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Cited by 45Menopause: Health Impacts and TreatmentsPhysical Activity and HealthCardiovascular and exercise physiology

Metabolic effects of menopause: a cross-sectional characterization of body composition and exercise metabolism

Gould, Lacey M., Gordon, Amanda N., Cabre, Hannah E., Hoyle, Andrew T., Ryan, Eric D., Hackney, Anthony C., Smith-Ryan, Abbie E.·2022·Menopause
DOI 10.1097/gme.0000000000001932
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Abstract

Objectives: To evaluate body composition, fat distribution, and metabolism at rest and during exercise in premenopausal, perimenopausal, and postmenopausal women. Methods: This cross-sectional study in 72 women ages 35 to 60 years evaluated body composition via a fourcompartment model, fat distribution using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry-derived android to gynoid ratio, metabolic measures via indirect calorimetry, and lifestyle factors using surveys. One-way analyses of variance and one-way analyses of covariance covaried for age and hormone levels (estrogen and progesterone) were used to compare groups. Results: Body fat percent was significantly lower in premenopausal than perimenopausal women (mean difference ± standard error: - 10.29 ± 2.73%, P = 0.026) despite similarities in fat mass and fat-free mass between groups (P≥0.217). Android to gynoid ratio was significantly lower in premenopausal than perimenopausal women (MD ± SE: -0.16 ± 0.05 a.u., P = 0.031). Resting energy expenditure was similar between groups (P = 0.999). Fat oxidation during moderate intensity cycle ergometer exercise was significantly greater in premenopausal than postmenopausal women (MD ± SE: 0.09 ± 0.03 g/min, P = 0.045). The change in respiratory exchange ratio between rest and moderate intensity exercise was significantly lower in premenopausal women than peri- (MD ± SE: -0.05 ± 0.03 a.u., P = 0.035) and postmenopausal women (MD ± SE: -0.06 ± 0.03 a.u., P = 0.040). Premenopausal women reported significantly fewer menopause symptoms than peri- (MD ± SE: -6.58 ± 1.52 symptoms, P = 0.002) and postmenopausal participants (MD ± SE: -4.63 ± 1.52 symptoms, P = 0.044), while similarities between groups were observed for lifestyle factors including diet and physical activity (P>0.999). Conclusions: Perimenopause may be the most opportune window for lifestyle intervention, as this group experienced the onset of unfavorable body composition and metabolic characteristics. Video Summary: http://links.lww.com/MENO/A932.

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Crossref · 10.1097/gme.0000000000001932

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  • Consuming a bolus of protein (18 g protein, 2 g carbohydrate, 1.5 g fat) 1 hour prior to a single bout of resistance exercise (4 sets at 70-75% 1RM for nine different exercises), as opposed to consuming a bolus of carbohydrate (1 g protein, 19 g carbohydrate, 1 g fat), significantly augments energy expenditure when protein was consumed.

    “A recent analysis suggests that consuming a bolus of protein (18 g protein, 2 g carbohydrate, 1.5 g fat) 1 hour prior to a single bout of resistance exercise (4 sets at 70–75% 1RM for nine different exercises), as opposed to consuming a bolus of carbohydrate (1 g protein, 19 g carbohydrate, 1 g fat), significantly augments energy expenditure when protein was consumed [241].”

    From International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutritional concerns of the female athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [241]

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Authors
Gould, L. M., Gordon, A. N., Cabre, H. E., Hoyle, A. T., Ryan, E. D., Hackney, A. C., & Smith-Ryan, A. E.
Affiliations
  • University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
  • Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC;
Corresponding author
  • Ryan, Eric D.
  • Smith-Ryan, Abbie E.
ORCID
Cabre, Hannah E.
Venue
Menopause
Publisher
Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published
2022-02-28
Volume
29
Issue
4
Pages
377-389
ISSN
  • 1072-3714 (ISSN-L)
  • 1530-0374
DOI
10.1097/gme.0000000000001932
OpenAlex
W4214645072
Cited by
45
References
53
Citations by year
2026: 12 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 5
FWCI
6.14
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Menopause The Journal of The North American Menopause Society (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
Keywords
menopause, perimenopause, body composition, body fat distribution, resting energy expenditure, exercise metabolism, fat oxidation, respiratory exchange ratio, menopausal symptoms, premenopausal women, postmenopausal women, lifestyle intervention, estrogen, progesterone, fat-free mass, fat mass, physical activity, diet, lifestyle factors
MeSH terms
Adult, Body Composition, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Menopause, Middle Aged, Exercise, Absorptiometry, Photon, Body Mass Index

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