The DOI matches its Crossref record; 62 of the 63 references it cites were found in a registry or an index, and 1 are not checked yet.
How expectations influence pain
Open accessAbstract
Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States Address: 755 Euclid Ave, Berkeley, CA 94708, United States. Tel.: 510 919 2886. E-mail address: [email protected] (H.L. Fields). Sponsorships or competing interests that may be relevant to content are disclosed at the end of this article.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Our results for pain expectancy are in line with previous studies indicating that pain-related expectancies modify pain intensity, similar to self-fulfilling prophecies [4,8,9,30].”
From Nocebo hyperalgesia and other expectancy-related factors in daily fibromyalgia pain: Combining experimental and electronic diary methods (2024) · cites this paper as [30]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Spared nerve injury: an animal model of persistent peripheral neuropathic pain
Décosterd, I., & Woolf, C. J. (2000) · Pain · doi:10.1016/s0304-3959(00)00276-1 · Cited by 2,317
The fear-avoidance model of musculoskeletal pain: Current state of scientific evidence
Leeuw, M., Goossens, M. E. J. B., Linton, S. J., Crombez, G., Boersma, K., & Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2007) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-006-9085-0 · Cited by 2,261
Placebo-Induced Changes in fMRI in the Anticipation and Experience of Pain
Wager, T. D., Rilling, J. K., Smith, E. E., Sokolik, A., Casey, K. L., Davidson, R. J., Kosslyn, S. M., Rose, R. M., & Cohen, J. D. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1093065 · Cited by 1,992
Pain catastrophizing: a critical review.
Quartana, P. J., Campbell, C. M., & Edwards, R. R. (2009) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/ern.09.34 · Cited by 1,405
A Comprehensive Review of the Placebo Effect: Recent Advances and Current Thought
Price, D. D., Finniss, D. G., & Benedetti, F. (2008) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.59.113006.095941 · Cited by 1,146
THE MECHANISM OF PLACEBO ANALGESIA
Levine, J., Gordon, N., & Fields, H. (1978) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(78)92762-9 · Cited by 1,094
Self-citationCorticostriatal functional connectivity predicts transition to chronic back pain
Baliki, M. N., Petre, B., Torbey, S., Herrmann, K. M., Huang, L., Schnitzer, T. J., Fields, H. L., & Apkarian, A. V. (2012) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3153 · Cited by 1,050
Self-citationDistinct roles for direct and indirect pathway striatal neurons in reinforcement
Kravitz, A. V., Tye, L. D., & Kreitzer, A. C. (2012) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3100 · Cited by 972
State-dependent opioid control of pain
Fields, H. (2004) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1431 · Cited by 946 · cited 2×
“either facilitate (ON cells) or inhibit (OFF cells) dorsal horn responses to noxious stimulation.(15) Although prediction-based facilitation of nociceptive transmission has not been extensively studied in human subjects, we demonstrated using functional magnetic resonance imaging that there is relative activation in t…”
BackgroundSelf-citationA causal link between prediction errors, dopamine neurons and learning
Steinberg, E. E., Keiflin, R., Boivin, J. R., Witten, I. B., Deisseroth, K. A., & Janak, P. H. (2013) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3413 · Cited by 932
Amanzio, M., & Benedetti, F. (1999) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.19-01-00484.1999 · Cited by 899
Activation of the Opioidergic Descending Pain Control System Underlies Placebo Analgesia
Eippert, F., Bingel, U., Schoell, E. D., Yacubian, J., Klinger, R., Lorenz, J., & Büchel, C. (2009) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.07.014 · Cited by 839
Kelley, A. E. (2004) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2004.09.016 · Cited by 788
Extinction circuits for fear and addiction overlap in prefrontal cortex
Peters, J., Kalivas, P. W., & Quirk, G. J. (2009) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.1041309 · Cited by 736
Unmasking the tonic-aversive state in neuropathic pain
King, T. E., Vera–Portocarrero, L. P., Gutierrez, T., Vanderah, T. W., Dussor, G. O., Lai, J. Y., Fields, H. L., & Porreca, F. (2009) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2407 · Cited by 570
Self-citationTREATMENT OF EXCESSIVE AXILLARY SWEATING
Gibbs, J. R. (1974) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(74)91979-5 · Cited by 560
Mondloch, M. V., Cole, D. C., & Frank, J. W. (2001) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 512
Direct evidence for spinal cord involvement in placebo analgesia
Eippert, F., Finsterbusch, J., Bingel, U., & Büchel, C. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1180142 · Cited by 512
Intracranial self-administration of morphine into the ventral tegmental area in rats
Bozarth, M. A., & Wise, R. A. (1981) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/0024-3205(81)90148-x · Cited by 507
