ALE meta-analysis of action observation and imitation in the human brain
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Over the last decade, many neuroimaging studies have assessed the human brain networks underlying action observation and imitation using a variety of tasks and paradigms. Nevertheless, questions concerning which areas consistently contribute to these networks irrespective of the particular experimental design and how such processing may be lateralized remain unresolved. The current study aimed at identifying cortical areas consistently involved in action observation and imitation by combining activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis with probabilistic cytoarchitectonic maps. Meta-analysis of 139 functional magnetic resonance and positron emission tomography experiments revealed a bilateral network for both action observation and imitation. Additional subanalyses for different effectors within each network revealed highly comparable activation patterns to the overall analyses on observation and imitation, respectively, indicating an independence of these findings from potential confounds. Conjunction analysis of action observation and imitation meta-analyses revealed a bilateral network within frontal premotor, parietal, and temporo-occipital cortex. The most consistently rostral inferior parietal area was PFt, providing evidence for a possible homology of this region to macaque area PF. The observation and imitation networks differed particularly with respect to the involvement of Broca's area: whereas both networks involved a caudo-dorsal part of BA 44, activation during observation was most consistent in a more rostro-dorsal location, i.e., dorsal BA 45, while activation during imitation was most consistent in a more ventro-caudal aspect, i.e., caudal BA 44. The present meta-analysis thus summarizes and amends previous descriptions of the human brain networks related to action observation and imitation.
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The neural substrates for person and action perception span the fusiform gyrus, occipitotemporal cortex, and posterior superior temporal sulcus, as well as the mirror neuron system.
“The neural substrates for person and action perception span the fusiform gyrus, occipitotemporal cortex, and posterior superior temporal sulcus, as well as the mirror neuron system (Kanwisher, 2010;Caspers, et al., 2010).”
From The inhibition of automatic imitation: a meta-analysis and synthesis of fMRI studies (2018) · cites this paper as Caspers, et al., 2010
A recent meta-analysis of functional imaging studies found consistent responses during imitation tasks in classical MN areas, suggesting a possible functional involvement of MNs in imitation.
“A recent meta-analysis of functional imaging studies found consistent responses during imitation tasks in classical MN areas, suggesting a possible functional involvement of MNs in imitation”
From Mirror neurons: from origin to function (2014) · cites this paper as Caspers, Zilles, Laird, & Eickhoff, 2010
A random-effects inference was invoked, focusing on above-chance convergence across different experiments.
“a random-effects inference was invoked, focusing on the above-chance convergence across different experiments”
From Parsing the neural correlates of moral cognition: ALE meta-analysis on morality, theory of mind, and empathy (2012) · cites this paper as Caspers et al. 2010
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Niendam, T. A., Laird, A. R., Ray, K. L., Dean, Y. M., Glahn, D. C., & Carter, C. S. (2012) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-011-0083-5 · Cited by 1,700 · see citing works
Self-citationModelling neural correlates of working memory: A coordinate-based meta-analysis
Rottschy, C., Langner, R., Dogan, I., Reetz, K., Laird, A. R., Schulz, J. B., Fox, P. T., & Eickhoff, S. B. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.11.050 · Cited by 951 · see citing works
Self-citationHow is our self related to midline regions and the default-mode network?
Qin, P., & Northoff, G. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.05.028 · Cited by 909 · see citing works
Liu, X., Hairston, J., Schrier, M., & Fan, J. (2011) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.12.012 · Cited by 916 · see citing works
Fox, K. C. R., Dixon, M. L., Nijeboer, S., Girn, M., Floman, J. L., Lifshitz, M., Ellamil, M., Sedlmeier, P., & Christoff, K. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.021 · Cited by 656 · see citing works
Bzdok, D., Schilbach, L., Vogeley, K., Schneider, K., Laird, A. R., Langner, R., & Eickhoff, S. B. (2012) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-012-0380-y · Cited by 653 · see citing works
Self-citationMirror neurons: from origin to function
Cook, R., Bird, G., Catmur, C., Press, C., & Heyes, C. (2014) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x13000903 · Cited by 632 · see citing works
Eickhoff, S. B., Bzdok, D., Laird, A. R., Roski, C., Caspers, S., Zilles, K., & Fox, P. T. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.05.021 · Cited by 484 · see citing works
“Regions that co-activated with both clusters delineated in the medial premotor cortex by the co-activation based parcellation were identified using a minimum-statistic conjunction by computing the intersection of the thresholded ALE-maps (Caspers et al., 2010; Kurth et al., 2010).”
MethodSelf-citationFear is only as deep as the mind allows
Diekhof, E. K., Geier, K., Falkai, P., & Gruber, O. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.05.073 · Cited by 413 · see citing works
Concept representation reflects multimodal abstraction: A framework for embodied semantics
Fernandino, L., Binder, J. R., Desai, R. H., Pendl, S. L., Humphries, C. J., Gross, W. L., Conant, L. L., & Seidenberg, M. S. (2016) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhv020 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Primary somatosensory cortex discriminates affective significance in social touch
Gazzola, V., Spezio, M. L., Etzel, J. A., Castelli, F., Adolphs, R., & Keysers, C. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1113211109 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Reduced spontaneous but relatively normal deliberate vicarious representations in psychopathy
Meffert, H., Gazzola, V., den Boer, J. A., Bartels, A. A. J., & Keysers, C. (2013) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awt190 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Chase, H. W., Eickhoff, S. B., Laird, A. R., & Hogarth, L. (2011) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.05.025 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Self-citationBrain regions involved in human movement perception: A quantitative voxel‐based meta‐analysis
Grosbras, M., Beaton, S., & Eickhoff, S. B. (2012) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.21222 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Self-citationSilverman, M. H., Jedd, K., & Luciana, M. (2015) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.07.083 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Organization of the Human Inferior Parietal Lobule Based on Receptor Architectonics
Caspers, S., Schleicher, A., Bacha-Trams, M., Palomero-Gallagher, N., Amunts, K., & Zilles, K. (2013) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhs048 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Self-citationRoles of supplementary motor areas in auditory processing and auditory imagery
Lima, C. F., Krishnan, S., & Scott, S. K. (2016) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2016.06.003 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Compassion meditation enhances empathic accuracy and related neural activity
Mascaro, J. S., Rilling, J. K., Tenzin Negi, L., & Raison, C. L. (2013) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nss095 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Rethinking expertise: a multifactorial gene–environment interaction model of expert performance.
Ullén, F., Hambrick, D. Z., & Mosing, M. A. (2016) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000033 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
ALE meta-analysis on facial judgments of trustworthiness and attractiveness
Bzdok, D., Langner, R., Caspers, S., Kurth, F., Habel, U., Zilles, K., Laird, A., & Eickhoff, S. B. (2011) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-010-0287-4 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Self-citationNetworks of task co-activations
Laird, A. R., Eickhoff, S. B., Rottschy, C., Bzdok, D., Ray, K. L., & Fox, P. T. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.04.073 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Self-citationHecht, E. E., Gutman, D. A., Bradley, B. A., Preuss, T. M., & Stout, D. (2015) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.12.039 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Song, S., Zilverstand, A., Song, H., d’Oleire Uquillas, F., Wang, Y., Xie, C., Cheng, L., & Zou, Z. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-02266-2 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Tomasino, B., Fregona, S., Skrap, M., & Fabbro, F. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00346 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Neural basis of contagious itch and why some people are more prone to it
Holle, H., Warne, K., Seth, A. K., Critchley, H. D., & Ward, J. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1216160109 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
van Heeringen, K., Bijttebier, S., Desmyter, S., Vervaet, M., & Baeken, C. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00824 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Potential Reporting Bias in fMRI Studies of the Brain
David, S. P., Ware, J. J., Chu, I. M., Loftus, P. D., Fusar-Poli, P., Radua, J., Munafò, M. R., & Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0070104 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Binney, R. J., & Ramsey, R. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.01.030 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Cross, K. A., Torrisi, S., Reynolds Losin, E. A., & Iacoboni, M. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.06.060 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Balsters, J. H., Laird, A. R., Fox, P. T., & Eickhoff, S. B. (2014) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22392 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Self-citationNeural pathways subserving face-based mentalizing
Yordanova, Y. N., Duffau, H., & Herbet, G. (2017) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-017-1388-0 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
At least eighty percent of brain grey matter is modifiable by physical activity: A review study
Batouli, S. A. H., & Saba, V. (2017) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2017.06.002 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
The influence of group membership on the neural correlates involved in empathy
Eres, R., & Molenberghs, P. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00176 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Rapuano, K. M., Huckins, J. F., Sargent, J. D., Heatherton, T. F., & Kelley, W. M. (2016) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhv097 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Caligiore, D., Pezzulo, G., Miall, R. C., & Baldassarre, G. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.07.016 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
What differs in visual recognition of handwritten vs. printed letters? An fMRI study
Longcamp, M., Hlushchuk, Y., & Hari, R. (2011) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.21105 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Oxytocin enhances cognitive control of food craving in women
Striepens, N., Schröter, F., Stoffel‐Wagner, B., Maier, W., Hurlemann, R., & Scheele, D. (2016) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23308 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-reported empathy and neural activity during action imitation and observation in schizophrenia
Horan, W. P., Iacoboni, M., Cross, K. A., Korb, A., Lee, J., Nori, P., Quintana, J., Wynn, J. K., & Green, M. F. (2014) · NeuroImage: Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2014.06.006 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Development of the action observation network during early adolescence: a longitudinal study
Shaw, D. J., Grosbras, M.-H., Leonard, G., Pike, G. B., & Paus, T. (2012) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsq105 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Some markers of mirroring appear intact in schizophrenia: evidence from mu suppression
Horan, W. P., Pineda, J. A., Wynn, J. K., Iacoboni, M., & Green, M. F. (2014) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-013-0245-8 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Concepts in the Brain: The View From Cross-linguistic Diversity
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Speech-accompanying gestures are not processed by the language-processing mechanisms
Jouravlev, O., Zheng, D., Balewski, Z., Le Arnz Pongos, A., Levan, Z., Goldin-Meadow, S., & Fedorenko, E. (2019) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107132 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Multisensory perception of action in posterior temporal and parietal cortices
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Effects of Emotional Contexts on Cerebello-Thalamo-Cortical Activity during Action Observation
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Brain networks governing the golf swing in professional golfers
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Automatic imitation of multiple agents: A computational model
Cracco, E., & Cooper, R. P. (2019) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2019.101224 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Non-invasive stimulation of the social brain: the methodological challenges
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A plea for cross-species social neuroscience
Keysers, C., & Gazzola, V. (2016) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2016_439 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Human parietofrontal networks related to action observation detected at rest
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Fuelscher, I., Caeyenberghs, K., Enticott, P. G., Kirkovski, M., Farquharson, S., Lum, J., & Hyde, C. (2019) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.14370 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The inhibition of automatic imitation: a meta-analysis and synthesis of fMRI studies
Darda, K. M., & Ramsey, R. (2018) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/334938
“In order to measure imitative compatibility more specifically, therefore, imitative and spatial effects need to be dissociated (Gowen et al., 2016; Boyer et al., 2012; Catmur and Heyes, 2011).”
- Authors
- Caspers, S., Zilles, K., Laird, A. R., & Eickhoff, S. B.
- Affiliations
- Forschungszentrum Jülich (DE)
- The University of Texas at San Antonio Health Science Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Caspers, Svenja
- Venue
- NeuroImage
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-04
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 1148-1167
- ISSN
- 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4981639
- OpenAlex
- W2084475173
- Cited by
- 1,386
- References
- 207
- Citations by year
- 2026: 58 · 2025: 57 · 2024: 89 · 2023: 94 · 2022: 108 · 2021: 88 · 2020: 125 · 2019: 97 · 2018: 115 · 2017: 92 · 2016: 78 · 2015: 89 · 2014: 83 · 2013: 93 · 2012: 52
- FWCI
- 8.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- NeuroImage (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- JuSER (Forschungszentrum Jülich) (submittedVersion)
- RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Human Brain Project (R01-MH074457-01A1)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Keywords
- action observation, action imitation, mirror neuron system, brain networks, Broca's area, inferior parietal cortex, temporo-occipital cortex, hemispheric lateralization, activation likelihood estimation
- MeSH terms
- Algorithms, Brain, Brain Mapping, Humans, Imitative Behavior, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Motion Perception, Motor Activity, Neural Pathways, Probability, Likelihood Functions, Positron-Emission Tomography
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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