The DOI matches its Crossref record; 38 of the 38 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Substance Use in Persons With Schizophrenia: Baseline Prevalence and Correlates From the NIMH CATIE Study
Abstract
This study examined baseline correlates of substance use in the NIMH Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness project. Approximately 60% of the sample was found to use substances, including 37% with current evidence of substance use disorders. Users (with and without substance use disorders), compared with nonusers, were significantly more likely to be male, be African-American, have lower educational attainment, have a recent period of homelessness, report more childhood conduct problems, have a history of major depression, have lower negative symptom and higher positive symptom scores on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, and have a recent illness exacerbation. Individuals with comorbid substance use disorders were significantly more likely to be male, report more childhood conduct problems, have higher positive symptom scores on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, and have a recent illness exacerbation. These analyses suggest that substance use disorders in schizophrenia are especially common among men with a history of childhood conduct disorder problems and that childhood conduct disorder problems are potent risk factors for substance use disorders in schizophrenia.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In dual disorders, a study of the different clinical correlates in SMI with data from the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) in the United States (n=1,460) mentioned that 32.2% of individuals with concurrent disorders reported having a major depressive episode in the 5 years preceding the study (18).”
From Mobile intervention for individuals with psychosis, dual disorders, and their common comorbidities: A literature review (2019) · cites this paper as [18]
Citations
Cites
The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia.
Kay, S. R., Fiszbein, A., & Opler, L. A. (1987) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/13.2.261 · Cited by 21,378
Regier, D. A. (1990) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1990.03450190043026 · Cited by 3,962
Kessler, R. C. (1997) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830160031005 · Cited by 2,085
A depression rating scale for schizophrenics
Addington, D. E., Addington, J., & Schıssel, B. (1990) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/0920-9964(90)90005-r · Cited by 1,270
Stroup, T., Mcevoy, J., Swartz, M., Byerly, M., Glick, I., Cañive, J., McGee, M., Simpson, G., Stevens, M., & Lieberman, J. (2003) · Schizophrenia bulletin · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a006986 · Cited by 647
Violence and Severe Mental Illness: The Effects of Substance Abuse and Nonadherence to Medication
Swartz, M. S., Swanson, J. W., Hiday, V. A., Borum, R., Wagner, H. R., & Burns, B. J. (1998) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.155.2.226 · Cited by 628
Mueser, K. T., Drake, R. E., & Wallach, M. A. (1998) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/s0306-4603(98)00073-2 · Cited by 616
Prevalence of HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C in people with severe mental illness
(2001) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.91.1.31 · Cited by 589
Self-citationDeviant Children Grown Up: A Sociological and Psychiatric Study of Sociopathic Personality.
Dohrenwend, B. P., & Robins, L. N. (1967) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2948351 · Cited by 571
Co-occurring disorders among mentally ill jail detainees: Implications for public policy.
Abram, K. M., & Teplin, L. A. (1991) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.46.10.1036 · Cited by 554
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Alterman, 1986, Recent Developments in Alcoholism (Vol 4, pp 169–189).
- Epstein, 1994, Types of Alcoholics: Evidence from Clinical, Experimental and Genetic Research: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (Vol 708, pp 187–201).
- First, 1996, Structured Clinical Interview for Axes I and II DSM-IV Disorders-Patient Edition (SCID-I/P).
