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Anatomy and Physiology of the Skin
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In Brief Reprinted with permission by the Oncology Nursing Society from Site Specific Cancer Series: Skin Cancer.
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“mice have a distinct density of hair follicles and eccrine glands, a layer of striated muscle found beneath the hypodermis, a lack of melanocytes in the interfollicular epidermis (IFE), and absence of rete ridges.”
From Single-cell transcriptomics of human-skin-equivalent organoids (2023) · cites this paper as [1]
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“This layer acts as a bridge that connects the skin to the underlying fi brous tissue of the bones and muscles, providing support and stability to the skin (Kolarsick et al., 2011; Lawton, 2019).”
BackgroundFernandes, E., Lopes, C. M., & Lúcio, M. (2024) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics16060807 · Cited by 6
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“Given the skin's role as the largest interface and primary point of contact with the external environment, it serves as a paramount ecological habitat for a myriad of microorganisms [1, 37].”
A compartment model to predict in vitro finite dose absorption of chemicals by human skin
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Recent advances in exploring the properties and applications of hyaluronan
Zeng, Q., Ding, D., Loka, R. S., Wang, S., & Ling, P. (2024) · Journal of Dermatologic Science and Cosmetic Technology · doi:10.1016/j.jdsct.2024.100039 · Cited by 7
Micromotor‐Assisted Keratinocytes Migration in a Floating Paper Chip
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Enhanced anti‐wrinkle activity of adlay bran fermented with Lactobacillus brevis MJM60390
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A Survey on Computer-Aided Intelligent Methods to Identify and Classify Skin Cancer
Poornima, J. J., Anitha, J., Priya, A. G., & Hemanth, D. J. (2022) · Informatics · doi:10.3390/informatics9040099 · Cited by 9
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Recent advances in personalized 3D bioprinted tissue models
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Mapping the Histology of the Human Tympanic Membrane by Spatial Domain Optical Coherence Tomography
Rutledge, C., Thyden, M., Furlong, C., Rosowski, J. J., & Cheng, J. T. (2012) · Conference proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4436-7_18 · Cited by 6
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“, 2011).[3] Anatomically, it has two parts: the papillary region, which is shallow and adjacent to the epidermis and a deep, thicker area called the reticular region (James et al.”
Influentialde Oliveira, A. C., Morocho‐Jácome, A. L., Lima, C. R. R. D. C., Marques, G. D. A., Bispo, M. D. O., de Barros, A. B., Costa, J. G., de Almeida, T. S., Rosado, C., de Carvalho, J. C. M., et al. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821218-9.00010-4 · Cited by 7
Nanogel Development and its Application in Transdermal Drug Delivery System
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Optical investigation of three‐dimensional human skin equivalents: A pilot study
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Zuniga, K., Ghousifam, N., Shaffer, L., Brocklehurst, S., Dyke, M. E. V., Christy, R. J., Natesan, S., & Rylander, M. N. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25094992 · Cited by 5
“Human skin protects our body from external physical, chemical, and biological contaminants, thanks to its multiple layers and the differentiation of keratinocytes that creates a physical barrier [1,2].”
Andam, S., & Borhani, F. (2025) · European Polymer Journal · doi:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.114140 · Cited by 6
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Naeem, S., Haneef, F., & Noor, M. N. (2026) · Network Modeling Analysis in Health Informatics and Bioinformatics · doi:10.1007/s13721-025-00714-y · Cited by 8
“Skin health is closely tied to overall homeostasis, with damage leading to a spectrum of conditions from benign disorders such as eczema and acne to severe malignancies like melanoma (Kolarsick et al. 2011).”
Revisiting the Effect of Aging on the Transport of Molecules through the Skin
de Mello, T., Argenta, D. F., & Caon, T. (2024) · Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.1007/s11095-024-03710-5 · Cited by 7
“Along with blood supply, this layer has nerve endings [16, 23].”
McLeod, K., Gregorio, M. D., Tinney, D., Carmichael, J. J., Zuanazzi, D., Siqueira, W. L., Rizkalla, A. S., & Hamilton, D. W. (2024) · Bioengineering · doi:10.3390/bioengineering11100960 · Cited by 5
“Skin plays several important physiological roles including water regulation and ther-moregulation as well as acting as a barrier against physical, chemical, and biological stresses [1,2].”
Exploring role of citrus fruits in comorbid neurodegenerative disorders associated with psoriasis
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“As a cofactor for enzymes involved in collagen synthesis and ceramide control, it is critical for the health of skin (Kolarsick et al. 2011).”
