MOSH Syndrome (Male Obesity Secondary Hypogonadism): Clinical Assessment and Possible Therapeutic Approaches
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
Male obesity secondary hypogonadism (MOSH) impairs fertility, sexual function, bone mineralization, fat metabolism, cognitive function, deteriorates muscle mass and alters body composition. The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the effect of dietary intervention and physical activity on the MOSH patient’s hormonal profile after a 10% weight loss compared to baseline. Fourteen male patients were enrolled. Hormonal, lipid, glycemic profiles and body composition were determined at baseline and after a 10% weight loss. Aging Male Symptoms Scale (AMS) and Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) were administered to patients in order to investigate hypogonadal symptoms and food addiction. Compared to baseline, a significant increase of Total Testosterone (TT) (300.2 ± 79.5 ng/dL vs. 408.3 ± 125.9 ng/dL, p = 0.002, 95% CI 26.8; 167.7) and a reduction of 17-Beta Estradiol level (48.3 ± 14.9 pg/mL vs. 39.2 ± 15.2 pg/mL, p = 0.049, 95% CI 3.1; 0.0) were observed. Total Fat Mass (FM) percentage, android and gynoid fat mass percentage (39.2 ± 6.4% vs. 36.2 ± 5.8%, p = 0.0001, 95% CI 22.5; 62.3; 51.5 ± 6.8% vs. 47.6 ± 6.8%, p = 0.001, 95% CI 0.6; 1.8, vs. 39.2 ± 6.2% vs. 36.5 ± 6.3% p = 0.0001, 95% CI 0.9; 2.0 respectively) were significantly decreased after nutritional intervention. In addition, total Fat Free Mass (FFM) in kg was significantly reduced after 10% weight loss (62.3 ± 2.8 kg vs. 60.3 ± 7.7 kg, p = 0.002, 95% CI 45.0; 93.0). Lifestyle changes, specifically dietotherapy and physical activity, induce positive effects on hypogonadism due to obesity.
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In a small pilot study of men with male obesity secondary hypogonadism (MOSH), a 10% weight loss achieved through a hypocaloric Mediterranean-style diet plus physical activity significantly increased total testosterone and reduced estradiol, aromatase activity, and fat mass. The authors conclude that lifestyle changes may improve hypogonadism in obesity, but call for a randomized controlled trial.
Key findings
- After 10% weight loss, total testosterone increased from 300.2 ± 79.5 ng/dL to 408.3 ± 125.9 ng/dL (p = 0.002, 95% CI 26.8; 167.7), and 17-beta estradiol decreased from 48.3 ± 14.9 pg/mL to 39.2 ± 15.2 pg/mL (p = 0.049, 95% CI 3.1; 0.0).
- Aromatase activity, expressed as TT/E2 ratio, improved from 68.6 ± 32.6 to 111.5 ± 51.7 (p = 0.003, 95% CI 10.1; 66.6).
- Total fat mass percentage decreased from 39.2 ± 6.4% to 36.2 ± 5.8% (p = 0.0001, 95% CI 22.5; 62.3); android fat mass percentage decreased from 51.5 ± 6.8% to 47.6 ± 6.8% (p = 0.001, 95% CI 0.6; 1.8), and gynoid fat mass percentage decreased from 39.2 ± 6.2% to 36.5 ± 6.3% (p = 0.0001, 95% CI 0.9; 2.0). Fat-free mass in kg also decreased significantly, from 62.3 ± 8.2 kg to 60.3 ± 7.7 kg (p = 0.002, 95% CI 45.0; 93.0).
- Vitamin D increased from 11.3 ± 7.4 ng/mL to 22.9 ± 9.9 ng/mL (p = 0.034, 95% CI 4.9; −25.4). YFAS positivity for food addiction fell from 54.5% at baseline to 9.1% after weight reduction, though the paper reports food-addiction changes were not statistically significant.
Methods
- Pilot study: 20 patients screened, 14 Caucasian male patients with secondary hypogonadism recruited, and 12 completed the protocol after achieving 10% weight loss; mean age of completers was 46.6 ± 14 years (range 25–63). Inclusion criteria included age 18–65 years, FM% > 30% by DXA, hypogonadism signs/symptoms, and TT < 12.1 nmol/L (349 ng/dL).
- Intervention: customized hypocaloric high-protein diet (1.5 g/kg ideal body weight/day; energy gap 170–250 kcal/day; Mediterranean-style, five meals; probiotics advised) plus physical activity (150 min/week aerobic at 50–70% max HR and/or 90 min/week at >70% max HR, at least three days/week). Mean treatment duration was 3 ± 1 months.
