The Efficacy of Vigorous-Intensity Exercise as an Aid to Smoking Cessation in Adults With High Anxiety Sensitivity: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVES: High anxiety sensitivity predicts poor smoking cessation outcomes. Aerobic exercise reduces anxiety sensitivity and aspects of the risk conferred by anxiety sensitivity. In the current study, we examined whether exercise can aid smoking cessation in adults with high anxiety sensitivity. METHODS: Participants were sedentary and low-activity adult daily smokers (n = 136) with elevated prescreen anxiety sensitivity. Participants received 15 weeks of standard smoking cessation treatment (ST; cognitive behavioral therapy plus nicotine replacement therapy). In addition, participants were simultaneously randomized to 15 weeks of either an exercise intervention (ST + EX; n = 72) or a wellness education control condition (ST + CTRL; n = 64). Self-reported smoking abstinence was assessed weekly during the intervention, at the end of treatment (10 weeks after the target quit date), and at 4 and 6 months after the target quit date. Abstinence was verified by expired carbon monoxide readings and saliva cotinine. RESULTS: Results indicated that point prevalence abstinence (PPA) and prolonged abstinence (PA) rates were significantly higher for ST + EX than for ST + CTRL at each of the major end points among persons with high anxiety sensitivity (PPA: b = -0.91, standard error [SE] = 0.393, t(1171) = -2.33, p = .020; PA: b = -0.98, SE = 0.346, t(132) = -2.84, p = .005), but not among those with low anxiety sensitivity (PPA: b = -0.23, SE = 0.218, t(1171) = -1.06, p = .29; PA: b = -0.31, SE = 0.306, t(132) = -1.01, p = .32). CONCLUSIONS: The present results suggest that exercise facilitates the odds of quit success for smokers with high levels of anxiety sensitivity and therefore may be a useful therapeutic tactic for this high-risk segment of the smoking population. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01065506.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The findings expand on the main outcome paper by showing that the relation between attendance patterns and treatment success may be non-linear and may depend on the type of intervention.
“The findings reported here expand on those reported in the main outcome paper (Smits et al., 2016) by showing that the relation between attendance patterns and treatment success may not be linear and, importantly, may depend on the type of intervention.”
From Identifying attendance patterns in a smoking cessation treatment and their relationships with quit success (2017) · cites this paper as Smits et al., 2016
The parent trial's core outcome analysis showed that high-AS participants randomized to exercise were more likely to remain abstinent after quit day, and session attendance had an overall positive association with abstinence.
“The core outcome analysis showed that participants high in AS randomized to exercise were more likely to remain abstinent following quit day and session attendance showed an overall positive association with abstinence (Smits et al., 2016).”
From Identifying attendance patterns in a smoking cessation treatment and their relationships with quit success (2017) · cites this paper as Smits et al., 2016
In some cases, greater session attendance or treatment completion has been positively associated with outcomes, but this association is not ubiquitous, suggesting individual differences in dose-response.
“In some cases, a greater number of sessions attended or treatment completion have shown positive associations with outcomes (Baker et al., 2006; Fiore, 2008; Smits et al., 2016; Whiteley et al., 2012), but this is not ubiquitous, suggesting individual differences in dose-response exist (Baldwin et al., 2009; Barkham et al., 2006; Owen et al., 2016; Reese et al., 2011).”
From Identifying attendance patterns in a smoking cessation treatment and their relationships with quit success (2017) · cites this paper as Smits et al., 2016
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Anxiety, sensitivity, anxiety frequency, and the prediction of fearfulness
Reiss, S., Peterson, R. A., Gursky, D. M., & McNally, R. J. (1986) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(86)90143-9 · Cited by 3,169 · see citing works
Taylor, S., Zvolensky, M. J., Cox, B. J., Deacon, B., Heimberg, R. G., Ledley, D. R., Abramowitz, J. S., Holaway, R. M., Sandin, B., Stewart, S. H., et al. (2007) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.19.2.176 · Cited by 1,866 · see citing works
Self-citationCooney, G. M., Dwan, K., Greig, C. A., Lawlor, D. A., Rimer, J., Waugh, F. R., McMurdo, M., & Mead, G. E. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004366.pub6 · Cited by 1,834 · see citing works
Biochemical verification of tobacco use and cessation
Benowitz, N. L., III, P. J., Ahijevych, K., Jarvis, M. J., Hall, S., LeHouezec, J., Hansson, A., Lichtenstein, E., Henningfield, J., Tsoh, J., et al. (2002) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1080/14622200210123581 · Cited by 1,800 · see citing works
Measures of abstinence in clinical trials: issues and recommendations
Hughes, J. R., Keely, J. P., NIAURA, R. S., Ossip-Klein, D. J., RICHMOND, R. L., & Swan, G. E. (2003) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/5.1.13 · Cited by 1,058 · see citing works
Cooney, G. M., Dwan, K., Greig, C. A., Lawlor, D. A., Rimer, J., Waugh, F. R., McMurdo, M., & Mead, G. E. (2014) · Advances in Psychiatric Treatment · doi:10.1192/apt.20.1.2 · Cited by 895 · see citing works
Development and validation of the Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms (IDAS).