Reward Circuitry Activation by Noxious Thermal Stimuli
Becerra, L. R., Breiter, H. C., Wise, R. A., González, R., & Borsook, D. (2001) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(01)00533-5 · Cited by 501
Direct Activation of the Ventral Striatum in Anticipation of Aversive Stimuli
Jensen, J., McIntosh, A. R., Crawley, A. P., Mikulis, D. J., Remington, G., & Kapur, S. (2003) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00724-4 · Cited by 455
A study of the placebo response
Lasagna, L. C., Mosteller, F. C., von Felsinger, J. M., & Beecher, H. K. (1954) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/0002-9343(54)90441-6 · Cited by 436
Response variability to analgesics: a role for non-specific activation of endogenous opioids
Amanzio, M., Pollo, A., Maggi, G., & Benedetti, F. (2001) · Pain · doi:10.1016/s0304-3959(00)00486-3 · Cited by 429
The biochemical and neuroendocrine bases of the hyperalgesic nocebo effect
Benedetti, F., Amanzio, M., Vighetti, S., & Asteggiano, G. (2006) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2947-06.2006 · Cited by 419
Randomised trial of oral morphine for chronic non-cancer pain
Moulin, D. E., Amireh, R., Sharpe, W. K. J., Boyd, D. B., Merskey, H., & Iezzi, A. (1996) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(96)90339-6 · Cited by 390
Brain mediators of predictive cue effects on perceived pain
Atlas, L. Y., Bolger, N., Lindquist, M. A., & Wager, T. D. (2010) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0057-10.2010 · Cited by 389
Keltner, J. R., Furst, A., Fan, C., Redfern, R., Inglis, B., & Fields, H. L. (2006) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4463-05.2006 · Cited by 346
Self-citationInfluence of the method of drug administration on analgesic response
Levine, J. D., & Gordon, N. C. (1984) · Nature · doi:10.1038/312755a0 · Cited by 324
Stinus, L., Le Moal, M., & Koob, G. F. (1990) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(90)90106-e · Cited by 317
Zambreanu, L., Wise, R. G., Brooks, J. C. W., Iannetti, G. D., & Tracey, I. (2005) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2005.01.005 · Cited by 311
Naloxone dose dependently produces analgesia and hyperalgesia in postoperative pain
Levine, J. D., Gordon, N. C., & Fields, H. L. (1979) · Nature · doi:10.1038/278740a0 · Cited by 305
Self-citationDecreased motivation during chronic pain requires long-term depression in the nucleus accumbens
Schwartz, N., Temkin, P., Jurado, S., Lim, B. K., Heifets, B. D., Polepalli, J. S., & Malenka, R. C. (2014) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1253994 · Cited by 278
The role of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens in analgesia
Altier, N., & Stewart, J. (1999) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0024-3205(99)00298-2 · Cited by 273
Distinct Brain Systems Mediate the Effects of Nociceptive Input and Self-Regulation on Pain
Woo, C.-W., Roy, M., Buhle, J. T., & Wager, T. D. (2015) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002036 · Cited by 263
Activation of Corticostriatal Circuitry Relieves Chronic Neuropathic Pain
Lee, M., Manders, T. R., Eberle, S. E., Su, C. H., D’amour, J. A., Yang, R., Lin, H. Y., Deisseroth, K. A., Froemke, R. C., & Wang, J. (2015) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3494-14.2015 · Cited by 261
Reinforcing effects of morphine in the nucleus accumbens
OLDS, M. E. (1982) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(82)90454-1 · Cited by 258
How Humans Integrate the Prospects of Pain and Reward during Choice
Talmi, D., Dayan, P., Kiebel, S. J., Frith, C., & Dolan, R. J. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2026-09.2009 · Cited by 239
Nucleus accumbens activation mediates the influence of reward cues on financial risk taking
Knutson, B. D. (2008) · Cited by 238
Nucleus accumbens activation mediates the influence of reward cues on financial risk taking
Knutson, B. D., Wimmer, G. E., Kuhnen, C. M., & Winkielman, P. (2008) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/wnr.0b013e3282f85c01 · Cited by 237
The Lie That Heals: The Ethics of Giving Placebos
Brody, H. A. (1982) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-97-1-112 · Cited by 222
Taha, S. A., & Fields, H. L. (2005) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3975-04.2005 · Cited by 217
Self-citationThe indirect pathway of the nucleus accumbens shell amplifies neuropathic pain
Ren, W., Centeno, M. V., Berger, S., Wu, Y., Na, X., Liu, X., Kondapalli, J., Apkarian, A. V., Martina, M., & Surmeier, D. J. (2015) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.4199 · Cited by 208
Expectations predict chronic pain treatment outcomes
Cormier, S., Lavigne, G. L., Choinière, M., & Rainville, P. (2015) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000379 · Cited by 208
Transient Analgesia Evoked by Noxious Stimulus Offset
Grill, J. D., & Coghill, R. C. (2002) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00730.2001 · Cited by 171
The central basis of motivation: intracranial self-stimulation studies.