- Haywood, 1995, Predicting the “revolving door” phenomenon among patient with schizophrenic, schizoaffective and affective disorders., Am J Psychiatry, 151, 856
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–146 of 146
Tantirangsee, N., & Assanangkornchai, S. (2014) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2014.11.006 · Cited by 10
Moore, K. A., Young, M. S., Barrett, B., & Ochshorn, E. (2009) · Journal of Social Service Research · doi:10.1080/01488370903110829 · Cited by 9
Substance use in persons with schizophrenia: incidence, baseline correlates, and effects on outcome
Reimherr, F. W., Swartz, M. S., & Olsen, J. L. (2010) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511712265.012 · Cited by 8
FRANCES, R. J. (2007) · Yearbook of Psychiatry and Applied Mental Health · doi:10.1016/s0084-3970(08)70382-7 · Cited by 8
Problematic substance use among forensic psychiatric community patients
Sender-Galloway, S., & Clark, T. (2013) · Journal of Forensic Practice · doi:10.1108/14636641311322304 · Cited by 7
Implications of CATIE for Mental Health Services Researchers
Covell, N. H., Finnerty, M. T., & Essock, S. M. (2008) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.59.5.526 · Cited by 7
Covell, N. H., Finnerty, M. T., & Essock, S. M. (2008) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/ps.2008.59.5.526 · Cited by 7
Florentin, S., Rosca, P., Bdolah‐Abram, T., & Neumark, Y. D. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.621259 · Cited by 6
Drug and alcohol trajectories among adults with schizophrenia: Data from the CATIE study
Dorn, R. A. V., Desmarais, S. L., Tueller, S., Jolley, J. M., Johnson, K. L., & Swartz, M. S. (2013) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2013.05.006 · Cited by 6
Brunette, M. F., O’Keefe, C. D., Zimmet, S. V., Wojcik, J., Dawson, R., Brownell, E., & Green, A. I. (2008) · Journal of Dual Diagnosis · doi:10.1080/15504260802313816 · Cited by 6
Evaluation of a substance use treatment program for forensic psychiatric inpatients
Milosevic, A., Ahmed, A. G., Adamson, D., Michel, S. F., Rodrigues, N. C., & Seto, M. C. (2018) · Journal of Substance Use · doi:10.1080/14659891.2018.1489006 · Cited by 6
Cannabis Abuse and Vulnerability to Psychosis: Targeting Preventive Services
Kolliakou, A., Fusar‐Poli, P., & Atakan, Z. (2012) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/138161212799316208 · Cited by 6
Alisauskiene, R., Johnsen, E., Gjestad, R., Kroken, R. A., Kjelby, E., Sinkeviciute, I., Fathian, F., Joa, I., Reitan, S. K., Rettenbacher, M. A., et al. (2023) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2023.05.003 · Cited by 5
Frieri, T., Montemagni, C., Crivelli, B., Scalese, M., Villari, V., & Rocca, P. (2014) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.03.018 · Cited by 6
Substance Use and Sleep Problems in Patients With Psychotic Disorders
Cederlöf, E., Torniainen‐Holm, M., Ahti, J., Lähteenvuo, M., Hietala, J. A., Häkkinen, K., Isometsä, E. T., Kampman, O., Lahdensuo, K., Lönnqvist, J. K., et al. (2022) · Schizophrenia Bulletin Open · doi:10.1093/schizbullopen/sgac073 · Cited by 5
Patients with Nonaffective Psychosis Are at Increased Risk for Heroin Use Disorders
Pedersen, K., Waal, H., & Kringlen, E. (2012) · European Addiction Research · doi:10.1159/000334613 · Cited by 5
Neurobiological and neuropsychological pathways into substance abuse and addictive behavior
Yücel, M., Lubman, D. I., Solowij, N., & Brewer, W. J. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511642197.027 · Cited by 4
Song, J., Carmona-Torres, E., Kambari, Y., Chavez, S., Ueno, F., Koizum, T., Amaev, A., Abdolizadeh, A., Luca, V. D., Blumberger, D. M., et al. (2025) · Schizophrenia · doi:10.1038/s41537-024-00536-3 · Cited by 7
Llorca, P., Nuss, P., Fakra, É., Alamome, I., Drapier, D., El‐Hage, W., Jardri, R., Mouchabac, S., Rabbani, M., Simon, N., et al. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-04008-9 · Cited by 3
Thiagarajan, S. K., Mok, S. Y., Ogawa, S., Parhar, I. S., & Tang, P. Y. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24044088 · Cited by 3
Chung, R. K., Large, M. M. B., Starmer, G. A., Tattam, B. N., Paton, M. B., & Nielssen, O. B. (2009) · Journal of Dual Diagnosis · doi:10.1080/15504260903176039 · Cited by 3
Treatment Strategies for Cannabis Use in Schizophrenia
Schultz, B., Rodriguez-Cabezas, L., Angres, D., & Smith, M. J. (2015) · Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s40501-015-0043-8 · Cited by 3
Olsø, T. M., Gudde, C. B., Wullum, E., & Linaker, O. M. (2013) · Mental Health and Substance Use · doi:10.1080/17523281.2012.713868 · Cited by 2
Koegl, C. J., & Rush, B. R. (2011) · Mental Health and Substance Use · doi:10.1080/17523281.2011.596160 · Cited by 2
Jasser, S. A., Garvin, J. H., Wiedemer, N. L., Roche, D., & Gallagher, R. M. (2007) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2007.00380.x · Cited by 2
