Cited by 125Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration MechanismsNeuroprotection in Cerebral IschemiaNeurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 65 of the 65 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The Potential of Minocycline for Neuroprotection in Human Neurologic Disease

Zemke, Daniel, Majid, Arshad·2004·Clinical Neuropharmacology

DOI 10.1097/01.wnf.0000150867.98887.3e

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Minocycline is a member of the tetracycline class of molecules with broad-spectrum antibiotic activity. The unique properties of minocycline result in increased tissue distribution when compared with the other tetracyclines. Of particular interest is the ability of minocycline to diffuse into the central nervous system at clinically effective levels. Aside from its antimicrobial properties, minocycline has been found to have beneficial effects on inflammation, microglial activation, matrix metalloproteinases, nitric oxide production, and apoptotic cell death. Concordantly, minocycline has been found to have neuroprotective effects in animal models of a number of diseases including stroke, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson disease. The proven safety of minocycline over decades of use as an antibiotic suggests that it may have potential for development into an effective treatment of multiple neurologic conditions in humans.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1097/01.wnf.0000150867.98887.3e

Cites

65 of 65 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Matrix metalloproteinases as modulators of inflammation and innate immunity
Parks, W. C., Wilson, C. L., & López-Boado, Y. S. (2004) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri1418 · Cited by 1,929
Inflammation is detrimental for neurogenesis in adult brain
Ekdahl, C. T., Claasen, J.-H., Bonde, S., Kokaia, Z., & Lindvall, O. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2234031100 · Cited by 1,559
Blockade of Microglial Activation Is Neuroprotective in the 1-Methyl-4-Phenyl-1,2,3,6-Tetrahydropyridine Mouse Model of Parkinson Disease
Wu, D. C., Jackson-Lewis, V., Vila, M., Tieu, K., Teismann, P., Vadseth, C., Choi, D.-K., Ischiropoulos, H., & Przedborski, S. (2002) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.22-05-01763.2002 · Cited by 1,183
Minocycline inhibits cytochrome c release and delays progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in mice
Zhu, S., Stavrovskaya, I. G., Drozda, M., Kim, B. Y. S., Ona, V. O., Li, M., Sarang, S. S., Liu, A. S., Hartley, D. M., Wu, D. C., et al. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/417074a · Cited by 1,069
Minocycline inhibits caspase-1 and caspase-3 expression and delays mortality in a transgenic mouse model of Huntington disease
Chen, M., Ona, V. O., Li, M., Ferrante, R. J., Fink, K., Zhu, S., Bian, J., Guo, L., Farrell, L. A., Hersch, S. M., et al. (2000) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/77528 · Cited by 1,060
A tetracycline derivative, minocycline, reduces inflammation and protects against focal cerebral ischemia with a wide therapeutic window
Yrjänheikki, J., Kauppinen, T. M., Keinänen, R., Goldsteins, G., Chan, P. H., & Koıstınaho, J. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.23.13496 · Cited by 1,040
Tetracyclines inhibit microglial activation and are neuroprotective in global brain ischemia
Yrjänheikki, J., Keinänen, R., Pellikka, M., Hökfelt, T., & Koistinaho, J. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.26.15769 · Cited by 1,006
Minocycline, a tetracycline derivative, is neuroprotective against excitotoxicity by inhibiting activation and proliferation of microglia
Tikka, T., Fiebich, B. L., Goldsteins, G., Keinänen, R., & Koistinaho, J. (2001) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.21-08-02580.2001 · Cited by 958
Inhibition of Microglial Activation Attenuates the Development but Not Existing Hypersensitivity in a Rat Model of Neuropathy
Vasudeva, R., Tanga, F. Y., & DeLeo, J. A. (2003) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.103.052407 · Cited by 797
Minocycline Prevents Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration in the MPTP Model of Parkinson’s Disease
Du, Y., Ma, Z., Lin, S., Dodel, R. C., Gao, F., Bales, K. R., Triarhou, L. C., Chernet, E., Perry, K. W., Nelson, D. L. G., et al. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.251341998 · Cited by 789
Epidermal immunization by a needle-free powder delivery technology: Immunogenicity of influenza vaccine and protection in mice
Chen, D., Endres, R. L., Erickson, C. A., Weis, K. F., McGregor, M. W., Kawaoka, Y., & Payne, L. G. (2000) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/80538 · Cited by 547