Kim, J. H., Ahamed, A., Chen, K., Lebig, E. G., Petros, B., Saeed, S., & Martins‐Green, M. M. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822238-6.00027-3 · Cited by 7
Skin Malignancies: Imaging Review with Radiologic-Histopathologic Correlation
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“The keratinocytes exhibit depth-dependent differentiation, which gives the epidermal layer a stratification similar to what has been shown in other in vitro models [17, 18, 24, 25] and mimics the native epidermis [1, 2].”
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“It constitutes about 15% by weight of the body and is continuous with the mucous linings over the surface of the body [1].”
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“Skin, being the largest organ of the body, represents around 15% of total body weight and plays a critical role in defence, water retention, temperature regulation, and acts as a crucial barrier against environmental threats, pathogens, and physical damage [1,2].”
Preparation of Multilayer Platforms for Advanced Wound Care Management
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“Lastly, the hypodermis, the deepest layer of the skin, consists predominantly of adipose cells [3].”
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“The integument protects the body against various stimuli from the external environment and is an important organ for maintaining homeostasis in the human body [13].”
BackgroundStudy and Preliminary Modeling of Microstructure and Morphology of the Elephant Trunk Skin
Kamare, B., Preti, M. L., Bernardeschi, I., Lantean, S., Dagenais, P., Milinkovitch, M. C., & Beccai, L. (2023) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-39504-8_7 · Cited by 4
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“Introduction The skin is the largest organ in human body, accounting for approximately 15% of the total adult body weight [1].”
BackgroundReview on Hydrogel Based Systems and their use in Drug Delivery for Wound Healing & Wound Management
Jayswal, M. A., Ahlawat, P., & Patel, A. (2023) · Current Materials Science · doi:10.2174/2666145417666230710165247 · Cited by 4
Differences in the microanatomy of skin of sole and palm in humans
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“As augmented in the 500-Da rule [3], the stratum corneum in the skin, just a few micrometers thick effectively forms a barrier and inhibited penetration of high molecules [4].”
BackgroundEmploying gadolinium micro-disks as temperature probes for magnetic resonance imaging
Nobles, J., Hao, Y., Goldman, S., Stroud, J., Stupic, K. F., Hankiewicz, J. H., & Celiński, Z. (2022) · Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jmmm.2022.169849 · Cited by 4
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“hemoglobin, deoxygenated hemoglobin, and melanin.(1) In case of carcinogenesis, there are significant changes in those structures those can be treated as the landmarks.”
Transdermal and bioactive nanocarriers
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“In treating der-matomycoses via the oral route, the absence of blood vessels in the stratum corneum and epidermis reduces efficacy in those areas [2, 3].”
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“Dysbiosis can lead to clinical conditions such as acne, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and rosacea, which can negatively affect an individual’s quality of life [10,20,21].”
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“The epidermis is made up of four distinct layers known as the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, and stratum corneum [14].”
Mijaljica, D., Townley, J. P., Torpy, K., Meere, S., Spada, F., & Lai, M. (2026) · Dermato · doi:10.3390/dermato6020016 · Cited by 3
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Nanotechnology-Based Approaches for Combating Skin Aging: A Comprehensive Review
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Lipid vesicles: potential nanocarriers for the delivery of essential oils to combat skin aging
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“The skin is a multifunctional organ that protects the body from pathogens and harmful environments [13,14].”
BackgroundInfluentialDeveloping failure criteria for laceration injury of dermal tissue
Lovald, S. T., Gorji, M. B., Chen, M., & Pak, N. (2023) · Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials/Journal of mechanical behavior of biomedical materials · doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.105986 · Cited by 3
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“Its purpose is primarily to provide a barrier for the inner organs whilst also playing a role in thermoregulation, vitamin D synthesis, and sensory perception [2].”
BackgroundInfluentialMechanical damage in porcine dermis: Micro-mechanical model and experimental characterization
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Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Emulgel: A Review Article
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Penetration of topically applied polymeric nanoparticles across the epidermis of thick skin from rat
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“" Stratum corneum, which forms the outermost layer of epidermis is considerably thicker in thick skin and poses a formidable barrier for transdermal penetration of nanoparticles[30,31].”
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Formulation and Evaluation of Antimicrobial herbal soap of Tridax procumbens for skin care.
Sudha Rani, M. V., Vardu, S., Jamalbi, P., Vandana, M., Dheeraj, C., Bhaskar Naik, K., & Kullayappa, A. C. (2023) · Journal of Pharmacy · doi:10.31436/jop.v3i1.134 · Cited by 3
Development of spectral signatures and classification using hyperspectral face recognition
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“Epidermis is recognized as the outmost layer which offers water (H2O) resistant as well as generates skin tone [19].”