Watson, D., O'Hara, M. W., Simms, L. J., Kotov, R., Chmielewski, M., McDade-Montez, E. A., Gamez, W., & Stuart, S. (2007) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.19.3.253 · Cited by 740 · see citing works
Measures of abstinence in clinical trials: issues and recommendations
Hughes, J. R., Keely, J. P., NIAURA, R. S., Ossip-Klein, D. J., RICHMOND, R. L., & Swan, G. E. (2003) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1080/1462220031000070552 · Cited by 712 · see citing works
Leventhal, A. M., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2015) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000003 · Cited by 524 · see citing works
Self-citationExercise interventions for smoking cessation
USSHER, M. H., Taylor, A. H., & Faulkner, G. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd002295.pub5 · Cited by 509 · see citing works
Kanjilal, S. (2006) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.166.21.2348 · Cited by 509 · see citing works
Reliability and validity of a smoking timeline follow-back interview.
Brown, R. A., Burgess, E. S., Sales, S. D., Whiteley, J. A., Evans, D. M., & Miller, I. W. (1998) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/0893-164x.12.2.101 · Cited by 491 · see citing works
Self-citationStandard Errors and Sample Sizes for Two-Level Research
Snijders, T. A. B., & Bosker, R. J. (1993) · Journal of Educational Statistics · doi:10.3102/10769986018003237 · Cited by 487 · see citing works
The Efficacy of Exercise as an Aid for Smoking Cessation in Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Marcus, B. H., Albrecht, A. E., King, T. K., Parisi, A. F., Pinto, B. M., Roberts, M., Niaura, R. S., & Abrams, D. B. (1999) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.159.11.1229 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Self-citationUs Public Health Service Clinical Practice Guideline: Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence
Fiore, M. C., & Staff, G. P. A. (2000) · Respiratory Care · doi:10.1177/002013240004501007 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Interventions for preventing weight gain after smoking cessation
Farley, A., Hájek, P., Lycett, D., & Aveyard, P. N. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006219.pub3 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
Reducing anxiety sensitivity with exercise
Smits, J. A. J., Berry, A. C., Rosenfield, D., Powers, M. B., Behar, E., & Otto, M. W. (2008) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20411 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Self-citationEffects of aerobic exercise on anxiety sensitivity
Broman‐Fulks, J. J., Berman, M. E., Rabian, B. A., & Webster, M. J. (2003) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(03)00103-7 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Smits, J. A. J., Berry, A. C., Tart, C. D., & Powers, M. B. (2008) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2008.06.010 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Self-citationRapee, R. M., & Medoro, L. (1994) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.103.4.693 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Brown (2001) · doi:10.1016/s0306-4603(01)00241-6 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Haasova, M., Warren, F. C., USSHER, M. H., Rensburg, K. J. V., Faulkner, G., Cropley, M., Byron‐Daniel, J., Everson-Hock, E., Oh, H., & Taylor, A. H. (2012) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.04034.x · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Hall, S. M., Delucchi, K. L., Velicer, W. F., Kahler, C. W., Ranger-Moore, J., Hedeker, D., Tsoh, J. Y., & Niaura, R. (2001) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1080/14622200110050411 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Roberts, V., Maddison, R., Simpson, C., Bullen, C., & Harry Prapavessis, A. (2012) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-012-2731-z · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Evaluation of a brief aerobic exercise intervention for high anxiety sensitivity
Broman-Fulks, J. J., & Storey, K. (2008) · Anxiety, Stress, & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615800701762675 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Analyzing multiple outcomes in clinical research using multivariate multilevel models.
