Efficacy of Tranexamic Acid in Pediatric Craniosynostosis Surgery: A Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Extensive blood loss is common in pediatric craniosynostosis reconstruction surgery. Tranexamic acid (TXA) is increasingly used to reduce perioperative blood loss in various settings, but data on its efficacy are limited in children. The purpose of this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel trial was to evaluate the efficacy of TXA in pediatric craniosynostosis correction surgery. The primary and secondary outcome variables were reduction in perioperative blood loss and reduction in blood transfusion, respectively. METHODS: Forty-three children, ages 2 months to 6 yr, received either placebo or TXA in a loading dose of 50 mg·kg(-1), followed by an infusion of 5 mg·kg·h(-1) during surgery. TXA plasma concentrations were measured. RESULTS: The TXA group had significantly lower perioperative mean blood loss (65 vs. 119 ml·kg(-1), P < 0.001) and lower perioperative mean blood transfusion (33 vs. 56 ml· kg(-1), P = 0.006) compared to the placebo group. The mean difference between the TXA and placebo groups for total blood loss was 54 ml·kg(-1) (95% CI for the difference, 23-84 ml·kg(-1)) and for packed erythrocytes transfused was 23 ml·kg(-1) (95% CI for the difference, 7-39 ml·kg(-1)). TXA administration also significantly diminished (by two thirds) the perioperative exposure of patients to transfused blood (median, 1 unit vs. 3 units; P < 0.001). TXA plasma concentrations were maintained above the in vitro thresholds reported for inhibition of fibrinolysis (10 μg·ml(-1)) and plasmin-induced platelet activation (16 μg·ml(-1)) throughout the infusion. CONCLUSIONS: TXA is effective in reducing perioperative blood loss and transfusion requirement in children undergoing craniosynostosis reconstruction surgery.
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Endoscopic procedures have the advantage of requiring fewer skin incisions and less blood loss and are considered less invasive and more child-friendly.
“They have the advantage of requiring fewer skin incisions and less blood loss and are therefore considered less invasive and more child-friendly [64,65,66,67,68,69,70].”
From Isolated Sagittal Craniosynostosis: A Comprehensive Review (2024) · cites this paper as [65]
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Tranexamic Acid Compared with Placebo for Reducing Total Blood Loss in Hip Replacement Surgery
Barrachina, B., Picado, A. L., Remón, M., Fondarella, A., Iriarte, I., Bastida, R., Rodríguez‐Gascón, A., Achaerandio, M. A., Iturricastillo, M. C., Aizpuru, F., et al. (2016) · Anesthesia & Analgesia · doi:10.1213/ane.0000000000001159 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Isaac, K. V., Meara, J. G., & Proctor, M. R. (2018) · Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics · doi:10.3171/2018.5.peds1846 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationAntifibrinolytic Agents in Plastic Surgery: Current Practices and Future Directions
Brown, S., Yao, A., & Taub, P. J. (2018) · Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/prs.0000000000004421 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Anaemia and red blood cell transfusion in intracranial neurosurgery: a comprehensive review
Kisilevsky, A. E., Gelb, A. W., Bustillo, M., & Flexman, A. M. (2018) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1016/j.bja.2017.11.108 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“Antifibrinolytic therapy 2 Goobie et al.(63) Randomised, blinded, single-centre þ/e TXA in paediatric craniosynostosis Blood loss; Allogeneic blood transfusion TXA reduced mean blood loss (65 vs 119 ml kg (1)) and total blood transfused (33 vs 56 ml kg (1)).”