- Assessments at baseline and after 10% weight loss included hormonal, lipid, and glycemic blood profiles; anthropometrics; DXA body composition; AMS and YFAS questionnaires. Statistical analysis used paired t-test, Wilcoxon test, McNemar test, and Pearson correlation, with p < 0.05 considered significant.
Limitations
- The paper states this was a pilot study with an exiguous/small sample, and that an RCT is needed; two of 14 recruited patients dropped out because debilitating food addiction prevented adherence to dietotherapy.
- The authors state that DXA cannot quantify hydration status, so the unexpected reduction in fat-free mass may reflect dehydration/overhydration changes rather than true lean-mass loss; they also note food-addiction variations were not statistically significant mainly due to small sample size.
- Evident from the text: the study is an uncontrolled single-arm pre-post design without a separate control group or randomization, and the small completer sample limits generalizability and correlation analyses.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
0 of 30 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingreasoning
No significant reduction in android/gynoid fat distribution was shown.
“No significant reduction in waist-hip ratio and android/gynoid fat distribution was shown, probably as result of a weight loss, which interested all body fat districts and not only android or gynoid ones.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
AMS score demonstrated that 27.2% of patients had somatovegetative symptoms.
“AMS score demonstrated that 27.2% of patients had somatovegetative symptoms”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
AMS score demonstrated that 27.3% of patients had all three symptoms: somatovegetative, psychological, and sexual complaints.
“Whilst 27.3% of patients had all three symptoms: somatovegetative, psychological, and sexual complaints.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Vitamin D increased significantly after 10% weight loss (11.3 ± 7.4 ng/mL vs. 22.9 ± 9.9 ng/mL, p = 0.034, 95% CI 4.9; −25.4).
“Vitamin D increased significantly after 10% weight loss (11.3 ± 7.4 ng/mL vs. 22.9 ± 9.9 ng/mL, p = 0.034, 95% CI 4.9; −25.4).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Gynoid fat mass percentage significantly decreased (39.2 ± 6.2% vs. 36.5 ± 6.3%, p = 0.0001, 95% CI 0.9; 2.0).
“Similar results were observed in android and gynoid FM% (51.5 ± 6.8% vs. 47.6 ± 6.8%, p = 0.001, 95% CI 0.6; 1.8; 39.2 ± 6.2% vs. 36.5 ± 6.3%, p = 0.0001, 95% CI 0.9; 2.0).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Findingown data
At baseline, mean E2 value was 46.3 ± 13.1 pg/mL, slightly higher compared to the normal range for age and sex (normal range < 45 pg/mL).
“Mean E2 value was 46.3 ± 13.1 pg/mL, slightly higher compared to the normal range for age and sex (normal range < 45 pg/mL).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
AMS score demonstrated that 9.1% patients had both somatovegetative and psychological symptoms.
“Finally, 9.1% patients had both somatovegetative and psychological symptoms.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
17-Beta Estradiol level significantly reduced after a 10% weight loss (48.3 ± 14.9 pg/mL vs. 39.2 ± 15.2 pg/mL, p = 0.049, 95% CI 3.1; 0.0).
“a reduction of 17-Beta Estradiol level (48.3 ± 14.9 pg/mL vs. 39.2 ± 15.2 pg/mL, p = 0.049, 95% CI 3.1; 0.0) were observed.”
- Also stated in: § 3. Results · plain
“accompanied by a significant reduction of E2 level after a 10% weight loss (48.3 ± 14.9 pg/mL vs. 39.2 ± 15.2 pg/mL, p = 0.049, 95% CI 301; 0.0).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § 3. Results · plain
- Findingown data
AMS score demonstrated that 36.4% of patients had psychological symptoms.
“and 36.4% of patients had psychological symptoms.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Total Fat Free Mass (FFM) in kg was significantly reduced after 10% weight loss (62.3 ± 8.2 kg vs. 60.3 ± 7.7 kg, p = 0.002, 95% CI 45.0; 93.0).
“FFM (kg) was significantly reduced at the end of the study (62.3 ± 8.2 kg vs. 60.3 ± 7.7 kg, p = 0.002, 95% CI 45.0; 93.0).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Android fat mass percentage significantly decreased (51.5 ± 6.8% vs. 47.6 ± 6.8%, p = 0.001, 95% CI 0.6; 1.8).
“Similar results were observed in android and gynoid FM% (51.5 ± 6.8% vs. 47.6 ± 6.8%, p = 0.001, 95% CI 0.6; 1.8; 39.2 ± 6.2% vs. 36.5 ± 6.3%, p = 0.0001, 95% CI 0.9; 2.0).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Total Fat Mass percentage significantly decreased after nutritional intervention (39.2 ± 6.4% vs. 36.2 ± 5.8%, p = 0.0001, 95% CI 22.5; 62.3).