BackgroundHaney, B. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-19948-7_2 · Cited by 3
Umar, N. M., Parumasivam, T., & Toh, S. (2021) · Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.34172/ps.2021.16 · Cited by 3
“Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2021, 27(3), 489-502 | 493 Yellow mosqueta (hypericum patulatum Thumb) Leaves Methanol Ointment Excision and incision 87”
BackgroundSharma, N., Singh, S., & Kumar, D. (2021) · Computational and Mathematical Methods · doi:10.1002/cmm4.1183 · Cited by 3
Skin, Light, and Their Interactions
Alhallak, K., Abdulhafid, A., Tomi, S., & Omran, D. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-27632-3_1 · Cited by 3
Danila, A., & Chirilă, L. (2021) · doi:10.1002/9781119710288.ch2 · Cited by 3
Injectable Novel Drug Delivery Systems
Khazaeli, P., & SajadiBami, M. (2024) · doi:10.1002/9781119852476.ch6 · Cited by 3
Air-Powered Liquid Needle Free Injectors: Design, Modeling and Experimental Validation
Portaro, R. (2013) · Spectrum Research Repository (Concordia University) · Cited by 3
Ruff, K., Dockery, N. B., Aydogan, C., & Back, M. (2024) · Journal of Cosmetics Dermatological Sciences and Applications · doi:10.4236/jcdsa.2024.144021 · Cited by 2
Thiolated tamarind seed polymer–chitosan composite scaffolds for enhanced skin tissue regeneration
Sri, R., Ghosh, T., Nayak, D., Shashank, A. G., Priya, P. L., Basak, M., & Basavaraj, B. V. (2025) · Journal of Biomaterials Science Polymer Edition · doi:10.1080/09205063.2025.2572828 · Cited by 2
“The skin, accounting for approximately 15% of an adult’s total body weight, is the largest and one of the most functionally complex organs in the human body [1].”
Torres, A. H. F., Soares, T. A., Pereira, R. B., Gomes, P. A. C., & Garrido, S. S. (2025) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2025.115754 · Cited by 2
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Wu, Y., Xue, J., Chen, L., Deng, Y., & Li, Z. (2026) · Small Methods · doi:10.1002/smtd.202502283 · Cited by 2
Burstein, S., & Maibach, H. I. (2026) · Skin Pharmacology and Physiology · doi:10.1159/000550716 · Cited by 2
“The stratum corneum, composed of terminally differentiated corneocytes embedded in a lipid matrix, is the principal determinant of percutaneous absorption [1, 3–5].”
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Mirikar, D., & Wairkar, S. (2026) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Innovation · doi:10.1007/s12247-026-10415-2 · Cited by 2
Assessment of nanoindentation protocols for murine skin matrix biomechanics
FORSTER, L. S., Gavara, N., Rognoni, E., & Gupta, H. S. (2026) · Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials/Journal of mechanical behavior of biomedical materials · doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2026.107381 · Cited by 2
Coeurvolan, A., Koli, H., Lousa, C. D. M., Villeneuve, P., Dorandeu, C., Sanchez‐Ballester, N. M., Durand, E., Bégu, S., & Simon, L. (2026) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2026.114926 · Cited by 3
Emerging and Prospective Engineering Technologies Enabling Microneedle Based Vaccine Therapeutics
Ahmad, N., Jalil, N. A., Benziane, R., Iqbal, H., Rana, S. J., AbuAin, T., Al-Asiri, A., Kola-Mustapha, A. T., Arshad, M. S., & Ahmad, Z. (2026) · AAPS PharmSciTech · doi:10.1208/s12249-026-03409-3 · Cited by 2
“The skin is suggested to possess its “own immune system” comprised of several sub-types of T cells, epidermal antigen presenting cells (APCs), macrophages, and skin associated-lymphoid tissue [15, 16].”
Physiology of Skin Pigmentation
Brown, M. C., & Kindred, C. (2021) · Updates in clinical dermatology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-64830-5_4 · Cited by 2
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Tahir, K. A., Djawad, K., Sartini, S., Budiyanto, A., Lalo, A., Jalaluddin, S., Indrısarı, M., Syakri, S., Ismail, A., Khaerani, K., et al. (2022) · Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology · doi:10.52711/0974-360x.2022.00688 · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- Kolarsick, P. A. J., Kolarsick, M. A., & Goodwin, C.
- Affiliations
- Oncology Nursing Society (US)
- Venue
- Journal of the Dermatology Nurses' Association
- Published
- 2011-07
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 203-213
- ISSN
- 1945-760X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2332656743
- Cited by
- 578
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 34 · 2025: 67 · 2024: 84 · 2023: 80 · 2022: 68 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 47 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 7.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of the Dermatology Nurses’ Association (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Dermatology and Skin Diseases
- Keywords
- skin anatomy, skin physiology, skin cancer, dermatology nursing
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