Baldwin, S. A., Imel, Z. E., Braithwaite, S. R., & Atkins, D. C. (2014) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0035628 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Dimensions of anxiety sensitivity
Zinbarg, R. E., Mohlman, J., & Hong, N. N. (1999) · doi:10.4324/9781410603326-13 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Marcus, B., Lewis, B., Hogan, J. W., King, T., Albrecht, A. E., Bock, B., Parisi, A. F., Niaura, R., & Abrams, D. (2005) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1080/14622200500266056 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Self-citationA preliminary, randomized trial of aerobic exercise for alcohol dependence
Brown, R. A., Abrantes, A. M., Minami, H., Read, J. P., Marcus, B. H., Jakicic, J. M., Strong, D. R., Dubreuil, M. E., Gordon, A. A., Ramsey, S. E., et al. (2014) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2014.02.004 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Self-citationAllan, N. P., Raines, A. M., Capron, D. W., Norr, A. M., Zvolensky, M. J., & Schmidt, N. B. (2014) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.07.006 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Self-citationZvolensky, M. J., Yartz, A. R., Gregor, K., Gonzalez, A., & Bernstein, A. (2008) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.22.4.346 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Self-citationZvolensky, M. J., Vujanovic, A. A., Bonn‐Miller, M. O., Bernstein, A., Yartz, A. R., Gregor, K. L., McLeish, A. C., Marshall, E. C., & Gibson, L. E. (2007) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1080/14622200701540812 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citationJohnson, K. A., Stewart, S. H., Rosenfield, D., Steeves, D., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2011) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/a0024133 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationAssayag, Y., Bernstein, A., Zvolensky, M. J., Steeves, D., & Stewart, S. (2012) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2011.632437 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Missing=Smoking Assumption: A Fallacy in Internet-Based Smoking Cessation Trials?
Blankers, M., Smit, E. S., van der Pol, P., de Vries, H., Hoving, C., & van Laar, M. (2015) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntv055 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Johnson, K. A., Farris, S. G., Schmidt, N. B., Smits, J. A. J., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2012) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntr332 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationA further investigation of the relations of anxiety sensitivity to smoking motives
Battista, S. R., Stewart, S. H., Fulton, H. G., Steeves, D., Darredeau, C., & Gavric, D. L. (2008) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.06.016 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Smoking, arousal, and affect: The role of anxiety sensitivity
Evatt, D. P., & Kassel, J. D. (2009) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.09.006 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
McLeish, A. C., Zvolensky, M. J., & Bucossi, M. M. (2007) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.11.003 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationPhysical activity as a moderator of the association between anxiety sensitivity and binge eating
Hopkins, L. B., Tart, C. D., Presnell, K. E., Powers, M. B., Baldwin, A. S., & Smits, J. A. J. (2012) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2012.01.009 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationAnxiety sensitivity mediates relations between emotional disorders and smoking.
Zvolensky, M. J., Farris, S. G., Leventhal, A. M., & Schmidt, N. B. (2014) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/a0037450 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationSmits, J. A. J., Zvolensky, M. J., Rosenfield, D., Marcus, B. H., Church, T. S., Frierson, G. M., Powers, M. B., Otto, M. W., Davis, M. L., Hopkins, L. B., et al. (2012) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-13-207 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationThe effects of acute exercise on CO2 challenge reactivity
Smits, J. A. J., Meuret, A. E., Zvolensky, M. J., Rosenfield, D., & Seidel, A. (2008) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.05.009 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationWhiteley, J. A., Williams, D. M., DUNSIGER, S. I., Jennings, E., Ciccolo, J. T., Bock, B. C., Albrecht, A. E., Parisi, A. F., Linke, S., & Marcus, B. H. (2012) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2012.05.025 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationOptimizing the exercise prescription for depression: the search for biomarkers of response
Medina, J. L., Jacquart, J., & Smits, J. A. J. (2015) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.02.003 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationAnxiety Sensitivity as a Predictor of Acute Subjective Effects of Smoking
Wong, M., Krajisnik, A., Truong, L., Lisha, N. E., Trujillo, M. A., Greenberg, J. B., Kahler, C. W., Zvolensky, M. J., & Leventhal, A. M. (2012) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/nts208 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationSmits, J. A. J., Tart, C. D., Rosenfield, D., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2011) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3182223b28 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationAnxiety sensitivity: stability in prospective research
Maltby, N., Mayers, M., Allen, G. J., & Tolin, D. F. (2004) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2004.08.003 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Phenomenon of declining anxiety sensitivity scores: a controlled investigation