“Total FM% was significantly decreased after nutritional intervention (39.2 ± 6.4% vs. 36.2 ± 5.8%, p = 0.0001, 95% CI 22.5; 62.3).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Hypovitaminosis D (vitamin D levels below 30 ng/mL) was shown in 93% of patients.
“In this population, hypovitaminosis D (vitamin D levels below 30 ng/mL) has been shown in 93% of patients.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Aromatase enzyme activity, expressed as TT/E2 ratio, significantly improved after a 10% weight loss (68.6 ± 32.6 vs. 111.5 ± 51.7, p = 0.003, 95% CI 10.1; 66.6).
“Moreover, aromatase enzyme activity, expressed as TT/E2 ratio was significantly improved after a 10% weight loss (68.6 ± 32.6 vs. 111.5 ± 51.7, p = 0.003, 95% CI 10.1; 66.6) (Figure 1).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
A significant reduction in BMI was shown after 10% weight loss compared to baseline values.
“A significant reduction in BMI was shown after 10% weight loss compared to baseline values.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
At baseline, android/gynoid ratio was 1.29 ± 0.08.
“In addition, this data correlated with an android fat distribution (android/gynoid ratio 1.29 ± 0.08 as reported in Table 2)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Total Testosterone significantly increased after nutritional intervention (408.3 ± 125.9 ng/dL vs. 300.2 ± 79.5 ng/dL, p = 0.002, 95% CI 26.8; 167.7).
“A significant enhancement of TT after nutritional intervention (408.3 ± 125.9 ng/dL vs. 300.2 ± 79.5 ng/dL, p = 0.002, 95% CI 26.8; 167.7) was observed”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“Compared to baseline, a significant increase of Total Testosterone (TT) (300.2 ± 79.5 ng/dL vs. 408.3 ± 125.9 ng/dL, p = 0.002, 95% CI 26.8; 167.7)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
- Findingown data
At baseline, mean HOMAi value was 4.1 ± 2.3.
“Mean HOMAi value was 4.1 ± 2.3, suggesting an insulin resistance in enrolled patients.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingreasoning
No significant reduction in waist-hip ratio was shown.
“No significant reduction in waist-hip ratio and android/gynoid fat distribution was shown, probably as result of a weight loss, which interested all body fat districts and not only android or gynoid ones.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Fat mass percentage (FM%) was reduced.
“In accordance with this, FM%, android and gynoid FM%, and E2 blood levels were all reduced.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
No significant correlation was found between the modification of any other examined variable during the study period and the observed weight loss.
“For all the other examined variables, no significant correlation was found between their modification during the study period and the observed weight loss.”
- Also stated in: § 4. Discussion · plain
“We also evaluated if the Δ weight could affect all variables examined; however, we found no significant correlation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Also stated in: § 4. Discussion · plain
- Findingreasoning
A slight increment in C symptomatology was found after the combined therapeutic intervention.
“Furthermore, we found a slight increment in C symptomatology after combined therapeutic intervention possibly due to the loss of control induced by the prescribed hypocaloric regime.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingreasoning
Vitamin D increased significantly after the 10% weight loss.
“Surprisingly, vitamin D increased significantly after the 10% weight loss.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Food addiction did not drop in a statistically significant manner after the nutritional intervention and probiotic supplementation.
“Food addiction did not drop in a statistically significant manner after the nutritional intervention and probiotic supplementation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
YFAS test showed that at baseline 54.5% of enrolled patients were positive for food addiction versus only 9.1% was positive following a 10% weight reduction.
“YFAS test, as reported in Table 3, showed that at baseline 54.5% of enrolled patients were positive for food addiction versus only 9.1% was positive following a 10% weight reduction.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Pearson's correlation analysis found no statistically significant linear relationship between changes in the hormonal profile at the end of the study and any other examined variable (age, baseline lipid profile, baseline anthropometric parameters, baseline questionnaire scores, and vitamin D levels).
“Pearson’s correlation analysis was performed for the evaluation of the possible linear relationship between the changes observed at the end of the study in the hormonal profile and all other variables examined (such as age, baseline lipid profile, baseline anthropometric parameters, baseline questionnaire scores and vitamin D levels) but we did not find any statistical significance.”
- Also stated in: § 4. Discussion · plain
“Furthermore, we examined, through Pearson’s correlation analysis, the possible impact of all the baseline parameters on the change observed in the hormonal profile after the nutritional intervention and physical activity, finding no significant correlation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Also stated in: § 4. Discussion · plain
- Findingown data
Estradiol (E2) blood levels were reduced.