BackgroundAnesthesia for surgery related to craniosynostosis: a review. Part 2
Hughes, C., Thomas, K., Johnson, D., & Das, S. (2012) · Pediatric Anesthesia · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9592.2012.03922.x · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Perioperative bleeding management in pediatric patients
Goobie, S. M., & Haas, T. (2016) · Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology · doi:10.1097/aco.0000000000000308 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Isaac, K. V., MacKinnon, S. E., Dagi, L. R., Rogers, G. F., Meara, J. G., & Proctor, M. R. (2018) · Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/prs.0000000000005383 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Tranexamic acid in hip fracture surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Haj-Younes, B., Sivakumar, B. S., Wang, M., An, V. V., Lorentzos, P., & Adie, S. (2019) · Journal of orthopaedic surgery · doi:10.1177/2309499019887995 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Goobie, S. M., Staffa, S. J., Meara, J. G., Proctor, M. R., Tumolo, M., Cangemi, G., & Disma, N. M. (2020) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1016/j.bja.2020.05.054 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Crantford, J. C., Wood, B. C., Claiborne, J. R., Ririe, D. G., Couture, D. E., Thompson, J. T., & David, L. R. (2015) · Journal of Craniofacial Surgery · doi:10.1097/scs.0000000000001271 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Randomized trials of its use in craniofacial surgery have shown it to be effective in reducing blood loss and transfusion requirements.(8,9) TXA has a safe side effect profile with no reports of complications in the pediatric patient population.”
BackgroundMethodMartin, D. T., Gries, H., Esmonde, N. O., Diggs, B. S., Koh, J. L., Selden, N. R. W., Schreiber, M., & Kuang, A. A. (2016) · Journal of Craniofacial Surgery · doi:10.1097/scs.0000000000002835 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Total length of stay 4 (4, 5) 4 (3, 4) <0.”
BackgroundBonfield, C. M., Sharma, J. D., Cochrane, D. D., Singhal, A., & Steinbok, P. (2015) · Child s Nervous System · doi:10.1007/s00381-015-2900-6 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Karimi, A., Mohammadi, S. S., & Hasheminasab, M. (2012) · Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.4103/1658-354x.93057 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Yates, J., Perelman, I., Khair, S., Taylor, J., Lampron, J., Tinmouth, A. T., & Saidenberg, E. (2018) · Transfusion · doi:10.1111/trf.15030 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Minimizing Transfusions in Primary Cranial Vault Remodeling
Oppenheimer, A. J., Ranganathan, K., Lévi, B., Strahle, J. M., Kapurch, J. R., Muraszko, K. M., & Buchman, S. R. (2013) · Journal of Craniofacial Surgery · doi:10.1097/scs.0b013e3182a2e23f · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“Given that the administration of tranexemic acid significantly reduced blood loss and transfusion rates among those patients undergoing craniosynostosis correction surgery, we must now determine what the best option for antifibrinolytic therapy is given that there are multiple options within this particular class of d…”
BackgroundTranexamic Acid Reduces Blood Loss in Craniosynostosis Surgery
Kurnik, N. M., Pflibsen, L. R., Bristol, R. E., & Singh, D. (2017) · Journal of Craniofacial Surgery · doi:10.1097/scs.0000000000003731 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Hsu, G., Taylor, J. A., Fiadjoe, J. E., Vincent, A., Pruitt, E. Y., Bartlett, S. P., & Stricker, P. A. (2015) · Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/aas.12608 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Jalali, A., Lonsdale, H., Zamora, L., Ahumada, L. M., Nguyen, A. T. H., Rehman, M., Fackler, J. C., Stricker, P. A., Fernández, A. M., & Pediatric Craniofacial Collaborative Group (2020) · Anesthesia & Analgesia · doi:10.1213/ane.0000000000004988 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Spinella, P. C., Leonard, J. C., Gaines, B. A., Luther, J. F., Wisniewski, S. R., Josephson, C. D., Leeper, C. M., & for the MAssive Transfusion epidemiology and outcomes In Children (MATIC) Investigators and BloodNet (2021) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0000000000005383 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“…trial of 43 children undergoing craniosynostosis reconstruction surgery, the TXA group had significantly lower perioperative mean blood loss (65 vs 119 mL/kg; p < 0.001) and lower peri-operative mean blood transfusion (33 vs 56 mL/kg; p = 0.006) compared with the placebo group (22).”
InfluentialEriksen, C. F., Lindholm, A. D., Nørholt, S. E., von Öettingen, G., Tarpgaard, M., Krogh, L., Juul, N., Hvas, A. M., & Rasmussen, M. (2019) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1016/j.bja.2019.02.017 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Maugans, T., Martin, D., Taylor, J. A., Salisbury, S. R., & Istaphanous, G. K. (2011) · Journal of Craniofacial Surgery · doi:10.1097/scs.0b013e31822e6283 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Two recently published prospective, randomized, double-blind studies demonstrated efficacy of TXA administration in patients undergoing major, open craniosynostosis procedures.(40,41) Both studies had adequate power to demonstrate a statistically significant difference between the drug and placebo groups.”
