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Anatomy and Physiology of the Skin
Abstract
In Brief Reprinted with permission by the Oncology Nursing Society from Site Specific Cancer Series: Skin Cancer.
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“mice have a distinct density of hair follicles and eccrine glands, a layer of striated muscle found beneath the hypodermis, a lack of melanocytes in the interfollicular epidermis (IFE), and absence of rete ridges.”
From Single-cell transcriptomics of human-skin-equivalent organoids (2023) · cites this paper as [1]
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“The sensation of pressure is attributed to Pacini corpuscles that are present on the weight-bearing surfaces, genital, nipple, and anogenital reticular dermis [36].”
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“These characteristics are essential for the skin to withstand mechanical stress and maintain its integrity [1, 10, 18].”
Nanocarrier Systems for Transdermal Drug Delivery
Escobar‐Chávez, J. J., Rodríguez-Cruz, I. M., Luísa, C., Diaz, R., Luisa, A., & Casas, N. H. (2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/50314 · Cited by 47
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“The dermis includes sweat glands, hair follicle, blood vessels and nerves, while the epidermis is made up of three cells namely squamous, basal and melanocytes [1].”
BackgroundAn insight on topically applied formulations for management of various skin disorders
Jain, A., Jain, S., Abourehab, M. A. S., Mehta, P. D., & Kesharwani, P. (2022) · Journal of Biomaterials Science Polymer Edition · doi:10.1080/09205063.2022.2103625 · Cited by 44
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Mimicking cigarette smoke exposure to assess cutaneous toxicity
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“…is to act as a mechanical and chemical barrier against external factors (heat, cold, UV radiation), mechanical injuries, and chemical substances, and the penetration of microorganisms also protects the internal organs and regulates the water–electrolyte, vitamin, and fat balance in the body [4].”
Khan, B. A., Ahmad, N., Alqahtani, A., Baloch, R., Rehman, A. U., & Khan, M. K. (2023) · European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106665 · Cited by 42
Development of keratin-based membranes for potential use in skin repair
Navarro, J., Swayambunathan, J., Lerman, M. J., Santoro, M., & Fisher, J. P. (2018) · Acta Biomaterialia · doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2018.10.025 · Cited by 42
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“This ageing process of the dermal cellular network is called terminal differentiation [36].”
BackgroundOn-patient medical record and mRNA therapeutics using intradermal microneedles
Han, J., Kanelli, M., Liu, Y., Daristotle, J. L., Pardeshi, A., Forster, T. A., Karchin, A., Folk, B., Murmann, L., Tostanoski, L. H., et al. (2025) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/s41563-024-02115-4 · Cited by 44
“For all four tip angles, penetration depths were well within the dermis layer 32 , but only the 15° and 30° tip angles resulted in 100% bit transfer ( n = 4–7; Fig.”
Qiu, W., Zhang, C., Chen, G., Zhu, H., Zhang, Q., & Zhu, S. (2021) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.1c04911 · Cited by 40
Dermatological Management of Aged Skin
Rostkowska, E., Poleszak, E., Wojciechowska, K., & Szewczyk, K. D. S. (2023) · Cosmetics · doi:10.3390/cosmetics10020055 · Cited by 41
“The outer layer—the epidermis—is composed of cells called keratinocytes, which are arranged in four layers [3,4]: • stratum corneum—it can be described as the outermost layer of the epidermis.”
de Macedo, C. S., Anderson, D. M., & Schey, K. L. (2017) · Talanta · doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2017.06.018 · Cited by 37
Mechanical Properties of Excised Human Skin
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Advanced function, design and application of skin substitutes for skin regeneration
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“The three layers of skin work together to create an effective barrier against the external environment while allowing the transmission of sensory information, playing a vital role in maintaining the body ’ s internal balance [24].”
Pooprommin, P., Manaspon, C., Dwivedi, A., Mazumder, A., Sangkaew, S., Wanmasae, S., Tangpong, J., Ongtanasup, T., & Eawsakul, K. (2022) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12032 · Cited by 35
“This is an open access a thermal, physical, and chemical damage or physiological conditions [3].”
