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Integrating time into stigma and health research

Open access
Earnshaw, Valerie A., Watson, Ryan J., Eaton, Lisa A., Brousseau, Natalie M., Laurenceau, Jean-Philippe, Fox, Annie B.·2022·Nature Reviews Psychology
DOI 10.1038/s44159-022-00034-2PMC PMC8900470
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Abstract

Stigma changes over time: it waxes and wanes through history, is manifested within humans who develop over time and is tied to statuses (such as attributes, illnesses and identities) that have varying courses. Despite the inherent fluidity of stigma, theories, research and interventions typically treat associations between stigma and health as stagnant. Consequently, the literature provides little insight into when experiences of stigma are most harmful to health and when stigma interventions should be implemented. In this Perspective, we argue that integrating time into stigma research can accelerate progress towards understanding and intervening in associations between stigma and health inequities. We situate time in relation to key concepts in stigma research, identify three timescales that are relevant for understanding stigma (historical context, human development and status course), and outline a time-based research agenda to improve scientists' ability to understand and address stigma to improve health.

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Authors
Earnshaw, V. A., Watson, R. J., Eaton, L. A., Brousseau, N. M., Laurenceau, J.-P., & Fox, A. B.
Affiliations
  • University of Delaware (US)
  • University of Connecticut (US)
  • MGH Institute of Health Professions (US)
Corresponding author
Earnshaw, Valerie A.
ORCID
Venue
Nature Reviews Psychology
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2022-03-07
Volume
1
Issue
4
Pages
236-247
ISSN
2731-0574 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1038/s44159-022-00034-2
PMC
PMC8900470
OpenAlex
W4220760674
Cited by
107
References
143
Citations by year
2026: 16 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 6
FWCI
3.22
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Nature Reviews Psychology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health
  • National Institute of Mental Health (T32MH074387)
  • National Institute on Drug Abuse (K01DA042881, K01DA047918)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › Pharmacy › Obesity and Health Practices
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
Keywords
stigma, health disparities, stigma reduction interventions, human development, research agenda

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