BackgroundMebel, D. M., Akagami, R., & Flexman, A. M. (2015) · Anesthesia & Analgesia · doi:10.1213/ane.0000000000001065 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Practical Use of Thromboelastometry in the Management of Perioperative Coagulopathy and Bleeding
Williams, B., McNeil, J. S., Crabbe, A., & Tanaka, K. A. (2016) · Transfusion Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.tmrv.2016.08.005 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Abboud, N. M., Kapila, A. K., Abboud, S., Yaacoub, E., & Abboud, M. H. (2021) · Aesthetic Surgery Journal Open Forum · doi:10.1093/asjof/ojab002 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
The value of tranexamic acid during fronto-orbital advancement in isolated metopic craniosynostosis
Engel, M., Bodem, J. P., Busch, C. J., Horn, D., Mertens, C., Hoffmann, J., & Freudlsperger, C. (2015) · Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jcms.2015.05.004 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Factors influencing blood loss and allogeneic blood transfusion practice in craniosynostosis surgery
van Uitert, A., Megens, J. H. A. M., Breugem, C. C., Stubenitsky, B. M., Han, K. S., & de Graaff, J. C. (2011) · Pediatric Anesthesia · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9592.2011.03689.x · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Effect of low dose tranexamic acid on intra-operative blood loss in neurosurgical patients
Bidkar, P. U., Vel, R., Prakash, M. S. S., Adinarayanan, S., Mishra, S. K., & Babu, L. (2014) · Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.4103/1658-354x.146304 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“In contrast, Goobie et al.[19] had used a higher dose (50 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg/h) and thus found a significant reduction in the amount of blood transfused (P < 0.”
InfluentialAssessing the Impact of Blood Loss in Cranial Vault Remodeling
Chow, I., Purnell, C. A., & Gosain, A. K. (2015) · Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/prs.0000000000001783 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Use of tranexamic acid in craniosynostosis surgery
Martin, J. P., Wang, J. S., Hanna, K. R., Stovall, M. M., & Lin, K. Y. K. (2015) · Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1177/229255031502300413 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Plast Surg Vol 23 No 4 Winter 2015 250 Our findings are in agreement with other recent studies that showed reduced transfusion of PRBC and/or surgical blood loss with the use of TXA in CVR procedures (3,4,26-28) but there are several notable differences between these studies and ours.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialBasta, M. N., Stricker, P. A., & Taylor, J. A. (2012) · Pediatric Surgery International · doi:10.1007/s00383-012-3167-6 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Goobie, S. M., Zurakowski, D., Isaac, K. V., Taicher, B. M., Fernandez, P. G., Derderian, C. K., Hetmaniuk, M., Stricker, P. A., Abruzzese, C., Apuya, J. S., et al. (2018) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1016/j.bja.2018.10.061 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“acid administration was associated with significantly fewer postoperative complications.(14,15)”
BackgroundNagy, L., & Demke, J. C. (2014) · Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.fsc.2014.08.002 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Vassal, O., Desgranges, F., Tosetti, S., Burgal, S., Dailler, F., Javouhey, É., Mottolèse, C., & CHASSARD, D. (2015) · Pediatric Anesthesia · doi:10.1111/pan.12810 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Perioperative neonatal and paediatric blood transfusion
Bharadwaj, A., Khandelwal, M., & Bhargava, S. (2014) · Indian Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.4103/0019-5049.144679 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“58 | Issue 5 | Sep-Oct 2014 656 Antithrombolysis Tranexamic acid has been found to be as effective as aprotinin in reducing perioperative bleeding after major paediatric surgery,[20] craniosynostosis[21] and scoliosis surgery and paediatric cardiac surgery[20] also.”