Minocycline Provides Neuroprotection Against N -Methyl- d -aspartate Neurotoxicity by Inhibiting Microglia
Tikka, T., & Koıstınaho, J. (2001) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.166.12.7527 · Cited by 539
Minocycline Treatment Reduces Delayed Oligodendrocyte Death, Attenuates Axonal Dieback, and Improves Functional Outcome after Spinal Cord Injury
Stirling, D. P., Khodarahmi, K., Liu, J., McPhail, L. T., McBride, C. B., Steeves, J. D., Ramer, M. S., & Tetzlaff, W. (2004) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5275-03.2004 · Cited by 506
Neuroprotection by minocycline facilitates significant recovery from spinal cord injury in mice.
Wells, J., Hurlbert, R., Fehlings, M., & Yong, W. V. (2003) · Brain : a journal of neurology · doi:10.1093/brain/awg178 · Cited by 437
Targeting leukocyte MMPs and transmigration
Brundula, V., Rewcastle, N. B., Metz, L. M., Bernard, C. C. A., & Yong, V. W. (2002) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awf133 · Cited by 427
Minocycline Slows Disease Progression in a Mouse Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Križ, J., Nguyen, M. D., & Julien, J. (2002) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1006/nbdi.2002.0487 · Cited by 411
Minocycline inhibits caspase-independent and -dependent mitochondrial cell death pathways in models of Huntington's disease
Wang, X., Zhu, S., Drozda, M., Zhang, W., Stavrovskaya, I. G., Cattaneo, E. F., Ferrante, R. J., Kristal, B. S., & Friedlander, R. M. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1832501100 · Cited by 407
Minocycline Reduces Traumatic Brain Injury-mediated Caspase-1 Activation, Tissue Damage, and Neurological Dysfunction
Sanchez-Mejia, R., Ona, V., Li, M.-W., & Friedlander, R. (2001) · Neurosurgery · doi:10.1097/00006123-200106000-00051 · Cited by 373
Intracerebral hemorrhage induces macrophage activation and matrix metalloproteinases
Power, C., Henry, S. D., Bigio, M. R. D., Larsen, P. H., Corbett, D., Imai, Y., Yong, V. W., & Peeling, J. (2003) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.10553 · Cited by 362
Minocycline inhibits microglial activation and protects nigral cells after 6-hydroxydopamine injection into mouse striatum
He, Y., Appel, S. H., & Le, W. (2001) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02681-6 · Cited by 350
Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Doxycycline and Minocycline
Saivin, S., & Houin, G. (1988) · Clinical Pharmacokinetics · doi:10.2165/00003088-198815060-00001 · Cited by 350
Minocycline in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A 48-Week, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
Tilley, B. C., Alarcon, G. S., Heyse, S. P., Trentham, D. E., Neuner, R., Kaplan†, D. A., Clegg, D. O., Leisen, J. C. C., Buckley, L., Cooper, S. M., et al. (1995) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-122-2-199501150-00001 · Cited by 339
Minocycline inhibits contusion-triggered mitochondrial cytochrome c release and mitigates functional deficits after spinal cord injury
Teng, Y. D., Choi, H., Onario, R. C., Zhu, S., Desilets, F. C., Lan, S., Woodard, E. J., Snyder, E. Y., Eichler, M. E., & Friedlander, R. M. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0306239101 · Cited by 335
Minocycline markedly protects the neonatal brain against hypoxic‐ischemic injury
Arvin, K. L., Han, B., Du, Y.-S., Lin, S.-Z., Paul, S. M., & Holtzman, D. (2002) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.10242 · Cited by 323
Minocycline Reduces Cell Death and Improves Functional Recovery after Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury in the Rat
Lee, S. M., Yune, T. Y., Kim, S. J., Park, D. W., Lee, Y. K., Kim, Y. C., Oh, Y. J., Markelonis, G. J., & Oh, T. H. (2003) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/089771503770195867 · Cited by 305
Minocycline delays disease onset and mortality in a transgenic model of ALS
Bosch, L. V. D., Tilkin, P., Lemmens, G., & Robberecht, W. (2002) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200206120-00018 · Cited by 297
Inhibition of autoimmune encephalomyelitis by a tetracycline
Popovic, N., Schubart, A., Goetz, B. D., Zhang, S., Linington, C., & Duncan, I. D. (2002) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.10092 · Cited by 295
Early microglial activation following neonatal excitotoxic brain damage in mice: a potential target for neuroprotection
Dommergues, M.-A., Plaisant, F., Verney, C., & Gressèns, P. (2003) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(03)00558-x · Cited by 221
Deleterious Effects of Minocycline in Animal Models of Parkinson’s Disease and Huntington’s Disease