“In accordance with this, FM%, android and gynoid FM%, and E2 blood levels were all reduced.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
A reduction in the prevalence of most YFAS symptoms was observed, with the exception of symptoms B and C.
“Regarding symptom count, we observed a reduction in the prevalence of most of them with the exception of symptoms B (persistent desire or repeated unsuccessful attempt to quit) and C (much time/activity required to obtain, use, and recover).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In the study, the increase in total testosterone levels was inversely but not significantly correlated with weight loss (p = 0.608; R = −0.174).
“An inverse, but not significant, correlation between the increase in TT levels and weight loss (p = 0.608; R = −0.174) was found.”
- Also stated in: § 4. Discussion · plain
“Δ TT is inversely but not significantly correlated to Δ weight.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Also stated in: § 4. Discussion · plain
- Findingown data
A significant reduction in fat-free mass (kg) was observed in the small sample.
“Unexpectedly, in our small sample we observed a significant reduction of FFM (kg), which is possibly correlated to the hydration status of the patients.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
An increase in total testosterone blood levels was observed.
“We observed an increase in TT blood levels.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Aromatase activity was markedly decreased after 10% weight loss.
“Additionally, aromatase activity was markedly decreased after 10% weight loss.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Visceral obesity favors insulin resistance.
“corroborating the hypothesis that visceral obesity favors insulin resistance, as demonstrated in several previous studies [35,36,37].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [35] Kaur, 2014, A comprehensive review on metabolic syndrome, Cardiol. Res. Pract. source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [36] Donohoe, 2011, Visceral adiposity, insulin resistance and cancer risk, Diabetol. Metab. Syndr. source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [37] Castro, 2014, Obesity, insulin resistance and comorbidities? Mechanisms of association, Arq. Bras. Endocrinol. Metabol. source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Obesity may be considered a 'food addiction' because its symptoms overlap with those described in DSM-IV for substances and drug dependence.
“Obesity is often characterized by a compulsive intake of food and the inability not to eat rather than the desire to do so. These symptoms are overlapping to those described in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) for substances and drug dependence. For this reason, obesity may be considered a “food addiction” [20].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [20] Volkow, 2007, Issues for DSM-V: Should obesity be included as a brain disorder?, Am. J. Psychiatry source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Hyperestrogenism decreases lutein hormone (LH) pituitary secretion through a negative feedback action that impairs the synthesis and production of testosterone from Leydig cells.
“The hyperestrogenism decreases lutein hormone (LH) pituitary secretion through a negative feedback action that impairs the synthesis and production of testosterone from Leydig cells [16].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [16] Schulster, 2016, The role of estradiol in male reproductive function, Asian J. Androl. source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Adipose tissue expansion correlated to weight gain is linked to an overexpression of the enzyme aromatase, which converts Testosterone into Estradiol.
“The first risk factor is constituted by adipose tissue expansion correlated to weight gain, which is linked to an overexpression of the enzyme aromatase. This enzyme converts Testosterone into Estradiol (Testosterone-Estradiol shunt) [15].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [15] Cohen, 1999, The hypogonadal-obesity cycle: Role of aromatase in modulating the testosterone-estradiol shunt—A major factor in the genesis of morbid obesity, Med. Hypotheses source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
The baseline HOMAi value suggests insulin resistance in enrolled patients.
“Mean HOMAi value was 4.1 ± 2.3, suggesting an insulin resistance in enrolled patients.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Weight loss is associated with an increase in total testosterone and free testosterone levels.
“The authors concluded that weight loss is associated with an increase on TT and free Testosterone levels and that bariatric surgery is more effective compared to a low-calorie diet on the hormonal profile.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [47] Corona, 2013, Body weight loss reverts obesity-associated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Eur. J. Endocrinol. source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Muscle-derived peptides called myokines, released after physical activity, act on adipose tissue with anti-inflammatory effects.
“Muscle-derived peptides, called “myokines”, released after physical activity, act on adipose tissue with anti-inflammatory effects [42].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [42] Pedersen, 2013, Muscle as a secretory organ, Compr. Physiol. source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Irisin, derived from the cleavage of FNDC5 and released after exercise or muscle shivering, causes the transformation of white fat cells into cells with a phenotype similar to brown fat cells.
