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Cited by 2,284Body Composition Measurement TechniquesObesity, Physical Activity, DietDiabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins

Body Mass Index: Obesity, BMI, and Health A Critical Review

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Nuttall, Frank Q.·2015·Nutrition Today
DOI 10.1097/nt.0000000000000092PMC PMC4890841
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Abstract

The body mass index (BMI) is the metric currently in use for defining anthropometric height/weight characteristics in adults and for classifying (categorizing) them into groups. The common interpretation is that it represents an index of an individual's fatness. It also is widely used as a risk factor for the development of or the prevalence of several health issues. In addition, it is widely used in determining public health policies.The BMI has been useful in population-based studies by virtue of its wide acceptance in defining specific categories of body mass as a health issue. However, it is increasingly clear that BMI is a rather poor indicator of percent of body fat. Importantly, the BMI also does not capture information on the mass of fat in different body sites. The latter is related not only to untoward health issues but to social issues as well. Lastly, current evidence indicates there is a wide range of BMIs over which mortality risk is modest, and this is age related. All of these issues are discussed in this brief review.

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  • BMI was developed originally from a single sample of White, middle-aged European men.

    “BMI was developed originally from a single sample of White, middle-aged European men [3].”

    From Advantages and Limitations of the Body Mass Index (BMI) to Assess Adult Obesity (2024) · cites this paper as [3]

    The “Lambert Adolph Jacque Quetelet” section says Quetelet identified the weight-to-height-squared relationship in normal young adults, and “Mathematical Adjustment of Body Build” says he developed the Quetelet Index in the 1800s. Our copy does not say it came from a single sample of White European men; its description of young adults also conflicts with “middle-aged.” No page numbers were supplied for these passages. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • BMI cutoff values for categories have fluctuated over the past century depending on the given year and guideline document.

    “Cutoff values for categories have fluctuated over the past century, depending upon the given year and guideline document (Table 1).”

    From Advantages and Limitations of the Body Mass Index (BMI) to Assess Adult Obesity (2024) · cites this paper as [3]

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Authors
Nuttall, F. Q.
Affiliations
University of Minnesota (US)
Corresponding author
Nuttall, Frank Q.
Venue
Nutrition Today
Publisher
Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published
2015-05
Volume
50
Issue
3
Pages
117-128
ISSN
0029-666X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1097/nt.0000000000000092
PMC
PMC4890841
OpenAlex
W2506392965
Cited by
2,284
References
7
Citations by year
2026: 248 · 2025: 359 · 2024: 341 · 2023: 379 · 2022: 307 · 2021: 246 · 2020: 183 · 2019: 128 · 2018: 63 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 1
FWCI
22.35
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by-nc-nd
Locations
  • Nutrition Today (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
Keywords
body mass index, obesity classification, anthropometry, body fat percentage, regional fat distribution, mortality risk, age-related mortality, health risk factors, public health policy

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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