CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 111Health disparities and outcomesRacial and Ethnic Identity ResearchRace, History, and American Society

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 19 of the 19 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Jim Crow and Premature Mortality Among the US Black and White Population, 1960–2009: An Age–Period–Cohort Analysis

Open access
Krieger, Nancy, Chen, Jarvis T., Coull, Brent A., Beckfield, Jason, Kiang, Mathew V., Waterman, Pamela D.·2014·Epidemiology
DOI 10.1097/ede.0000000000000104PMC PMC4710482
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Scant research has analyzed the health impact of abolition of Jim Crow (ie, legal racial discrimination overturned by the US 1964 Civil Rights Act). METHODS: We used hierarchical age-period-cohort models to analyze US national black and white premature mortality rates (death before 65 years of age) in 1960-2009. RESULTS: Within a context of declining US black and white premature mortality rates and a persistent 2-fold excess black risk of premature mortality in both the Jim Crow and non-Jim Crow states, analyses including random period, cohort, state, and county effects and fixed county income effects found that, within the black population, the largest Jim Crow-by-period interaction occurred in 1960-1964 (mortality rate ratio [MRR] = 1.15 [95% confidence interval = 1.09-1.22), yielding the largest overall period-specific Jim Crow effect MRR of 1.27, with no such interactions subsequently observed. Furthermore, the most elevated Jim Crow-by-cohort effects occurred for birth cohorts from 1901 through 1945 (MRR range = 1.05-1.11), translating to the largest overall cohort-specific Jim Crow effect MRRs for the 1921-1945 birth cohorts (MRR ~ 1.2), with no such interactions subsequently observed. No such interactions between Jim Crow and either period or cohort occurred among the white population. CONCLUSION: Together, the study results offer compelling evidence of the enduring impact of both Jim Crow and its abolition on premature mortality among the US black population, although insufficient to eliminate the persistent 2-fold black excess risk evident in both the Jim Crow and non-Jim Crow states from 1960 to 2009.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1097/ede.0000000000000104

Cites

19 of 19 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 19 references

Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. Arias, 2008, Vital Health Stat, 148, 1
  2. Murray, 2006, PLoS One, 3, 1513

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Krieger, N., Chen, J. T., Coull, B. A., Beckfield, J., Kiang, M. V., & Waterman, P. D.
Affiliations
Harvard University (US)
Corresponding author
Krieger, Nancy
ORCID
Venue
Epidemiology
Publisher
Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published
2014-07
Volume
25
Issue
4
Pages
494-504
ISSN
1044-3983 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1097/ede.0000000000000104
PMC
PMC4710482
OpenAlex
W2317302092
Cited by
111
References
19
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 1
FWCI
8.52
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
National Cancer Institute (R21CA168470)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Race, History, and American Society
Keywords
Jim Crow, racial discrimination, premature mortality, racial disparities in health, Black-White health disparities, Civil Rights Act of 1964, racial segregation, birth cohort, age-period-cohort analysis
MeSH terms
Aged, Black or African American, Humans, Middle Aged, United States, Cohort Studies, White People, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Mortality, Premature, Racism

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review