Noninvasive On-Skin Biosensors for Monitoring Diabetes Mellitus
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“The SC comprises several layers of terminally differentiated, cornified keratinocytes (corneocytes) arranged within an intercellular lipid bilayer (Figure 1) [2–4].”
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“INTRODUCTION Skin is an essential organ with many roles including forming a water-tight barrier, aiding in thermoregulation, and acting as a sensory organ (Kolarsick et al., 2011).”
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“The epidermis consists of keratinocytes, dendritic cells, and other cell populations, all loc ted in separate sub-layers, whereas the dermis is pri arily composed of collagen, sebaceous glands, and vascul ture [48].”
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“It safeguards against external mechanical, chemical, and biological threats, prevents excessive hydration from the tissues, and plays a role in temperature control (Hassan et al. 2022; Kolarsick et al. 2011; Salman, Alzubaidy, Abbas, and Mohammad 2024; Khafaji et al. 2024; Hasan and Gatea 2024a).”
Parental touch reduces social vigilance in children
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“The largest pool of epidermal keratinocytes differentiates during migration from the basal layer to the surface, in a complex process known as terminal differentiation or keratinization [72].”
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Alex, A., Chaney, E. J., Žurauskas, M., Criley, J. M., Spillman, D. R., Hutchison, P. B., Li, J., Marjanović, M., Frey, S., Arp, Z. A., et al. (2020) · Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1111/exd.14152 · Cited by 29
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Lin, P., Alexander, R. A., Liang, C., Liu, C., Lin, Y., Lin, Y., Chan, L., & Kuan, C.-T. (2020) · Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology · doi:10.1111/jocd.13500 · Cited by 31
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“First, it can search skin layers to minimize the impact of confounding factors because ISF and confounding factors are not uniformly distributed underneath the skin [34].”
Investigation of the mechanical behaviour of the foot skin
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“[4,5].”
Study on the transdermal penetration mechanism of ibuprofen nanoemulsions
Li, Z., Jie, H., Zhang, Y., Jiaojiao, C., Xingqi, W., & Xiaoqin, C. (2018) · Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy · doi:10.1080/03639045.2018.1546317 · Cited by 27
“The barrier of SC can be classified to the macro- and microstructure [20].”
BackgroundRottlerin Reduces cAMP/CREB-Mediated Melanogenesis via Regulation of Autophagy
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“One type of cell in the epidermis produces and stores a dark pigment (melanin) and is called a melanocyte [1].”
Mohammadi, H., Ebrahimian, A., & Maftoon, N. (2021) · Computers in Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104982 · Cited by 27
Proteomic profiling reveals candidate markers for arsenic-induced skin keratosis
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“Both the palms and soles of the feet have the thickest epidermal layer on the body (Kolarsick et al., 2011), suggesting they might have similar protein profiles.”
BackgroundBeyranvand, F., Gharzi, A., Abbaszadeh, A., Khorramabadi, R. M., Gholami, M., & Gharravi, A. M. (2019) · Inflammation and Regeneration · doi:10.1186/s41232-019-0090-4 · Cited by 27
The Keratinocyte in the Picture Cutaneous Melanoma Microenvironment
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“Indeed, the stratum corneum is composed of 20–30 layers of corneocytes filled with large granules of keratohyalin of which the major constituent is pro-filaggrin [97].”
Upchurch, D. A., Malenfant, R., Wignall, J. R., Ogden, D. M., & Saile, K. (2014) · American Journal of Veterinary Research · doi:10.2460/ajvr.75.11.1004 · Cited by 26
Bourgart, E., Persoons, R., Marquès, M., Rivier, A. J., Balducci, F., von Koschembahr, A., Beal, D. M., Leccia, M. ‐., Douki, T., & Maı̂tre, A. (2019) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-019-02504-8 · Cited by 28
“However, the extraction of PAHs from skin was the most difficult part, because skin is highly lipophilic and elastic, hence substantially resistant (Kolarsick et al. 2011).”
Imaging findings of malignant skin tumors: radiological–pathological correlation
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“Anatomy The skin is composed of three layers: the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue [13].”
