The Assessment of Changes in Cognitive Functioning: Age-, Education-, and Gender-Specific Reliable Change Indices for Older Adults Tested on the CERAD-NP Battery: Results of the German Study on Ageing, Cognition, and Dementia in Primary Care Patients (AgeCoDe)
Abstract
Objectives The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease-Neuropsychological (CERAD-NP) battery represents a commonly used neuropsychological instrument to measure cognitive functioning in the elderly. This study provides normative data for changes in cognitive function that normally occur in cognitively healthy individuals to interpret changes in CERAD-NP test scores over longer time periods. Design Longitudinal cohort study with three assessments at 1.5-year intervals over a period of 3 years. Setting : Primary care medical record registry sample. Participants As part of the German Study on Ageing, Cognition, and Dementia in Primary Care Patients, a sample of 1,450 cognitively healthy general practitioner patients, age 75 years and older, was assessed. Measurements Age-, education-, and gender-specific Reliable Change Indices (RCIs) were computed for a 90% confidence interval for selected subtests of the CERAD-NP battery. Results Across different age, education, and gender subgroups, changes from at least six to nine points in Verbal Fluency, four to eight points in Word List Memory, two to four points in Word List Recall, and one to four points in Word List Recognition indicated significant (i.e. reliable) changes in CERAD-NP test scores at the 90% confidence level. Furthermore, the calculation of RCIs for individual patients is demonstrated. Conclusions Smaller changes in CERAD-NP test scores can be interpreted with only high uncertainty because of probabl…
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Estimating clinical impact by correlating with aging does not directly measure clinical impact, and clinically meaningful change might vary by age, educational quality, race, and baseline cognition.
“Estimating the potential clinical impact of sex differences in cognitive decline by correlating it with decline due to aging is a common approach, but it does not directly measure clinical impact, and a clinically meaningful change might vary by an individual’s age, educational quality, race, and baseline cognition.59”
From Sex differences in cognitive decline among US adults (2021) · cites this paper as [59]
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- Authors
- Stein, J., Luppa, M., Luck, T., Maier, W., Wagner, M., Daerr, M., van den Bussche, H., Zimmermann, T., Köhler, M., Bickel, H., Mösch, E., Weyerer, S., Kaufeler, T., Pentzek, M., Wiese, B., Wollny, A., König, H.-H., & Riedel-Heller, S. G.
- Affiliations
- Leipzig University (DE)
- University of Bonn (DE)
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (DE)
- Technical University of Munich (DE)
- Central Institute of Mental Health (DE)
- Düsseldorf University Hospital (DE)
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (DE)
- University of Rostock (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Stein, Janine
- ORCID
- Venue
- The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-01
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 84-97
- ISSN
- 1064-7481 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1979617046
- Cited by
- 35
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 4 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 1.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- mediaTUM (Technical University of Munich) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Historical and Modern Theater Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- reliable change index, cognitive change, reference values, older adults, age-related cognitive decline, verbal fluency, word list memory, word list recall, practice effects, measurement error, primary care patients, dementia, Alzheimer's disease
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Cognition, Dementia, Educational Status, Female, Germany, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Practice, Psychological, Primary Health Care, Reference Values, Registries, Reproducibility of Results, Geriatric Assessment
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