“In particular, irisin derived from the cleavage of fibronectin type III domain containing protein 5 (FNDC5) and released after exercise or muscle shivering, causes the transformation of white fat cells (storage adipose tissue) into cells with a phenotype similar to that of brown fat cells.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [43] Bilski, 2017, New insight into the direct anti-inflammatory activity of a myokine irisin against proinflammatory activation of adipocytes. Implication for exercise in obesity, J. Physiol. Pharmacol.
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [44] Jastroch, M., Oelkrug, R., and Keipert, S. (2018). Insights into brown adipose tissue evolution and function from non-model organisms. J. Exp. Biol., 221. source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
Lifestyle changes (nutritional intervention and physical activity) alone improved body composition, hormonal profile, and metabolic profile in the pilot study.
“In the present pilot study, we demonstrated that life-style changes (referred to as nutritional intervention and PA) alone were able to improve body composition, as well as hormonal and metabolic profiles.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: No other factors changed during the study period that could account for the observed improvements in body composition, hormonal profile, and metabolic profile.
- Interpretationcitation
In frail obese older men, weight loss is not the best approach for raising testosterone levels because it can worsen age-related muscle and bone loss.
“In this type of patients, weight loss is not the best approach for raising Testosterone levels because it can worsen age-related muscle and bone loss [45].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [45] Aguirre, 2016, Effect of lifestyle intervention on the hormonal profile of frail, obese older men, J. Nutr. Health Aging source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
Lifestyle changes, specifically dietotherapy and physical activity, induce positive effects on hypogonadism due to obesity.
“Lifestyle changes, specifically dietotherapy and physical activity, induce positive effects on hypogonadism due to obesity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Male obesity is frequently associated with low Total Testosterone levels.
- Interpretationcitation
The pilot study demonstrated that with a much milder dietary restriction (170-250 kcal/day reduction compared to basal metabolism), the same results can be achieved, thanks to the combination with physical activity.
“Compared to this study, our pilot study demonstrated that with a much milder dietary restriction (170–250 kcal/day reduction compared to basal metabolism), the same results can be achieved, thanks to the combination with PA [46].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [46] Stanik, 1981, The effect of weight loss on reproductive hormones in obese men, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. source
Not checked in the free run.
- Rests on an assumption: No other factors changed during the study period that could account for the observed improvements in body composition, hormonal profile, and metabolic profile.
- Premisecitation
In 24 moderately obese men, a mean weight loss of 19 kg caused normalization of estrone, E2, total testosterone, and free testosterone levels.
“They studied 24 moderately obese men and they observed that a mean weight loss of 19 kg caused the normalization of estrone, E2, TT and free Testosterone levels.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [46] Stanik, 1981, The effect of weight loss on reproductive hormones in obese men, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationnone given
For the first time, the study examined the effect of lifestyle changes in obese patients whose testosterone levels alone did not allow the diagnosis of male hypogonadism.
“For the first time, we examined the effect of lifestyle changes in obese patients whose Testosterone levels alone did not allow the diagnosis of male hypogonadism.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductcitation
The study could not be certain about hydration status because DXA examination does not quantify hydration status.
“However, having only performed DXA examination to measure body composition [39] we cannot be certain, as this instrument does not quantify hydration status.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [39] Noce, 2016, Is low-protein diet a possible risk factor of malnutrition in chronic kidney disease patients?, Cell Death Discov. source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Bariatric surgery is more effective than a low-calorie diet on the hormonal profile.
“The authors concluded that weight loss is associated with an increase on TT and free Testosterone levels and that bariatric surgery is more effective compared to a low-calorie diet on the hormonal profile.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [47] Corona, 2013, Body weight loss reverts obesity-associated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Eur. J. Endocrinol. source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Physical activity plays a key role in the treatment of obesity secondary hypogonadism.
“PA also plays a key role in the treatment of obesity secondary hypogonadism.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [42] Pedersen, 2013, Muscle as a secretory organ, Compr. Physiol. source
Not checked in the free run.
- May combine two claims. 16
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 6
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataAt baseline, mean TT value was 300.2 ± 79.5 ng/dL, lower than the average normal value for age and sex (>349 ng/dL or 12.1 nmol/L).
“At baseline, mean TT value 300.2 ± 79.5 ng/dL was observed, resulting in lower than the average normal value for age and sex (>349 ng/dL or 12.1 nmol/L).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingnone givenBone mineral density was not modified during the study period.
“Bone mineral density was not modified during the study period.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataAge was homogeneous in the study population, showing no statistically significant association with weight, BMI, WHR, or BMD.
“This predictor was homogeneous in our study population, since it has been tested against weight, BMI, WHR and BMD without being statistically significant.”