The Pediatric Craniofacial Collaborative Group, Fernandez, P. G., Taicher, B. M., Goobie, S. M., Gangadharan, M., Homi, H. M., Kugler, J. A., Skitt, R., Cai, L., Polansky, M., et al. (2019) · Canadian Journal of Anesthesia/Journal canadien d anesthésie · doi:10.1007/s12630-019-01307-w · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Guidance Document for the Prehospital Use of Tranexamic Acid in Injured Patients
Fischer, P. E., Bulger, E. M., Perina, D. G., Delbridge, T. R., Gestring, M. L., Fallat, M. E., Shatz, D. V., Doucet, J. J., Levy, M. K., Stuke, L., et al. (2016) · Prehospital Emergency Care · doi:10.3109/10903127.2016.1142628 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Stricker, P. A., Zuppa, A. F., Fiadjoe, J. E., Maxwell, L. G., Sussman, E. M., Pruitt, E. Y., Goebel, T. K., Gastonguay, M. R., Taylor, J. A., Bartlett, S. P., et al. (2013) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1093/bja/aes507 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Tranexamic Acid A Review of its Use in the Treatment of Hyperfibrinolysis
Casati, V., Dietrich, W., Arabia, S., Hekmat, K., & Wong, J. (2012) · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Damage-control resuscitation in pediatric trauma: What you need to know
Russell, R. T., Leeper, C. M., & Spinella, P. C. (2023) · The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care · doi:10.1097/ta.0000000000004081 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Hansen, J. K., Lydick, A. M., Wyatt, M. M., & Andrews, B. T. (2017) · Journal of Craniofacial Surgery · doi:10.1097/scs.0000000000003711 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Previous research had shown that TXA loading doses between 15 and 50 mg kg 1 followed by 10 and 5 mg kg 1 h (1), respectively, reduced blood loss and perioperative transfusion rates in primary and redo craniosynostosis surgeries.(4,5) The rational for using low-dose TXA is that TXA has been associated with an increase…”
BackgroundCraniosynostosis Surgery and the Impact of Tranexamic Acid Dosing
Kurnik, N. M., Pflibsen, L. R., Do, A., Bristol, R. E., & Singh, D. (2017) · Journal of Craniofacial Surgery · doi:10.1097/scs.0000000000004196 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Clinical Applications of Tranexamic Acid in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Brown, S., Brown, T., & Rohrich, R. J. (2024) · Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/prs.0000000000011288 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Stricker, P. A., Lin, E. E., Fiadjoe, J. E., Sussman, E. M., Pruitt, E. Y., Zhao, H., & Jobes, D. R. (2013) · Anesthesia & Analgesia · doi:10.1213/ane.0b013e31827008e6 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Siotou, K., Siotos, C., Azizi, A., Cheah, M. A., Seal, S. M., Redett, R. J., & Rosson, G. D. (2019) · Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.joms.2019.01.032 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Nguyen, T. T., Hill, S., Austin, T. M., Whitney, G., Wellons, J. C., & Lam, H. V. (2015) · Journal of Neurosurgery Pediatrics · doi:10.3171/2015.3.peds14663 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Management of Dilutional Coagulopathy during Pediatric Major Surgery
Haas, T., Mauch, J. Y., Weiß, M., & Schmugge, M. (2012) · Transfusion Medicine and Hemotherapy · doi:10.1159/000337245 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Strategies to reduce the use of blood products: a US perspective
Shander, A., & Javidroozi, M. (2012) · Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology · doi:10.1097/aco.0b013e32834dd282 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Several recent studies support the efficacy of TXA in reducing blood loss and transfusions in various settings including orthopedic surgeries [48–51], cardiac surgeries [52,53], pediatric craniosynostosis surgery [54,55] and possibly trauma [56].”