Olds, M., & Fobes, J. (1981) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.32.020181.002515 · Cited by 160
Price, D. D., Barrell, J. J., & Gracely, R. H. (1980) · Pain · doi:10.1016/0304-3959(88)90001-2 · Cited by 138
Yelle, M. D., Oshiro, Y., Kraft, R., & Coghill, R. C. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4648-08.2009 · Cited by 132
Molecular mechanisms of placebo responses in humans
Peciña, M., & Zubieta, J.-K. (2014) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2014.164 · Cited by 103
Offset analgesia: A temporal contrast mechanism for nociceptive information
Yelle, M. D., Rogers, J. M., & Coghill, R. C. (2007) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2007.04.014 · Cited by 101
Kantor, T. G., Sunshine, A. N., LASKA, E. M., Meisner, M., & Hopper, M. E. (1966) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1002/cpt196674447 · Cited by 88
Expectancy and conditioning in placebo analgesia: Separate or connected processes?
Kirsch, I., Kong, J., Sadler, P., Spaeth, R. B., Cook, A., Kaptchuk, T. J., & Gollub, R. L. (2014) · Psychology of Consciousness Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/cns0000007 · Cited by 77
Analgesia and Abuse Potential: An Accidental Association or a Common Substrate?
Franklin, K. B. J. (1998) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0091-3057(97)00535-2 · Cited by 77
Lee, I., Necka, E. A., & Atlas, L. Y. (2019) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116254 · Cited by 64
Schmidt, B. L., Tambeli, C. H., Levine, J. D., & Gear, R. W. (2002) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.01915.x · Cited by 59
Enoksson, T., Bertran‐Gonzalez, J., & Christie, M. J. (2012) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.02.020 · Cited by 55
Offset analgesia: The role of peripheral and central mechanisms
Ligato, D., Petersen, K. K., Mørch, C. D., & Arendt‐Nielsen, L. (2017) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.1110 · Cited by 49
Alghamdi, N., Meyer, W. J., Atzori, B., Alhalabi, W., Seibel, C. C., Ullman, D., & Hoffman, H. G. (2020) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2019.00467 · Cited by 49
Drive and Reinforcement Circuitry in the Brain: Origins, Neurotransmitters, and Projection Fields
Wise, R. A., & McDevitt, R. A. (2017) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2017.228 · Cited by 43
Schwartz, N., Miller, C. S., & Fields, H. L. (2017) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2017.04.073 · Cited by 42
Self-citationMesocorticolimbic Pathways Encode Cue-Based Expectancy Effects on Pain
Tu, Y., Bi, Y., Zhang, L., Wei, H., & Hu, L. (2019) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1082-19.2019 · Cited by 33
Sprenger, C., Eichler, I.-C., Eichler, L., Zöllner, C., & Büchel, C. (2018) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2496-17.2018 · Cited by 30
Forkmann, K., Wiech, K., Sommer, T., & Bingel, U. (2015) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000194 · Cited by 20
The neuroscience of vision and pain: evolution of two disciplines
Finlay, B. L. (2019) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2019.0292 · Cited by 15
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Brain circuits for pain and its treatment
Lindsay, N. M., Chen, C., Gilam, G., Mackey, S., & Scherrer, G. (2021) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.abj7360 · Cited by 246
Hoffman, H. G., Rodriguez, R. A., Gonzalez, M., Bernardy, M. K., Peña, R., Beck, W., Patterson, D. R., & Meyer, W. J. (2019) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2019.00262 · Cited by 177
Pain: A Precision Signal for Reinforcement Learning and Control
Seymour, B. (2019) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2019.01.055 · Cited by 175
Virtual Reality Analgesia During Venipuncture in Pediatric Patients With Onco-Hematological Diseases
Atzori, B., Hoffman, H. G., Vagnoli, L., Patterson, D. R., Alhalabi, W., Messeri, A., & Grotto, R. L. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02508 · Cited by 128
An update on non-pharmacological interventions for pain relief
Wang, Y., Aaron, R. V., Attal, N., & Colloca, L. (2025) · Cell Reports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2025.101940 · Cited by 109
Metadata
- Authors
- Fields, H. L.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- Fields, Howard L.
- ORCID
- Fields, Howard L.
- Venue
- Pain
- Published
- 2018-09
- Volume
- 159
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- S3-S10
- ISSN
- 0304-3959 (ISSN-L)
- 1872-6623
- OpenAlex
- W2886720387
- Cited by
- 175
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 35 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 1.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- escholarship.org
- Locations
- Pain (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Eli Lilly and Company
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Pain Management and Placebo Effect
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Pain Mechanisms and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Treatment
- Keywords
- pain anticipation, placebo effect, pain perception
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Motivation, Pain, Pain Perception
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review