- Also stated in: § 4. Discussion · plain
“We also examined the age of enrolled patients as a possible baseline predictor of the changes observed, against the variables examined, but it was not statistically significant.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Also stated in: § 4. Discussion · plain
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataAll observed variations in food addiction symptoms were not statistically significant, mainly due to the small sample.
“All the observed variations are not statistically significant mainly due to the small sample.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataAndroid and gynoid fat mass percentages were reduced.
“In accordance with this, FM%, android and gynoid FM%, and E2 blood levels were all reduced.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe study achieved normalization of total testosterone, E2, and aromatase levels exclusively through lifestyle changes without resorting to bariatric surgery.
“An important difference between our study and this meta-analysis is that we achieved a normalization of TT, E2 and aromatase levels, exclusively through lifestyle changes without having to resort to bariatric surgery.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductcitationThe YFAS investigates addiction symptoms related to the consumption of high fat and high sugar foods, based on diagnostic criteria from DSM IV addictive substances.
“The YFAS, on the other hand, investigates addiction symptoms related to the consumption of high fat and high sugar foods. This questionnaire is based on diagnostic criteria from the DSM IV addictive substances.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [23] Gearhardt, 2009, Preliminary validation of the yale food addiction scale, Appetite source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataTwelve out of the 14 recruited patients completed the study protocol; two did not reach the designated 10% weight loss.
“Twelve (mean age 46.6 ± 14 years; range 25–63 years) out of the 14 recruited patients completed the study protocol (two of them did not reach the designated 10% weight loss).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductcitationThe AMS is a standardized scale according to psychometric norms, designed to determine aging symptoms and their severity over time.
“The AMS is a standardized scale according to psychometric norms, designed in 1999 in order to determine aging symptoms and their severity over the time.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [22] Heinemann, 1999, A new “aging male’s symptoms” (AMS) rating scale, Aging Male source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [30] Heinemann, 2003, The aging males’ symptoms (AMS) scale: Update and compilation of international versions, Health Qual. Life Outcomes source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationMOSH pathogenesis is multifactorial and its three major risk factors are hyperestrogenism, metabolic endotoxemia and hyperleptinemia.
“Male obesity secondary hypogonadism (MOSH) pathogenesis seems to be multifactorial and its three major risk factors are hyperestrogenism, metabolic endotoxemia and hyperleptinemia.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [15] Cohen, 1999, The hypogonadal-obesity cycle: Role of aromatase in modulating the testosterone-estradiol shunt—A major factor in the genesis of morbid obesity, Med. Hypotheses source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [16] Schulster, 2016, The role of estradiol in male reproductive function, Asian J. Androl. source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [17] Tremellen, 2016, Gut endotoxin leading to a decline in gonadal function (GELDING)—A novel theory for the development of late onset hypogonadism in obese men, Basic Clin. Androl. source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationMOSH impairs fertility, sexual function, bone mineralization, fat metabolism, cognitive function, deteriorates muscle mass and alters body composition.
“Male obesity secondary hypogonadism (MOSH) impairs fertility, sexual function, bone mineralization, fat metabolism, cognitive function, deteriorates muscle mass and alters body composition.”
- Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · plain
“This pathological condition impairs fertility, sexual function, bone mineralization, fat metabolism, cognitive function, deteriorates muscle mass and alters body composition [12].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [12] Nieschlag, 2004, Testosterone replacement therapy: Current trends and future directions, Hum. Reprod. Update source
Not checked in the free run.
- Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · plain
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenPatients following both nutritional intervention and PA prescription obtained the best outcomes.
“The patients following both nutritional intervention and PA prescription obtained the best outcomes.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationA modest weight reduction (approximately 10%) can increase longevity and prevent the onset of chronic non-communicable diseases in obese people.
“Several studies demonstrated that a modest weight reduction (approximately 10%) was ableto increase longevity and prevent the onset of chronic non-communicable diseases in obesepeople [13,14].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [13] Goldstein, 1992, Beneficial health effects of modest weight loss, Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord.
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [14] Pasanisi, 2001, Benefits of sustained moderate weight loss in obesity, Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis.
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataTwo patients dropped out from the 14-patient sample because debilitating food addiction prevented them from following the prescribed dietotherapy protocol.
“During the study, two patients dropped out from our 14-patient sample, because of their debilitating level of food addiction that prevented them from following the prescribed dietotherapy protocol.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn frail obese older men, 12 months of lifestyle intervention decreased total and free estradiol but did not improve total and free testosterone levels.