Diguet, E., Fernagut, P., Wei, X., Du, Y., Rouland, R., Gross, C., Bezard, E., & Tison, F. (2004) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.0953-816x.2004.03372.x · Cited by 189
Tetracyclines
Klein, N. C., & Cunha, B. A. (1995) · Medical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0025-7125(16)30039-6 · Cited by 187
Additive neuroprotective effects of minocycline with creatine in a mouse model of ALS
Zhang, W., Narayanan, M. V., & Friedlander, R. M. (2003) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.10476 · Cited by 185
Minocycline worsens hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in a neonatal mouse model
Tsuji, M., Wilson, M. A., Lange, M. S., & Johnston, M. V. (2004) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2004.01.011 · Cited by 181
Minocycline and doxycycline are not beneficial in a model of Huntington's disease
Smith, D. L., Woodman, B., Mahal, A., Sathasivam, K., Ghazi‐Noori, S., Lowden, P. A. S., Bates, G. P., & Hockly, E. (2003) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.10614 · Cited by 173
Low dose intravenous minocycline is neuroprotective after middle cerebral artery occlusion-reperfusion in rats
Xu, L., Fagan, S. C., Waller, J. L., Edwards, D. J., Borlongan, C. V., Zheng, J., Hill, W., Feuerstein, G., & Hess, D. C. (2004) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/1471-2377-4-7 · Cited by 172
Minocycline reduces gadolinium‐enhancing magnetic resonance imaging lesions in multiple sclerosis
Metz, L. M., Zhang, Y., Yeung, M., Patry, D. G., Bell, R. B., Stoian, C. A., Yong, V. W., Patten, S. B., Duquette, P., Antel, J. P., et al. (2004) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.20111 · Cited by 171
Minocycline Reduces Traumatic Brain Injury-mediated Caspase-1 Activation, Tissue Damage, and Neurological Dysfunction
Mejia, R. O. S., Ona, V. O., Li, M., et al. (2001) · Neurosurgery · doi:10.1227/00006123-200106000-00051 · Cited by 171
Tetracyclines suppress matrix metalloproteinase activity in adjuvant arthritis and in combination with flurbiprofen, ameliorate bone damage.
Greenwald, R. A., Moak, S. A., Ramamurthy, N. S., & Golub, L. M. (1992) · PubMed · Cited by 164
Minocycline Enhances MPTP Toxicity to Dopaminergic Neurons
Yang, L., Sugama, S., Chirichigno, J. W., Gregorio, J., Lorenzl, S., Shin, D. H., Browne, S. E., Shimizu, Y., Joh, T. H., Beal, M. F., et al. (2003) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.10709 · Cited by 158
Placebo-controlled phase I/II studies of minocycline in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Gordon, P. H., Moore, D. H., Gelinas, D. F., Qualls, C., Meister, M. E., Werner, J., Mendoza, M., Mass, J., Kushner, G., & Miller, R. G. (2004) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000125321.92112.7e · Cited by 139
Minocycline treatment and pseudotumor cerebri syndrome
Chiu, A. M., Chuenkongkaew, W. L., Cornblath, W. T., Trobe, J. D., Digre, K. B., Dotan, S., Musson, K. H., & Eggenberger, E. (1998) · American Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9394(98)00063-4 · Cited by 137
Minocycline prevents neurotoxicity induced by cerebrospinal fluid from patients with motor neurone disease
Tikka, T., Vartiainen, N. E., Goldsteins, G., Oja, S. S., Andersen, P. M., Marklund, S. L., & Koıstınaho, J. (2002) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awf068 · Cited by 136
Efficient three‐drug cocktail for disease induced by mutant superoxide dismutase
Križ, J., Gowing, G., & Julien, J. (2003) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.10500 · Cited by 133
Minocycline inhibits caspase activation and reactivation, increases the ratio of XIAP to smac/DIABLO, and reduces the mitochondrial leakage of cytochrome C and smac/DIABLO
Scarabelli, T. M., Stephanou, A., Pasini, E., Gitti, G., Townsend, P. A., Lawrence, K. M., Chen-Scarabelli, C. A., Saravolatz, L. I. I., Latchman, D. S., Knight, R. A., et al. (2004) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2003.09.050 · Cited by 127
Differential expression of chemokines and chemokine receptors during microglial activation and inhibition
Kremlev, S. G., Roberts, R. L., & Palmer, C. (2004) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2003.11.012 · Cited by 117
Optimal delivery of minocycline to the brain: implication for human studies of acute neuroprotection
Fagan, S. C., Edwards, D. J., Borlongan, C. V., Xu, L., Arora, A., Feuerstein, G., & Hess, D. C. (2004) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2003.12.006 · Cited by 117
Minocycline: Neuroprotective Mechanisms in Parkinsons Disease
Thomas, M., & Le, W. (2004) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/1381612043453162 · Cited by 114 · cited 1×