BackgroundHydrogels for localized drug delivery: A special emphasis on dermatologic applications
Jindal, S., Awasthi, R., Goyal, K., & Kulkarni, G. T. (2022) · Dermatologic Therapy · doi:10.1111/dth.15830 · Cited by 26
“Skin is the largest organ of human body that restricts the entry of chemicals and pathogens within the body.(8) Skin covers around 2 m(2) average surface area of the body.”
BackgroundDesign and bioprinting for tissue interfaces
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“As the body’s largest tissue, it comprises three main compartments of the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissues (Kolarsick et al 2011).”
BackgroundEmerging Trends in the Use of Topical Antifungal-Corticosteroid Combinations
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Salminen, A. T., Davis, K. J., Felton, R. P., Nischal, N., VonTungeln, L. S., Beland, F. A., Derr, K., Brown, P. C., Ferrer, M., Katz, L. M., et al. (2023) · Toxicology in Vitro · doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105630 · Cited by 25
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“The skin is the biggest organ in the body, accounting for approximately 15 to 20% of body weight [23].”
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PCA: Progressive class-wise attention for skin lesions diagnosis
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“Dermis is made up of collagen, elastin and ground matrix constituting the fibroblasts that produce the proteins [11].”
Naproxen release behaviour from graphene oxide/cellulose acetate composite nanofibers
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Point of care approaches to 3D bioprinting for wound healing applications
Wallace, E., Yue, Z., Dottori, M., Wood, F. M., Fear, M. W., Wallace, G. G., & Beirne, S. (2023) · Progress in Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1088/2516-1091/acceeb · Cited by 26
“(which play a sentinel role in the immune response), and Merkel cells (slowly adapting mechanoreceptors) [1].”
BackgroundIn Vitro and In Vivo Anti-Aging Effect of Coffee Berry Nanoliposomes
Saewan, N., Jimtaisong, A., Panyachariwat, N., & Chaiwut, P. (2023) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules28196830 · Cited by 31
Proportion of hearing loss in chronic renal failure: Our experience
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Large 3D bioprinted tissue: Heterogeneous perfusion and vascularization
Pourchet, L., Petiot, E., Loubière, C., Olmos, É., Santos, M. D., Thepot, A., Blum, L. J., & Marquette, C. A. (2018) · Bioprinting · doi:10.1016/j.bprint.2018.e00039 · Cited by 23
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In vivo quantitative photoacoustic monitoring of corticosteroid-induced vasoconstriction
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A human skin model to evaluate the protective effect of compounds against UVA damage
Abadie, S., Bedos, P., & Rouquette, J. (2019) · International Journal of Cosmetic Science · doi:10.1111/ics.12579 · Cited by 23
“Its specific structure, organized in superposed layers, provides an effective outermost biological barrier [1].”
Quílez, C., Jeon, E. Y., Pappalardo, A., Pathak, P., & Abaci, H. E. (2024) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.202400405 · Cited by 22
In Vivo Assessment of Water Content, Trans-Epidermial Water Loss and Thickness in Human Facial Skin
Chirikhina, E., Chirikhin, A., Xiao, P., Dewsbury-Ennis, S., & Bianconi, F. (2020) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app10176139 · Cited by 22
“The values reported in Table 1 indicate that the stratum corneum and epidermis accounted, together, only for a small fraction (<8%) of the full skin thickness, whereas the bigger part was taken up by the dermis, as one would expect [2,3].”
Khadka, N., & Bikson, M. (2020) · Physics in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1088/1361-6560/abb7c1 · Cited by 22
“The remaining tissue layer of the skin is subcutaneous including fat and muscles (Kolarsick et al 2011, Yousef et al 2020).”
InfluentialSubedi, L., Song, S.-Y., Jha, S. K., Lee, S.-H., Pangeni, R., Koo, K.-T., Kim, B. J., Cho, S., & Park, J. W. (2021) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics13050622 · Cited by 22
“Despite considerable absolute oral bioavailability (approximately 70%), an absence of blood vessels in the epidermis and stratum corneum can limit the availability of ITZ at the desired site of action [6,7].”
