) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-019-1229-z · Cited by 5
Temelkova-Kurktschiev, T. S., Hanefeld, M., & Leonhardt, W. (1997) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb51841.x · Cited by 5
Zhang, T.-X., Peng, F., Chai, D., & Lin, J. (2012) · The American Journal of the Medical Sciences · doi:10.1097/maj.0b013e31824a0164 · Cited by 4
“Accumulated sdLDL-Cs are prone to oxidation, causing endothelial NO/ET imbalance.(24) A fourth possible mechanism of endothelial dysfunction could be the direct toxic effect of high serum glucose and TG levels on the vascular endothelium.”
BackgroundLIPID DISORDERS IN TYPE 2 DIABETES
Braun, L. T. (2001) · Nursing Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0029-6465(22)02549-x · Cited by 4
Gopalan, C., & Kirk, E. P. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-823421-1.00015-9 · Cited by 4
What do we (not) know about apoB, type 2 diabetes and obesity?
Smith, J. D., Amri, M. A., & Sniderman, A. D. (2004) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2004.09.012 · Cited by 4
Study the Small and Dense Lipoprotein Levels (LDLsd) in Coronary Artery Disease
Majul, E. A. (2014) · Journal of Cardiovascular Diseases & Diagnosis · doi:10.4172/2329-9517.1000151 · Cited by 3
“It is known that there are pathologies such as insulin resistance where can be associated with the increase of the LDLsd and an increase of triglyceride in blood [4,5].”
BackgroundLipid Profile in Sudanese Diabetic Patients
Yahia, L. M. (2011) · Cited by 4
A Correlation between Dyslipidaemia and Glycaemic Control in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Parmar, D. D., Sakariya, K., Vidja, D. K., et al. (2012) · National journal of integrated research in medicine · Cited by 2
Effect of nateglinide on the size of LDL particles in patients with type 2 diabetes
Onishi, Y., Fujisawa, T., Sakaguchi, K., & Maeda, M. (2006) · Advances in Therapy · doi:10.1007/bf02850044 · Cited by 2
Winkler, K. (2004) · Journal of Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.1515/labmed.2004.060 · Cited by 2
Treating lipids in cardiovascular disease: new directions
Wiklund, O. (2001) · European Heart Journal Supplements · doi:10.1016/s1520-765x(01)90054-9 · Cited by 2
“The lipid profile seen in relation to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes is characterized by a low HDL level, high levels of triglycerides and a predominance of small dense LDL particles([5]).”
BackgroundFalko, J. M. (2011) · US Endocrinology · doi:10.17925/use.2011.07.01.30 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Austin, M. A., & Edwards, K. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Venue
- Current Opinion in Lipidology
- Published
- 1996-06
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 167-171
- ISSN
- 0957-9672 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1974432134
- Cited by
- 126
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 6.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Current Opinion in Lipidology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01hl046880-04, 2r01hl049513-08)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R-01 HL49513, R-01 HL-46880)
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA149051)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Cholesterol and Lipid Metabolism
- Keywords
- small dense LDL, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease risk, atherogenic lipoproteins, factor analysis, risk factor clustering, dyslipidemia
- MeSH terms
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Humans, Insulin Resistance, Lipoproteins, LDL, Phenotype, Risk Factors, Multivariate Analysis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