“Minocycline has been found to block the activation of microglia and protect against neurodegeneration in both the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) models of Parkinson disease.(48) Minocycline has been found to be protective in the MPTP model of Parkinson disease when…”
Background
Minocycline in Huntington's disease: A pilot study
Thomas, M., Ashizawa, T., & Jankovic, J. J. (2004) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.20018 · Cited by 111
Liver Damage Associated with Minocycline Use in Acne
Lawrenson, R. A., Seaman, H. E., m, A. S., Williams, T. J., & Farmer, R. D. T. (2000) · Drug Safety · doi:10.2165/00002018-200023040-00006 · Cited by 101
Gelatinase B/matrix metalloproteinase‐9 cleaves interferon‐β and is a target for immunotherapy
Nelissen, I., Martens, E., den Steen, P. E. V., Proost, P., Ronsse, I., & Opdenakker, G. (2003) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awg129 · Cited by 100
Tetracycline derivatives and ceftriaxone, a cephalosporin antibiotic, protect neurons against apoptosis induced by ionizing radiation
Tikka, T., Usenius, T., Tenhunen, M., Keinänen, R., & Koistinaho, J. (2001) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00543.x · Cited by 96
Excessive Matrix Metalloproteinase Activity in Diabetes: Inhibition by Tetracycline Analogues with Zinc Reactivity
RYAN, M. E., Usman, A., Ramamurthy, N. S., Golub, L. M., & Greenwald, R. A. (2001) · Current Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0929867013373598 · Cited by 96
Minocycline for Huntington’s disease: An open label study
Bonelli, R. M., Heuberger, C., & Reisecker, F. (2003) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000049936.85487.7a · Cited by 86
Drugs Five Years Later
ALLEN, J. C. (1976) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-85-4-482 · Cited by 79
Minocycline Blocks 6-Hydroxydopamine-Induced Neurotoxicity and Free Radical Production in Rat Cerebellar Granule Neurons
Lin, S., Wei, X., Xu, Y., Yan, C., Dodel, R., Zhang, Y., Liu, J., Klaunig, J. E., Farlow, M., & Du, Y. (2003) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0024-3205(02)02442-6 · Cited by 70
Minocycline protects basal forebrain cholinergic neurons from mu p75‐saporin immunotoxic lesioning
Hunter, C. L., Quintero, E. M., Gilstrap, L., Bhat, N. R., & Granholm, A. (2004) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.0953-816x.2004.03439.x · Cited by 63
Suppression of activated microglia promotes survival and function of transplanted oligodendroglial progenitors
Zhang, S., Goetz, B. D., & Duncan, I. D. (2002) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.10172 · Cited by 60
Delayed minocycline but not delayed mild hypothermia protects against embolic stroke
Wang, C. X., Yang, T., Noor, R., & Shuaib, A. M. (2002) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/1471-2377-2-2 · Cited by 59
The use of locally‐delivered minocycline in the treatment of chronic periodontitis. A review of the literature*
Vanderkerckhove, B. N. A., Quirynen, M., & van Steenberghe, D. (1998) · Journal Of Clinical Periodontology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-051x.1998.tb02399.x · Cited by 49
Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Promotes Recovery of Locomotor Function following Spinal Cord Injury in the Mouse
Zang, D. W., & Cheema, S. S. (2003) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/089771503770802880 · Cited by 48
Side Effects of Minocycline: Different Dosage Regimens
Gump, D. W., Ashikaga, T., Fink, T. J., & Radin, A. M. (1977) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.12.5.642 · Cited by 42
Minocycline is not beneficial in a phenotypic mouse model of Huntington's disease
Diguet, E., Rouland, R., & Tison, F. (2003) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.10818 · Cited by 35
The Effect of Subgingival Antimicrobial Therapy on the Levels of Stromelysin and Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases in Gingival Crevicular Fluid
Pourtaghi, N., Radvar, M., Mooney, J. J., & Kinane, D. F. (1996) · Journal of Periodontology · doi:10.1902/jop.1996.67.9.866 · Cited by 31
Maintained improvement with minocycline of a patient with advanced Huntington's disease
Denovan‐Wright, E. M., Devarajan, S., Dursun, S. M., & Robertson, H. A. (2002) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/026988110201600417 · Cited by 29
Treatment of Osteoporosis with MMP Inhibitors
WILLIAMS, S., Barnes, J., Wakisaka, A., Ogasa, H., & Liang, C. T. (1999) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb07684.x · Cited by 29
Therapeutic focus
Freeman, K. (1989) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.1989.tb08684.x · Cited by 12