Broman-Fulks, J. J., Berman, M., Martin, H. M., Marsic, A., & Harris, J. A. (2009) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20436 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The Effects of Measurement Frequency and Timing on Anxiety Sensitivity Scores
Marsic, A., Broman-Fulks, J. J., & Berman, M. (2011) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-010-9321-3 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [23]First MB Spitzer R Gibbon M Williams J Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders, Research Version, Patient Edition (SCID-I/P) New York Biometrics Research, New York State Psychiatric Institute 2002
- [42]Cohen J Applied Multiple Regression/correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences Taylor & Francis 1983 572
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Physical Exercise in Major Depression: Reducing the Mortality Gap While Improving Clinical Outcomes
Belvederi Murri, M., Ekkekakis, P., Magagnoli, M., Zampogna, D., Cattedra, S., Capobianco, L., Serafini, G., Calcagno, P., Zanetidou, S., & Amore, M. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00762 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Otto, M. W., Eastman, A., Lo, S., Hearon, B. A., Bickel, W. K., Zvolensky, M., Smits, J. A. J., & Doan, S. N. (2016) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.07.003 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Self-citationNock, N. L., Minnes, S., & Alberts, J. L. (2017) · Birth Defects Research · doi:10.1002/bdr2.1182 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
The effects of exercise on transdiagnostic treatment targets: A meta-analytic review
Jacquart, J., Dutcher, C. D., Freeman, S. Z., Stein, A. T., Dinh, M., Carl, E., & Smits, J. A. J. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2018.11.007 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationFitzgerald, H. E., Hoyt, D. L., Kredlow, M. A., Smits, J. A. J., Schmidt, N. B., Edmondson, D., & Otto, M. W. (2021) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1037/cps0000038 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationO'Cleirigh, C., Zvolensky, M. J., Smits, J. A. J., Labbe, A. K., Coleman, J. N., Wilner, J. G., Stanton, A. M., Gonzalez, A., Garey, L., Regenauer, K. S., et al. (2018) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/qai.0000000000001787 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationAnaerobic Exercise Training in the Therapy of Substance Use Disorders: A Systematic Review
Colledge, F., Gerber, M., Pühse, U., & Ludyga, S. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00644 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Jacquart, J., Papini, S., Davis, M. L., Rosenfield, D., Powers, M. B., Frierson, G. M., Hopkins, L. B., Baird, S. O., Marcus, B. H., Church, T. S., et al. (2017) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.01.007 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“…a greater number of sessions attended or treatment completion have shown positive associations with outcomes (Baker et al., 2006; Fiore, 2008; Smits et al., 2016; Whiteley et al., 2012), but this is not ubiquitous, suggesting individual differences in dose-response exist (Baldwin et al.,…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationSmits, J. A. J., Zvolensky, M. J., Otto, M. W., Piper, M. E., Baird, S. O., Kauffman, B. Y., Lee-Furman, E., Alavi, N., Dutcher, C. D., Papini, S., et al. (2020) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.107877 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationGarey, L., Wirtz, M. R., Labbe, A. K., Zvolensky, M. J., Smits, J. A. J., Giordano, T. P., Rosenfield, D., Robbins, G. K., Levy, D. E., McKetchnie, S. M., et al. (2021) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2021.106420 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Smits, J. A. J., Zvolensky, M. J., Davis, M. L., Rosenfield, D., Marcus, B. H., Church, T. S., Powers, M. B., Frierson, G. M., Otto, M. W., Hopkins, L. B., Brown, R. A., & Baird, S. O.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (US)
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- Southern Methodist University (US)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center (US)
- Howard University (US)
- San Francisco VA Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Smits, Jasper A. J.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Psychosomatic Medicine
- Published
- 2016-04
- Volume
- 78
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 354-364
- ISSN
- 0033-3174 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4844851
- OpenAlex
- W2337581563
- Semantic Scholar
- 0936e8f90a78e22630d3c41bcff5088140c987f8
- Cited by
- 103
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 11
- FWCI
- 8.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychosomatic Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01da027533-04)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01-DA027533)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Keywords
- anxiety sensitivity, smoking cessation, high-intensity exercise, aerobic exercise, smoking abstinence, nicotine replacement therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, exercise intervention, long-term abstinence
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anxiety, Breath Tests, Combined Modality Therapy, Exercise Therapy, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Smoking Cessation, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Sedentary Behavior, Tobacco Use Cessation Devices
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