Lal, S., Gleeson, J., D’Alfonso, S., Lepage, M., Joober, R., Lee, H., Abdel‐Baki, A., Lecomte, T., & Álvarez‐Jiménez, M. (2024) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076241282231 · Cited by 2
Dorn, R. A. V., Desmarais, S. L., Swartz, M. S., Young, M. S., & Sellers, B. G. (2013) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291713002511 · Cited by 2
Motala, Z. A. E. (2014) · University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg Institutional Repository on DSpace (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg) · Cited by 2
Perils of Pragmatic Psychiatry: How We Can Do Better
Koola, M. M. (2016) · Psychiatry Depression & Anxiety · doi:10.24966/pda-0150/100002 · Cited by 1
Llovera, N. F., Ramos, P. R. G., & Ballesteros, A. A. (2015) · Medicine - Programa de Formación Médica Continuada Acreditado · doi:10.1016/j.med.2015.08.004 · Cited by 1
Freudenreich, O. (2019) · Current clinical psychiatry · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-29450-2_26 · Cited by 1
Treatments for Offenders with Dual Diagnosis
Cohn, A. M., & Mueser, K. T. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118411094.ch13 · Cited by 1
Societal Outcomes in Schizophrenia
Kooyman, I., & Walsh, E. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444327298.ch31 · Cited by 1
The acute effects of cannabinoids in patients with psychotic illness
Henquet, C., Sewell, A., Kuepper, R., Ranganathan, M., & D’Souza, D. C. (2011) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511706080.019
Psychosocial functioning in patients with chronic schizophrenia: findings from the NIMH CATIE study
Swartz, M. S. (2010) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511712265.006
Johnson, K. L. (2014) · NCSU Libraries Repository (North Carolina State University Libraries)
Experiences of disengagement from mental health services: an interpretative study
Wagstaff, C. R. D. (2016) · University of Birmingham Institutional Research Archive (University of Birmingham)
Face processing impairments in schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders
Darke, H. (2018) · Minerva Access (University of Melbourne)
Behandlung unter besonderen Bedingungen (Modul 4c)
Gäebel, W., Hasan, A., & Falkai, P. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-59380-6_7
Psicopatologia dos sintomas negativos da esquizofrenia
Dantas, C. D. R. (2011) · doi:10.47749/t/unicamp.2011.788853 · Cited by 1
Gómez-Pilar, J. (2020) · Characterization of Neural Activity Using Complex Network Theory · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-49900-6_1
Graham, H. L., Copello, A., Birchwood, M., & Griffith, E. (2016) · doi:10.1002/9781119166689.refs
Llorca, P., Nuss, P., Fakra, É., Alamome, I., Drapier, D., El‐Hage, W., Jardri, R., Mouchabac, S., Rabbani, M., Simon, N., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19918929
Shelepin, K. Y., Shelepin, E. Y., Андреевна, С. К., Zubko, V. M., & Chausov, A. (2026) · Психиатрия психотерапия и клиническая психология · doi:10.34883/pi.2026.17.1.014
Metadata
- Authors
- Swartz, M. S., Wagner, H. R., Swanson, J. W., Stroup, T. S., McEvoy, J. P., Canive, J. M., Miller, D. D., Reimherr, F., McGee, M., Khan, A., Van Dorn, R., Rosenheck, R. A., & Lieberman, J. A.
- Affiliations
- Duke University (US)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- University of Iowa (US)
- University of Utah (US)
- Corresponding author
- Swartz, Marvin S.
- Wagner, H Ryan
- Swanson, Jeffrey W.
- McEvoy, Joseph P.
- Rosenheck, Robert A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease
- Published
- 2006-03
- Volume
- 194
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 164-172
- ISSN
- 0022-3018 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2093348590
- Cited by
- 146
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 10.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Eli Lilly and Company
- Pfizer
- University of Missouri
- National Institutes of Health (n01mh90001-21-0-0)
- National Institute of Mental Health (N01 MH90001)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homelessness and Social Issues
- Keywords
- schizophrenia, substance use disorders, comorbidities, child conduct problems, risk factors, negative symptoms, positive symptoms, homelessness, major depressive disorder, African American men, educational attainment
- MeSH terms
- Cross-Sectional Studies, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Male, Piperazines, Risk Factors, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology, Sex Factors, Thiazoles, Antipsychotic Agents, United States, Multicenter Studies as Topic, Comorbidity, Prevalence, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Treatment Outcome, Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry), Conduct Disorder, Substance-Related Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review