Research works printed but not linked: 1

Greenwald, 1992, J Rheumatol, 19, 927

Sorted by citations

Serotonin, tryptophan metabolism and the brain-gut-microbiome axis
O’Mahony, S. M., Clarke, G., Borre, Y. E., Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2015) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2014.07.027 · Cited by 2,012
The neuropathic pain triad: neurons, immune cells and glia
Scholz, J., & Woolf, C. J. (2007) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1992 · Cited by 1,738
Minocycline: Far beyond an Antibiotic
Garrido‐Mesa, N., Zarzuelo, A., & Gálvez, J. (2013) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.12139 · Cited by 935
Neuroimmunology of Traumatic Brain Injury: Time for a Paradigm Shift
Jassam, Y. N., Izzy, S., Whalen, M., McGavern, D. B., & El Khoury, J. (2017) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2017.07.010 · Cited by 799
Microglia in the Retina: Roles in Development, Maturity, and Disease
Silverman, S. M., & Wong, W. T. (2018) · Annual Review of Vision Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-vision-091517-034425 · Cited by 364

See all 125

Authors: Zemke, D., & Majid, A.
Affiliations: Michigan State University (US)
ORCID: Majid, Arshad
Venue: Clinical Neuropharmacology
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2004-11
Volume: 27
Issue: 6
Pages: 293-298
ISSN: 0362-5664 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1097/01.wnf.0000150867.98887.3e
OpenAlex: W2047780499
Cited by: 125
References: 64
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 10
FWCI: 0.96
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Clinical Neuropharmacology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroprotection in Cerebral Ischemia
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
Keywords: minocycline, neuroprotection, tetracycline, CNS penetration, neuroinflammation, microglial activation, matrix metalloproteinases, nitric oxide, apoptosis, stroke, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, neurological disorders
MeSH terms: Animals, Humans, Minocycline, Nervous System Diseases, Cell Death, Microglia, Neuroprotective Agents, Matrix Metalloproteinases

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

The Potential of Minocycline for Neuroprotection in Human Neurologic Disease

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks