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Anatomy and Physiology of the Skin
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In Brief Reprinted with permission by the Oncology Nursing Society from Site Specific Cancer Series: Skin Cancer.
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“mice have a distinct density of hair follicles and eccrine glands, a layer of striated muscle found beneath the hypodermis, a lack of melanocytes in the interfollicular epidermis (IFE), and absence of rete ridges.”
From Single-cell transcriptomics of human-skin-equivalent organoids (2023) · cites this paper as [1]
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“76 Hence, micro-fluidics will permit the recreation of circulation and immune cell movement in and out of physiological-scale engineered tissues.”
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Frequency and causes of hearing impairment in tertiary care center.
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“Skin, as the largest organ covering the surface of the whole human body, plays the role of protection, excretion, regulation of body temperature, and sensory external stimuli [22].”
BackgroundBreathable, Adhesive, and Biomimetic Skin‐Like Super Tattoo
Li, C., Tan, Z., Shi, X., Song, D., Zhao, Y. J., Zhang, Y., Zhao, Z., Zhang, W., Qi, J., Wang, Y., et al. (2024) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202406706 · Cited by 16
Capturing strain stiffening using Volume Controlled Cavity Expansion
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Zooming in across the Skin: A Macro-to-Molecular Panorama
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AI Recognition in Skin Pathologies Detection
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Taylor, M. S. (2011) · University of Birmingham Institutional Research Archive (University of Birmingham) · Cited by 16
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D-limonene attenuates D-galactose-induced skin aging mouse model
AlBairmani, R. J. H., Shihab, E. M., Ridha‐Salman, H., Kadhim, H. M., Mohammed, R. M., Shahooth, S. S., Abdalah, M. E., Hameed, Z. E., Hajwal, S. K., Albasri, O. W. A., et al. (2025) · Journal of Molecular Histology · doi:10.1007/s10735-025-10654-6 · Cited by 14
“It also plays a crucial role in thermo-regulation and prevents excessive transepidermal water loss (Kolarsick et al. 2011; Ali et al. 2025a; Abbas et al. 2025b).”
Advances in microneedles for transdermal diagnostics and sensing applications
Wang, L., Wang, Y., Wu, X. H., Wang, P., Luo, X., & Lv, S. (2024) · Microchimica Acta · doi:10.1007/s00604-024-06458-2 · Cited by 14
“The dermis takes the major responsibility for the mechanical strength, e.g., the elasticity, pliability, and tensile strength of the skin [27].”
Silva, A. K. S., Silva, T. R., Nicoli, J. R., Vasquez-Pinto, L. M. C., & Martins, F. S. (2018) · Letters in Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1111/lam.13062 · Cited by 14
“Introduction The skin is the largest organ in the human body, accounting for about 15% of the total body weight (Kolarsick et al. 2011).”
Smith, A. G., Perez, R., Thomas, A., Stewart, S. D., Samiei, A., Bangalore, A. S., Gomer, H. E., Darr, M. B., Schweitzer, R. C., Vasudevan, S., et al. (2021) · Journal of Biomedical Optics · doi:10.1117/1.jbo.26.10.105002 · Cited by 14
“5 to 4 mm; and the subcutaneous layer is thicker than the dermis.(16) The study described here serves as an opportunity to establish technical feasibility and inform future directions for the potential development of a clinical instrument.”
BackgroundĐekić, L., & Martinović, M. (2020) · doi:10.1002/9781119640240.ch3 · Cited by 14
Innovative engineering approaches to model host-microbiome interactions in vitro
Azamar, K. M. M., Sudi, S. D., Mohammadalizadeh, Z., Coffin, C., Parker, I., & Porras, A. M. (2025) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2025.115677 · Cited by 13
Skin-Integrated Soft Wearable XR Interfaces for Seamless and Realistic User Experience
Pyun, K. R., Park, J. J., Ahn, J., Lee, Y. S., Kim, H., Kim, J., Yoon, S., Ha, K.-H., Seo, D., Rogers, J. A., et al. (2025) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00966 · Cited by 13
Tannic acid as a bioactive polyphenol for hydrogel engineering in wound healing
Bei, Z., Ye, L., Qi, T., Yang, T., He, X., Chu, B., & Qian, Z. (2026) · Collagen and Leather · doi:10.1186/s42825-025-00227-4 · Cited by 13
“Specifically, epidermal keratinocytes provide immunological defense; the collagen-rich dermis offers mechanical strength and vascular support; and the subcutaneous tissue functions as a cushion and metabolic regulator [7, 8].”
Bench approaches to study the detrimental cutaneous impact of tropospheric ozone
Petracca, B., Rothen‐Rutishauser, B., Valacchi, G., & Eeman, M. (2020) · Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology · doi:10.1038/s41370-020-00275-4 · Cited by 13
Advancements in non-invasive optical imaging techniques for precise diagnosis of skin disorders
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Modeling Skin Inflammation Using Human In Vitro Models
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Nutraceuticals and skin appearance: Is there any evidence to support this growing trend?
Spiro, A., & Lockyer, S. (2018) · Nutrition Bulletin · doi:10.1111/nbu.12304 · Cited by 13
“The thickness of these layers varies considerably, depending on the location on the anatomy of the body (e.g. eyelid vs. soles of feet) (Kolarsick et al. 2011).”
BackgroundSegovia, L. C. A., Agudelo, J. I. D., & Rintoul, I. (2021) · Polymers · doi:10.3390/polym13121991 · Cited by 13
Human Skin Models in Biophotonics: Materials, Methods, and Applications
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Kim, M., Choi, S., Choi, D., Ahn, J.-C., Lee, D., Song, E., Kim, M., Kim, M., Choi, S., Oh, S., et al. (2024) · NPG Asia Materials · doi:10.1038/s41427-023-00527-3 · Cited by 12
“Because skin produces large amounts of interstitial fl uid in a day, the cutaneous lymphatic vessels are densely located under the epidermis to promptly eliminate the interstitial fl uid 12,13 .”
TiO2–Alginate–Chitosan-Based Composites for Skin Tissue Engineering Applications
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“The skin is formed in three layers: the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, and there are plenty of cells that protect it and provide it with color and elasticity [1].”
BackgroundHanayama, M., Mori, K., Ishimoto, T., Kato, Y., & Kawai, J. (2024) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2024.1396783 · Cited by 13
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“The outermost layer of the epidermis, with a high elastic modulus, provides the skin with toughness, whereas the dermis layer, with a low elastic modulus collagen, has sensory receptors [14,44,45].”
BackgroundPharmaceutical based cosmetic serums
Khan, N. H., Ahmed, S., Sheraz, M. A., Anwar, Z., & Ahmad, I. (2023) · Profiles of drug substances, excipients, and related methodology · doi:10.1016/bs.podrm.2022.11.006 · Cited by 16
Advanced Bioadhesive Hydrogels for Skin Care and Therapy
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“It is histologically divided into four main layers based off of this differentiation pattern, beginning with the stratum basale, moving to the stratum spinosum, granulosum, and ending with the corneum (28).”
Phytosome: An Effective Transdermal Drug Delivery System for Phytoconstituents
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Fast and precise image generation of blood vessels embedded in skin
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“23 In addition, a blood vessel is not only a tube but also is a multilayer system considering the vein wall.”
Unlocking the potential of transdermal drug delivery
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“The human skin, encompassing approximately 1.5 − 2.0 m 2 , serves as the body’s largest organ and plays a crucial role in protecting the body from external environmental influences [59].”
InfluentialAsl, Z. R., Rezaee, K., Ansari, M., Zare, F., & Roknabadi, M. H. A. (2024) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135988 · Cited by 12
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NMDA Receptor Hypofunction in the Aging-Associated Malfunction of Peripheral Tissue
Rivera-Villaseñor, A., Higinio-Rodríguez, F., Nava-Gomez, L. J., Vázquez-Prieto, B., Calero-Vargas, I., Olivares-Moreno, R., & López-Hidalgo, M. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.687121 · Cited by 10
Anusha, V., Suresh, S., Kumar, A., Paranjothy, K. L. K., Reena, N. M., Rangappa, S., Murthy, S. N., & Shivakumar, H. N. (2023) · Journal of Biomaterials Science Polymer Edition · doi:10.1080/09205063.2023.2286033 · Cited by 10
“The skin is about 0.5 mm thick and constitutes of three distinct layers namely the outer epidermis, followed by dermis and the underlying hypodermis composed of subcutaneous tissue [10].”
BackgroundInfluentialRaman spectroscopic detection of carotenoids in cattle skin
Mehta, M., Naffa, R., Zhang, W., Schreurs, N. M., Martin, N. P., Hickson, R. E., Waterland, M. R., & Holmes, G. (2020) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/d0ra03147j · Cited by 10
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Role of skin enzymes in metabolism of topical drugs
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Lipid Nanoparticle Formulations for the Skin Delivery of Cannabidiol
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“Its structure comprises three histological layers: the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, each performing vital functions in protection, regulation, and sensory communication [1].”
hajipour, F. P., Feyzbakhsh, A., Maleknia, L., & Ahanian, I. (2024) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.138745 · Cited by 9
Ogórek, K., Nowak, K., Wadych, E., Ruzik, L., Timerbaev, A. R., & Matczuk, M. (2025) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules30010136 · Cited by 9
Martinet, M. G., Thomas, M., Bojunga, J., Pletz, M. W., Vehreschild, M. J. G. T., & Würstle, S. M. (2025) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2025.1553979 · Cited by 9
“Generally, the skin can be divided into three distinct layers: the hypodermis, dermis, and epidermis (Kolarsick et al., 2011).”
Smith, M. L., O’Neill, C. A., Dickinson, M., Chavan, B., & McBain, A. J. (2023) · Frontiers in Microbiomes · doi:10.3389/frmbi.2023.1102315 · Cited by 10
Intelligent Nanofiber Composites: Dynamic Communication between Materials and Their Environment
Alexander, S. L. M., Matolyak, L. E., & Korley, L. T. J. (2017) · Macromolecular Materials and Engineering · doi:10.1002/mame.201700133 · Cited by 9
Poorahong, W., Innalak, S., Ungsurungsie, M., & Watanapokasin, R. Y. (2021) · Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology amp Research · doi:10.4103/japtr.japtr_238_20 · Cited by 9
“The epidermis in skin layer mainly composed of keratinocyte cells which are always expose to solar UV.”
BackgroundNanotechnology-based therapies for skin wound regeneration
Asadian, E., Masoudifar, R., Pouyanfar, N., & Ghorbani‐Bidkorbeh, F. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-90792-7.00009-9 · Cited by 9
Keratin Promotes Differentiation of Keratinocytes Seeded on Collagen/Keratin Hydrogels
Zuniga, K., Ghousifam, N., Sansalone, J., Senecal, K. J., Dyke, M. E. V., & Rylander, M. N. (2022) · Bioengineering · doi:10.3390/bioengineering9100559 · Cited by 9
“In native skin, when the keratinocytes flatten, the keratin filaments start to align into disulfide crosslinks and undergo proteolytic degradation [17,19].”
BackgroundA Progressive Approach to Neck Rejuvenation
Beaty, M. M. (2014) · Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.fsc.2014.01.001 · Cited by 9
Ameliorative effect of black tea extract on the skin of D-galactose-induced aging mice
Zheng, X., Deng, W., Wang, X., Wu, Z., Li, C., & Zhang, X. (2023) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2023.1275199 · Cited by 10
“The subcutaneous tissue, which is attached to the dermis, consists mainly of adipocytes and lobules of adipocytes, which have the function of storing energy and relieving mechanical stress (54).”
Li, C., Zhong, X., Rahimi, E., & Ardekani, A. M. (2024) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124419 · Cited by 8
Skin Aging and the Upcoming Role of Ferroptosis in Geroscience
Rezzani, R., Favero, G., Cominelli, G., Pinto, D., & Rinaldi, F. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25158238 · Cited by 8
“Dermis is fundamentally made up of fibrillar structural proteins known as collagen and elastin; these proteins are responsible for skin elasticity and firmness [15,22,23].”
InfluentialOptimisation and evaluation of long circulating Ru-SLNs carrier for targeting melanoma cells
Dewangan, H. K., Shah, K., Vadaga, A. K., Veer, M., & Alam, P. (2024) · Journal of Microencapsulation · doi:10.1080/02652048.2024.2443436 · Cited by 8
“The sheathing of the skin is protracted, with the mucous membranes all over the body’s surface (Kolarsick et al. 2011, McKnight et al. 2022).”
Effects of Socks and Shoes on Normal Foot Skin Temperature
Luximon, A., Ganesan, B., & Abida, Y. (2017) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-60591-3_44 · Cited by 8
Kachooeian, M., Mousivand, Z., Sharifikolouei, E., Shirangi, M., Firoozpour, L., Raoufi, M., & Sharifzadeh, M. S. (2022) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.2c02592 · Cited by 8
Doungsaard, P., Chansakaow, S., Poomanee, W., Sirithunyalug, B., Chaichit, S., & Leelapornpisid, P. (2023) · Arabian Journal of Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.104954 · Cited by 8
Frączek, W., Kregielewski, K., Wierzbicki, M., Krzemiński, P., Zawadzka, K., Szczepaniak, J., & Grodzik, M. (2023) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma16165600 · Cited by 8
“In normal circumstances, keratinocytes undergo apoptosis during their migration towards the skin surface and subsequent shedding [84,85].”
Martin, L. S., Josset‐Lamaugarny, A., Jammal, T. E., Ducreux, S., Chevalier, F. P., & Fromy, B. (2023) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-023-00981-5 · Cited by 8
Preoperative Evaluation of the Aging Neck Patient
Thomas, J. R., & Dixon, T. K. (2014) · Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.fsc.2014.01.004 · Cited by 8
“The appearance of the skin of the neck often provides insight into the patient’s aging process.(6) Both structural and functional changes occur in the skin with aging.”
BackgroundSilva, K. E., Huber, L., Mansilla, W. D., Shoveller, A. K. K., Htoo, J. K. K., Cant, J. P., & de Lange, C. F. M. (2020) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.1093/jas/skaa157 · Cited by 8
Banerjee, A., & Poddar, R. (2022) · Optik · doi:10.1016/j.ijleo.2022.169693 · Cited by 8
Dębiec-Bąk, A., Skrzek, A., Ptak, A., Majerski, K., Uiberlayová, I., & Stefańska, M. (2023) · Physiotherapy Quarterly · doi:10.5114/pq.2024.125293 · Cited by 8
Song, H. W., Lee, S., Park, Y. K., & Woo, S. Y. (2009) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1093/ecam/nep097 · Cited by 8
Additive manufacturing in the development of 3D skin tissues
Retting, K. N., & Nguyen, D. G. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-810545-0.00016-4 · Cited by 8
Silk fibroin and silk sericin in skin tissue engineering and wound healing: retrospect and prospects
Mukherjee, S., Krishnan, A., Athira, R. K., Kasoju, N., & Sah, M. K. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-90514-5.00005-5 · Cited by 8
Skin immunity and inflammation: cellular interactions and communication
Narayanan, D., Sim, S.-L., & Kumari, S. (2025) · Clinical & Translational Immunology · doi:10.1002/cti2.70053 · Cited by 10
“1,8 These appendages play crucial roles in how homeostasis is maintained.”
Meshram, R. N., & Lamprou, D. A. (2025) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics17111498 · Cited by 7
“The skin, the body’s largest organ, serves as a multi-layered protective barrier against chemical, microbial, and mechanical challenges [1].”
