The DOI matches its Crossref record; 69 of the 71 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Immersive interactive virtual walking reduces neuropathic pain in spinal cord injury: findings from a preliminary investigation of feasibility and clinical efficacy
Abstract
Chronic neuropathic pain (NP) is a common and often debilitating secondary condition for persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) and is minimally responsive to existing pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments. The current preliminary investigation describes the feasibility and initial comparative efficacy of an interactive virtual reality walking intervention, which is a novel extension of visual feedback/illusory walking therapies shown to reduce SCI NP. Virtual reality walking intervention builds on previous research by, for the first time, allowing individuals with SCI NP to volitionally control virtual gait to interact with a fully immersive virtual environment. The current pilot study compared this interactive, virtual walking intervention to a passive, noninteractive virtual walking condition (analogous to previous illusory walking interventions) in 27 individuals with complete paraplegia (interactive condition, n = 17; passive condition, n = 10; nonrandomized design). The intervention was delivered over 2 weeks in individuals' homes. Participants in the interactive condition endorsed significantly greater reductions in NP intensity and NP-related activity interference preintervention to postintervention. Notable improvements in mood and affect were also observed both within individual sessions and in response to the full intervention. These results, although preliminary, highlight the potentially potent effects of an interactive virtual walking intervention for SCI NP. The current study results require replication in a larger, randomized clinical trial and may form a valuable basis for future inquiry regarding the mechanisms and clinical applications of virtual walking therapies.
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“In some studies, a mirror was used with a video projection of walking legs [7, 15–17], in others the walking stimuli consisted of a video of an actor, in first-person view, walking along a path [18, 19] and in the last one participants viewed their virtual arms and legs in first person view in a virtual world through a head-mounted display [20].”
From Virtual walking therapy in neuropathic spinal cord injury pain: a feasibility study (2024) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“A decline in depression was reported [20], however, this is the only study which examined depressive symptomatology.”
From Virtual walking therapy in neuropathic spinal cord injury pain: a feasibility study (2024) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“The different studies regarding VW did not discuss therapy adherence [7, 15–20].”
From Virtual walking therapy in neuropathic spinal cord injury pain: a feasibility study (2024) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“Similar results have been reported [20].”
From Virtual walking therapy in neuropathic spinal cord injury pain: a feasibility study (2024) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“Third-person perspective has already been described [7], [15–17], while first-person perspective was also applied [18–20].”
From Virtual walking therapy in neuropathic spinal cord injury pain: a feasibility study (2024) · cites this paper as [20]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Trost, Z., Anam, M., Seward, J., Shum, C., Rumble, D., Sturgeon, J., Mark, V., Chen, Y., Mitchell, L., Cowan, R., Perera, R., Richardson, E., Richards, S., & Gustin, S.
- Affiliations
- Virginia Commonwealth University (US)
- University of Alabama at Birmingham (US)
- Immersive Experience Labs, Birmingham, AL, United States
- University of Washington (US)
- University of Montevallo (US)
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Trost, Zina
- ORCID
- Venue
- Pain
- Published
- 2021-05-20
- Volume
- 163
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 350-361
- ISSN
- 0304-3959 (ISSN-L)
- 1872-6623
- OpenAlex
- W3165794242
- Cited by
- 37
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 5.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Pain (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Treatment
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Spinal Cord Injury Research
- Keywords
- neuropathic pain, spinal cord injury, virtual reality walking, immersive virtual environments, complete paraplegia, home-based intervention, pain intensity, mood and affect, feasibility
- MeSH terms
- Feasibility Studies, Humans, Neuralgia, Pilot Projects, Spinal Cord Injuries, Walking, Treatment Outcome, Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy
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