“After 12 months of intervention, weight loss decreased total and free Estradiol, but showed no improvement in total and free Testosterone levels.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [45] Aguirre, 2016, Effect of lifestyle intervention on the hormonal profile of frail, obese older men, J. Nutr. Health Aging source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationObese subjects have more storage sites for vitamin D, suggesting a greater demand for vitamin D in deposits and a consequent reduction in serum levels.
“A recent study demonstrated that obese subjects (OS) have more storage sites for vitamin D, suggesting that OS have a greater demand for vitamin D in deposits with a consequent reduction in their serum levels [40].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [40] Carrelli, 2017, Vitamin D storage in adipose tissue of obese and normal weight women, J. Bone Miner. Res. source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe prior study did not implement a physical activity regime, and its dietary intervention consisted of a supplemented fasting program (320 kcal/day).
“However, they did not implement a PA regime and their dietary intervention consisted of a supplemented fasting program (320 kcal/day).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [46] Stanik, 1981, The effect of weight loss on reproductive hormones in obese men, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataLifestyle changes represent a first-choice therapy in the treatment of obesity secondary hypogonadism, avoiding testosterone administration and its cardiovascular and gastro-enteric side effects.
“We show that lifestyle changes improve body composition and hormonal profile, representing a first choice therapy in the treatment of obesity secondary hypogonadism, without having to recur to Testosterone administration, avoiding cardiovascular and gastro-enteric side effects.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: No other factors changed during the study period that could account for the observed improvements in body composition, hormonal profile, and metabolic profile.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIrisin regulates thermogenesis, exerts an anti-inflammatory action, and reduces macrophage migration to adipose tissue.
“Thus, regulating thermogenesis, exerting an anti-inflammatory action and reducing macrophage migration to adipose tissue [43,44].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [43] Bilski, 2017, New insight into the direct anti-inflammatory activity of a myokine irisin against proinflammatory activation of adipocytes. Implication for exercise in obesity, J. Physiol. Pharmacol.
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [44] Jastroch, M., Oelkrug, R., and Keipert, S. (2018). Insights into brown adipose tissue evolution and function from non-model organisms. J. Exp. Biol., 221. source
Not checked in the free run.
The paper relies on this without support.
Male obesity is frequently associated with low Total Testosterone levels.
“In particular, male obesity is frequently associated with low Total Testosterone (TT) levels.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Low testosterone levels exacerbate male obesity, facilitating adipose tissue deposition in visceral sites.
“Furthermore, low testosterone levels exacerbate male obesity, facilitating adipose tissue deposition in visceral sites.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The crosstalk between adipose tissue and testis creates a vicious cycle with deterioration in health status and life quality.
“This crosstalk between adipose tissue and testis creates a vicious cycle with deterioration in health status and life quality.”
The paper relies on this without support.
No other factors changed during the study period that could account for the observed improvements in body composition, hormonal profile, and metabolic profile.
“In the present pilot study, we demonstrated that life-style changes (referred to as nutritional intervention and PA) alone were able to improve body composition, as well as hormonal and metabolic profiles.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Weight loss and physical activity seem to improve symptoms of reduced gonadal function in obese males.
“Weight loss and physical activity seem to improve these symptoms [260].”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: Probiotics (2019) · cites this paper as [260]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Android fat-mass confidence interval excludes the observed change
MajorThe android fat-mass means differ by 3.9 percentage points, outside the reported 95% CI of 0.6 to 1.8.
Reported 1.8 · recomputed 3.9
“51.5 ± 6.8% vs. 47.6 ± 6.8%, p = 0.001, 95% CI 0.6; 1.8”
Gynoid fat-mass confidence interval excludes the observed change
MajorThe gynoid fat-mass means differ by 2.7 percentage points, outside the reported 95% CI of 0.9 to 2.0.
Reported 2 · recomputed 2.7
“39.2 ± 6.2% vs. 36.5 ± 6.3%, p = 0.0001, 95% CI 0.9; 2.0”
Estradiol confidence interval excludes the observed change
MajorThe estradiol means differ by 9.1 pg/mL, outside the abstract's stated 95% CI of 0.0 to 3.1 pg/mL.
Reported 3.1 · recomputed 9.1
“48.3 ± 14.9 pg/mL vs. 39.2 ± 15.2 pg/mL, p = 0.049, 95% CI 3.1; 0.0”
Fat-free-mass confidence interval excludes the observed change
MajorThe reported FFM means differ by 2.0 kg, rather than a value within the stated 95% CI of 45.0 to 93.0 kg.
Reported 45 · recomputed 2
“62.3 ± 8.2 kg vs. 60.3 ± 7.7 kg, p = 0.002, 95% CI 45.0; 93.0”
Total fat-mass confidence interval excludes the observed change
MajorThe reported means differ by 3.0 percentage points, which is outside the stated 95% CI of 22.5 to 62.3 for the pre/post difference.