Ita, K. B. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822550-9.00002-8 · Cited by 7
Assessment of needle–tissue force models based on ex vivo measurements
Trączyński, M., Patalas, A., Rosłan, K., Suszyński, M., & Talar, R. (2023) · Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials/Journal of mechanical behavior of biomedical materials · doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.106247 · Cited by 7
The Impact of Photoaging on Skin: A Systematic Review Analysis
Asyi, M. S., Syahrizal, D., Sary, N. L., & Husna, F. (2023) · Journal Of Social Research · doi:10.55324/josr.v3i1.1708 · Cited by 7
“These sensory receptors facilitate the interaction between the nervous system and the outside world (Kolarsick et al., 2011).”
BackgroundOn the Low-Cost Production of Tissue-Mimicking Skin Phantoms Up to 40 GHz
Meo, S. D., Matrone, G. C., Magenes, G., & Pasian, M. (2024) · IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1109/jerm.2024.3349851 · Cited by 7
“Thus, we proposed a method for producing skin phantoms with thicknesses ranging from 1 to 2.5mm, these being the typical thicknesses of human skin reported in the literature [8], [9], [10].”
MethodBari, D. S., Ali, Z. K., Hameed, S. A., & Aldosky, H. Y. Y. (2024) · Journal of Electrical Bioimpedance · doi:10.2478/joeb-2024-0002 · Cited by 8
“It has a surface area of about 1.5 – 2 m 2 in adults [2], and an average thickness from 0.1 mm at its thinnest part (eyelids) to 1.5 mm or more at its thickest part (palms and soles) [1].”
BackgroundInfluentialdo Amaral, S. R., Amantino, C. F., Atanasov, A., de Sousa, S. O., Moakes, R. J. A., Oliani, S. M., Grover, L. M., & Primo, F. L. (2024) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph17091169 · Cited by 7
“Keratinocytes are fundamental cells in the skin’s inflammatory process and related immune responses, interacting with immune system cells by releasing cytokines and chemokines [1–3].”
Mesenchymal Stem Cell Extract Promotes Skin Wound Healing
Deng, Z., Iwasaki, K., Peng, Y., & Honda, Y. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms252413745 · Cited by 8
“It protects internal organs from external damage, balances electrolytes, provides immune defense, aids in thermoregulation, maintains hydration, and senses external stimuli through sensory nerve endings [1].”
Haney, B. (2021) · The Nurse Practitioner · doi:10.1097/01.npr.0000769752.50576.d0 · Cited by 7
“Each of these layers are on the continuum of the keratinocyte life cycle but not completely separate from each other.(2)”
BackgroundKey miRNAs in Modulating Aging and Longevity: A Focus on Signaling Pathways and Cellular Targets
Zia, A., Farkhondeh, T., Sahebdel, F., Pourbagher‐Shahri, A. M., & Samarghandian, S. (2021) · Current Molecular Pharmacology · doi:10.2174/1874467214666210917141541 · Cited by 7
Deep Tattoo Ink Depth Profiling in Ex Vivo Porcine Skin Using Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy
Rudraiah, P. S., Nandi, S., Duadi, H., & Fixler, D. (2022) · IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics · doi:10.1109/jstqe.2022.3208570 · Cited by 7
“We admit that even skin itself consists of three distinct layers [26], however, there is much”
BackgroundWang, X., Xi, H., & Wei, C. (2023) · Skin Research and Technology · doi:10.1111/srt.13395 · Cited by 7
Metadata
- Authors
- Kolarsick, P. A. J., Kolarsick, M. A., & Goodwin, C.
- Affiliations
- Oncology Nursing Society (US)
- Venue
- Journal of the Dermatology Nurses' Association
- Published
- 2011-07
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 203-213
- ISSN
- 1945-760X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2332656743
- Cited by
- 578
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 34 · 2025: 67 · 2024: 84 · 2023: 80 · 2022: 68 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 47 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 7.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of the Dermatology Nurses’ Association (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Dermatology and Skin Diseases
- Keywords
- skin anatomy, skin physiology, skin cancer, dermatology nursing
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