The DOI matches its Crossref record; 103 of the 103 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Macrophages and Microglia in Central Nervous System Injury: Are They Helpful or Harmful?
Abstract
Inflammation has been widely perceived as participating in the etiology of acute and chronic neurodegenerative conditions. Accordingly, in the context of traumatic injuries or chronic neurodegenerative diseases in the central nervous system (CNS), activated microglia have been viewed as detrimental and attempts have been made to treat both conditions by antiinflammatory therapy. Recent studies have suggested that microglia act as stand- by cells in the service of both the immune and the nervous systems. In the healthy CNS these cells are quiescent, but in the event of injury to axons or cell bodies they exercise their neural function by buffering harmful self-compounds and clearing debris from the damaged site, and their immune function by providing immune-related requirements for recovery. Proper regulation of the inflammatory (autoimmune) response to injury will arrest degeneration and promote regrowth, whereas inappropriate regulation will lead to ongoing degeneration. Regulation is achieved by the operation of a T cell-mediated response directed to abundant self-antigens residing in the damaged site. Since this immune-dependent mechanism was found to protect against glutamate toxicity (a major factor in neurodegenerative disorders), boosting of this response might constitute the basis for development of a therapeutic vaccination against neurodegenerative diseases, all of which exhibit similar pathways and patterns of progression.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Reports have shown that exercise (cycling) can increase plasma levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in individuals with PD along with improved motor performance.111, 112”
From Exercise-enhanced neuroplasticity targeting motor and cognitive circuitry in Parkinson's disease (2013) · cites this paper as [111]
Citations
Cites
Chondroitinase ABC promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury
Bradbury, E. J., Moon, L. D. F., Popat, R. J., King, V. R., Bennett, G. S., Patel, P. N., Fawcett, J. W., & McMahon, S. B. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/416636a · Cited by 2,357
David, S., & Aguayo, A. J. (1981) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.6171034 · Cited by 1,698
Basso, D. M., Beattie, M. S., & Bresnahan, J. C. (1996) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1006/exnr.1996.0098 · Cited by 1,470
Schnell, L., & Schwab, M. E. (1990) · Nature · doi:10.1038/343269a0 · Cited by 1,235
T‐lymphocyte entry into the central nervous system
Hickey, W. F., Hsu, B. L., & Kimura, H. (1991) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.490280213 · Cited by 1,176
Apoptosis and delayed degeneration after spinal cord injury in rats and monkeys
Crowe, M. J., Bresnahan, J. C., Shuman, S. L., Masters, J. N., & Beattie, M. S. (1997) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm0197-73 · Cited by 1,153
McKerracher, L. J., David, S., Jackson, D. L., Kottis, V., Dunn, R. J., & Braun, P. E. (1994) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/0896-6273(94)90247-x · Cited by 1,125
Degeneration and regeneration of axons in the lesioned spinal cord
Schwab, M. E., & Bartholdi, D. (1996) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.1996.76.2.319 · Cited by 1,124
Kerschensteiner, M., Gallmeier, E., Behrens, L., Vargas-Leal, V., Misgeld, T., Klinkert, W. E. F., Kolbeck, R., Hoppe, E., Oropeza-Wekerle, R. L., Bartke, I., et al. (1999) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.189.5.865 · Cited by 1,019
Interleukin-1 regulates synthesis of nerve growth factor in non-neuronal cells of rat sciatic nerve
Lindholm, D., Heumann, R., Meyer, M., & Thoenen, H. (1987) · Nature · doi:10.1038/330658a0 · Cited by 994
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Bracken, 1991, J Neurotrauma, 8, S47
- Faden, 1993, Crit Rev Neurobiol, 7, 175
- Medawar, 1948, Br J Exp Pathol, 29, 58
- Srebro, 2001, Folia Med Cracov, 42, 113
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Inflammation is detrimental for neurogenesis in adult brain
Ekdahl, C. T., Claasen, J.-H., Bonde, S., Kokaia, Z., & Lindvall, O. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2234031100 · Cited by 1,559
Kaminska, B. (2005) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics · doi:10.1016/j.bbapap.2005.08.017 · Cited by 1,285
Exercise-enhanced neuroplasticity targeting motor and cognitive circuitry in Parkinson's disease
Petzinger, G. M., Fisher, B. E., McEwen, S., Beeler, J. A., Walsh, J. P., & Jakowec, M. W. (2013) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(13)70123-6 · Cited by 798
The role of inflammatory cytokines as key modulators of neurogenesis
Borsini, A., Zunszain, P. A., Thuret, S., & Pariante, C. M. (2015) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2014.12.006 · Cited by 381
Cardoso, A. L., Guedes, J. R., Pereira de Almeida, L., & Pedroso de Lima, M. C. (2012) · Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2567.2011.03514.x · Cited by 336
Metadata
- Authors
- Schwartz, M.
- Affiliations
- Weizmann Institute of Science (IL)
- Corresponding author
- Schwartz, Michal
- ORCID
- Schwartz, Michal
- Venue
- Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2003-04
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 385-394
- ISSN
- 0271-678X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1990064978
- Cited by
- 207
- References
- 103
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 8.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Keywords
- microglia, macrophages, central nervous system injury, neuroinflammation, neurodegenerative diseases, traumatic brain injury, T cell immunity, autoantigens, glutamate excitotoxicity, therapeutic vaccination, neuroprotection, axonal injury
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Central Nervous System Diseases, Humans, Macrophages, Microglia
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