ResultStricker, P. A., Cladis, F. P., Fiadjoe, J. E., McCloskey, J. J., & Maxwell, L. G. (2011) · Pediatric Anesthesia · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9592.2011.03619.x · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Ali, A., Basaran, B., Yornuk, M., Altun, D., Aydöseli, A., Sencer, A., & Akıncı, İ. Ö. (2014) · Pediatric Neurosurgery · doi:10.1159/000368781 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Kim, E. J., Kim, Y. O., Shim, K., Ko, B. W., Lee, J. W., & Koo, B. (2018) · International Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.7150/ijms.25008 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Due to the inaccuracy in estimating blood loss during surgery, blood loss was calculated by the anesthesiologist using a previously adopted formula for this patient population [6, 18, 19]:”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBhatia, N., Sen, I. M., Kumari, K., Kumar, P., & Bharti, N. (2017) · Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1016/j.egja.2017.05.004 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
King, M. R., Staffa, S. J., Stricker, P. A., Pérez‐Pradilla, C., Nelson, O. K., Benzon, H. A., Goobie, S. M., & the Pediatric Craniofacial Collaborative Group (2022) · Pediatric Anesthesia · doi:10.1111/pan.14540 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Intraoperative management of blood loss during craniosynostosis surgery
Pietrini, D., & Goobie, S. M. (2013) · Pediatric Anesthesia · doi:10.1111/pan.12093 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Stricker, P. A., Fiadjoe, J. E., Kilbaugh, T. J., Pruitt, E. Y., Taylor, J. A., Bartlett, S. P. P., & McCloskey, J. J. (2012) · Pediatric Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/pcc.0b013e31825b561b · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Association of Anaesthetists guidelines: the use of blood components and their alternatives
Shah, A., Klein, A. A., Agarwal, S., Lindley, A. M., Ahmed, A. B., Dowling, K., Jackson, E., Das, S. K., Raviraj, D., Collis, R. E., et al. (2025) · Anaesthesia · doi:10.1111/anae.16542 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Isolated Sagittal Craniosynostosis: A Comprehensive Review
Spazzapan, P., & Velnar, T. (2024) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics14040435 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Glover, C. D., Fernández, A. M., Huang, H. D., Derderian, C. A., Binstock, W. B., Reid, R. R., Dalesio, N. M., Zhong, J., Stricker, P. A., & The Pediatric Craniofacial Collaborative Group (2018) · Pediatric Anesthesia · doi:10.1111/pan.13418 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Transfusion-Free Cranial Vault Remodeling: A Novel, Multifaceted Approach
Wood, R. J., Stewart, C. N., Liljeberg, K. M., Sylvanus, T. S., & Lim, P. K. (2019) · Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/prs.0000000000006323 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Pediatric Traumatic Hemorrhagic Shock Consensus Conference Research Priorities
Russell, R. T., Bembea, M. M., Borgman, M. A., Burd, R. S., Gaines, B. A., Jafri, M. A., Josephson, C. D., Leeper, C. M., Leonard, J. C., Muszynski, J. A., et al. (2022) · The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care · doi:10.1097/ta.0000000000003802 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Meier, P. M., Zurakowski, D., Goobie, S. M., Proctor, M. R., Meara, J. G., Young, V. J., Rogers, G. F., & DiNardo, J. A. (2016) · Pediatric Anesthesia · doi:10.1111/pan.12980 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Importance of tranexamic acid in pediatric monosutural craniosynostosis surgery
Eustache, G., Nardi, N., Rousseau, C., Aouaissia, S., Aillet, S., Larralde, S. D., Wodey, E., & Riffaud, L. (2021) · Journal of Neurosurgery Pediatrics · doi:10.3171/2021.10.peds21438 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
- Authors
- Goobie, S. M., Meier, P. M., Pereira, L. M., McGowan, F. X., Prescilla, R. P., Scharp, L. A., Rogers, G. F., Proctor, M. R., Meara, J. G., Soriano, S. G., Zurakowski, D., & Sethna, N. F.
- Affiliations
- Boston Children's Hospital (US)
- Instructor in Anesthesia.
- Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences (US)
- Professor of Anesthesia.
- Research Technician, †† Professor.
- Assistant Professor.
- Associate Professor, Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery.
- Assistant Professor of Anaesthesia (Director of Biostatistics).
- Associate Professor of Anesthesia, Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Anesthesiology
- Published
- 2011-04-01
- Volume
- 114
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 862-871
- ISSN
- 0003-3022 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2016016217
- Cited by
- 313
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 15.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Anesthesiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Blood transfusion and management
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Craniofacial Disorders and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Hemostasis and retained surgical items
- Keywords
- tranexamic acid, pediatric craniosynostosis, perioperative blood loss, blood transfusion, fibrinolysis inhibition, plasma drug concentration, children
- MeSH terms
- Antifibrinolytic Agents, Blood Transfusion, Child, Child, Preschool, Craniosynostoses, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Infant, Intraoperative Care, Male, Tranexamic Acid, Blood Loss, Surgical, Treatment Outcome
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