Reported 22.5 · recomputed 3
“39.2 ± 6.4% vs. 36.2 ± 5.8%, p = 0.0001, 95% CI 22.5; 62.3”
Estradiol confidence interval differs between abstract and Results
MinorFor the same estradiol comparison, the abstract reports a CI endpoint of 3.1, while the Results report 301.
“p = 0.049, 95% CI 3.1; 0.0”
“p = 0.049, 95% CI 301; 0.0”
Two different baseline fat-free-mass standard deviations
MinorThe abstract and Results report the same baseline FFM mean but give its standard deviation as 2.8 kg and 8.2 kg, respectively.
“62.3 ± 2.8 kg vs. 60.3 ± 7.7 kg”
“62.3 ± 8.2 kg vs. 60.3 ± 7.7 kg”
Two different baseline estradiol values
MinorThe Results section gives baseline E2 as 46.3 ± 13.1 pg/mL, but its pre/post comparison gives 48.3 ± 14.9 pg/mL as the pre-intervention value.
“Mean E2 value was 46.3 ± 13.1 pg/mL”
“48.3 ± 14.9 pg/mL vs. 39.2 ± 15.2 pg/mL”
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Self-citationThe Effect of Weight Loss on Reproductive Hormones in Obese Men*
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Flagged first, then by citations
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Research works printed but not linked: 2
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Sorted by citations
Romani, A., Ieri, F., Urciuoli, S., Noce, A., Marrone, G., Nediani, C., & Bernini, R. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11081776 · Cited by 397 · see citing works
“The incidence of chronic illnesses related to aging and unhealthy lifestyles is on the rise, but increasing data are showing how the intake of secoiridoid-rich EVOO may help to prevent or even treat chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs), in which the inflammatory component is directly involved in their onset and pr…”
BackgroundSelf-citationInternational Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: Probiotics
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Obesity: A preventable, treatable, but relapsing disease
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Self-citationEuropean Society of Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline: Endocrine work-up in obesity
Pasquali, R., Casanueva, F., Haluzik, M., van Hulsteijn, L., Ledoux, S., Monteiro, M. P., Salvador, J., Santini, F., Toplak, H., & Dekkers, O. M. (2020) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-19-0893 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
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“The protein source was mainly represented by legumes, eggs and fish, whereas whole grains, fruits and fresh vegetables represented the main source of carbohydrates [29].”
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“In male patients, 17ß-estradiol decreased by trend, but there were no significant changes as typically seen following weight loss in male-obesity secondary hypogonadism [29, 30].”
BackgroundObesity, Male Reproductive Function and Bariatric Surgery
Vincenzo, A. D., Busetto, L., Vettor, R., & Rossato, M. (2018) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2018.00769 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“The results of a recent study evaluating the effects of medical treatment (dietary intervention and physical exercise) with the aim of 10%weight loss, confirmed a significant increase of total testosterone and a reduction of 17β estradiol plasma levels after weight loss (62).”
BackgroundRomani, A., Campo, M., Urciuoli, S., Marrone, G., Noce, A., & Bernini, R. (2020) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2020.00120 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
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- Authors
- De Lorenzo, A., Noce, A., Moriconi, E., Rampello, T., Marrone, G., Di Daniele, N., & Rovella, V.
- Affiliations
- Section of Clinical Nutrition and Nutrigenomic, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Policlinico Tor Vergata (IT)
- University of Rome Tor Vergata (IT)
- Department of Medicine, Hypertension and Nephrology Unit, University Hospital “Tor Vergata”, viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Corresponding author
- Noce, Annalisa
- Venue
- Nutrients
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2018-04-12
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 474
- ISSN
- 2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5946259
- OpenAlex
- W2794503242
- Cited by
- 68
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 6.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Preprints.org (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Cineca Institutional Research Information System (Tor Vergata University) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Sperm and Testicular Function
- Keywords
- male obesity, secondary hypogonadism, testosterone, estradiol, weight loss, dietary intervention, physical activity, body composition, fat mass, fat-free mass, food addiction, aging male symptoms, lipid profile, glycemic profile, male fertility, sexual function, bone mineralization, muscle mass, older men, lifestyle intervention, testosterone replacement therapy
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Estradiol, Eunuchism, Exercise Therapy, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nutritional Status, Obesity, Pilot Projects, Rome, Syndrome, Testosterone, Time Factors, Biomarkers, Weight Loss, Exercise, Treatment Outcome, Caloric Restriction, Risk Reduction Behavior, Adiposity
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