BackgroundInnovation in Thermalism: An Example in Beira Interior Region of Portugal
Araújo, A. R. T. S., de Paiva, T. M. D., Ribeiro, M. P., & Coutinho, P. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-11490-3_11 · Cited by 22
Vautz, W., Seifert, L., Mohammadi, M., Klinkenberg, I. A. G., & Liedtke, S. (2019) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-019-02262-7 · Cited by 21
“The skin as the major human organ protects the organism from humidity losses and from environmental influences, detects ambient signals by numerous receptors, and regulates the body temperature by help of blood circulation and sweat secretion [1].”
BackgroundAnushree, U., Shetty, S., Kumar, R., & Bharati, S. (2022) · Bioelectromagnetics · doi:10.1002/bem.22396 · Cited by 21
Gold nanoparticles and their applications in transdermal drug delivery: A review
Singpanna, K., Pornpitchanarong, C., Patrojanasophon, P. T., Rojanarata, T., Ngawhirunpat, T., Li, S. K., & Opanasopit, P. (2023) · Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.jddst.2023.105174 · Cited by 19
Qi, K., Lv, Y., Xiong, Y., Tian, C., Liu, C., & Pan, Y. (2024) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05605 · Cited by 21
Simoniello, P., Wiedemann, J., Zink, J., Thönnes, E., Stange, M., Layer, P. G., Kovács, M., Podda, M., Durante, M., & Fournier, C. (2016) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2015.00294 · Cited by 20
“When keratinocytes finally reach the outer layer of the epidermis (stratum corneum), they have lost their nuclei and are terminally differentiated to cornified cells, which constitute the mechanical barrier of the skin, protecting the organisms against any type of external stress (10).”
BackgroundEngineered Bacteria as Living Biosensors in Dermal Tattoos
Allen, M. E., Kamilova, E., Monck, C., Ceroni, F., Hu, Y., Yetisen, A. K., & Elani, Y. (2024) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202309509 · Cited by 20
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Race, pigmentation, and the human skin barrier—considerations for dermal absorption studies
Salminen, A. T., Manga, P., & Camacho, L. (2023) · Frontiers in Toxicology · doi:10.3389/ftox.2023.1271833 · Cited by 22
Disturbances in the Skin Homeostasis: Wound Healing, an Undefined Process
Fernández-Guarino, M., Naharro‐Rodríguez, J., & Bacci, S. (2024) · Cosmetics · doi:10.3390/cosmetics11030090 · Cited by 27
Management of Soft Tissue Injuries
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“The different layers making up the epidermis are stratum corneum (SC), stratum granulosum (SG), stratum spinosum (SS), and stratum basale (SB) which altogether are responsible for the waterproof nature of the skin [2].”
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Pharmacological treatments for cutaneous manifestations of inherited ichthyoses
Cortés, H., Prado-Audelo, M. L. D., Urbán‐Morlán, Z., Alcalá-Alcalá, S., González‐Torres, M., Reyes‐Hernández, O. D., Carmen, M. G., & Leyva‐Gómez, G. (2019) · Archives of Dermatological Research · doi:10.1007/s00403-019-01994-x · Cited by 18
Transcriptomic Heterogeneity of Skin Across Different Anatomic Sites
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Phosphatidylglycerol to Treat Chronic Skin Wounds in Diabetes
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“vessels that compose the dermal vasculature of the dermis are made up of the superficial and lower intercommunicating plexuses [37], which are essential to the process of thermoregulation.”
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“The human skin, consisting of three layers (epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous) [1], serves as a vital barrier against environmental stressors like ultraviolet (UV) rays, physical trauma, and microorganisms.”
BackgroundAnatomy and Physiology of the Skin
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Metadata
- Authors
- Kolarsick, P. A. J., Kolarsick, M. A., & Goodwin, C.
- Affiliations
- Oncology Nursing Society (US)
- Venue
- Journal of the Dermatology Nurses' Association
- Published
- 2011-07
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 203-213
- ISSN
- 1945-760X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2332656743
- Cited by
- 578
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 34 · 2025: 67 · 2024: 84 · 2023: 80 · 2022: 68 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 47 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 7.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of the Dermatology Nurses’ Association (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Dermatology and Skin Diseases
- Keywords
- skin anatomy, skin physiology, skin cancer, dermatology nursing
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