The DOI matches its Crossref record; 64 of the 65 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Core Outcome Domains for Clinical Trials on Somatic Symptom Disorder, Bodily Distress Disorder, and Functional Somatic Syndromes: European Network on Somatic Symptom Disorders Recommendations
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: The harmonization of core outcome domains in clinical trials facilitates comparison and pooling of data, and simplifies the preparation and review of research projects and comparison of risks and benefits of treatments. Therefore, we provide recommendations for the core outcome domains that should be considered in clinical trials on the efficacy and effectiveness of interventions for somatic symptom disorder, bodily distress disorder, and functional somatic syndromes. METHODS: The European Network on Somatic Symptom Disorders group of more than 20 experts in the field met twice in Hamburg to discuss issues of assessment and intervention research in somatic symptom disorder, bodily distress disorder, and functional somatic syndromes. The consensus meetings identified core outcome domains that should be considered in clinical trials evaluating treatments for somatic symptom disorder and associated functional somatic syndromes. RESULTS: The following core domains should be considered when defining ascertainment methods in clinical trials: a) classification of somatic symptom disorder/bodily distress disorder, associated functional somatic syndromes, and comorbid mental disorders (using structured clinical interviews), duration of symptoms, medical morbidity, and prior treatments; b) location, intensity, and interference of somatic symptoms; c) associated psychobehavioral features and biological markers; d) illness consequences (quality of life, disability, health care utilization, health care costs; e) global improvement and treatment satisfaction; and f) unwanted negative effects. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed criteria are intended to improve synergies of clinical trials and to facilitate decision making when comparing different treatment approaches. These recommendations should not result in inflexible guidelines, but increase consistency across investigations in this field.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“and is chosen based on the recommendations from consensus groups in pain research and FSD [40,41].”
From Internet-delivered treatment for patients suffering from severe functional somatic disorders: Protocol for a randomized controlled trial (2023) · cites this paper as [41]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The assessment of self-ratings is in line with the recommendations by the EURONET-SOMA group [57].”
From Efficacy and Acceptance of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Adults with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Meta-analysis. (2024) · cites this paper as [57]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“the two numeric analog scale items on symptom intensity and symptom interference recommended by the European Network on Somatic Symptom Disorders in future adult trials (Rief et al., 2017)”
From Third wave treatments for functional somatic syndromes and health anxiety across the age span: A narrative review (2019) · cites this paper as Rief et al., 2017
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Charlson, M. E., Pompei, P., Ales, K. L., & MacKenzie, C. R. (1987) · Journal of Chronic Diseases · doi:10.1016/0021-9681(87)90171-8 · Cited by 49,742
An inventory for measuring depression
BECK, A. T. (1961) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004 · Cited by 38,032
WARE, J. E., KOSINSKI, M., & KELLER, S. D. (1996) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/00005650-199603000-00003 · Cited by 17,392
EuroQol: a new facility for the measurement of health-related quality of life
(1990) · Health Policy · doi:10.1016/0168-8510(90)90421-9 · Cited by 15,736
An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties.
Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1988) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.56.6.893 · Cited by 14,407
Pharmacological interventions for somatoform disorders in adults
Kleinstäuber, M., Witthöft, M., Steffanowski, A., van Marwijk, H., Hiller, W., & Lambert, M. J. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010628.pub2 · Cited by 11,369
Self-citationLöwe, B., Decker, O., Müller, S., Brähler, E., Schellberg, D., Herzog, W., & Herzberg, P. Y. (2008) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/mlr.0b013e318160d093 · Cited by 4,527
Self-citationWare, J. E. (2000) · Spine · doi:10.1097/00007632-200012150-00008 · Cited by 4,455
The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID): I: History, Rationale, and Description
Spitzer, R. L. (1992) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820080032005 · Cited by 4,336
Wolfe, F., Clauw, D. J., Fitzcharles, M., Goldenberg, D. L., Katz, R. S., Mease, P., Russell, A. S., Russell, I. J., Winfield, J. B., & Yunus, M. B. (2010) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/acr.20140 · Cited by 3,952
Core outcome measures for chronic pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations
Dworkin, R. H., Turk, D. C., Farrar, J. T., Haythornthwaite, J. A., Jensen, M. P., Katz, N. P., Kerns, R. D., Stucki, G., Allen, R. R., Bellamy, N., et al. (2005) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2004.09.012 · Cited by 3,732
Core outcome domains for chronic pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations
Turk, D. C., Dworkin, R. H., Allen, R. R., Bellamy, N., Brandenburg, N., Carr, D. B., Cleeland, C., Dionne, R., Farrar, J. T., Galer, B. S., et al. (2003) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2003.08.001 · Cited by 3,510
Dworkin, R. H., Turk, D. C., Wyrwich, K. W., Beaton, D., Cleeland, C. S., Farrar, J. T., Haythornthwaite, J. A., Jensen, M. P., Kerns, R. D., Ader, D. N., et al. (2008) · The Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2007.09.005 · Cited by 3,471 · cited 1×
“We refer to a recommendation by the IMMPACTwhich provides provisional criteria for interpreting the clinical importance of treatment outcomes in clinical trials of patients with chronic pain (70).”
MethodThe Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire
Broadbent, E., Petrie, K. J., Main, J., & Weinman, J. (2006) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2005.10.020 · Cited by 3,431
The PHQ-15: Validity of a New Measure for Evaluating the Severity of Somatic Symptoms
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2002) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-200203000-00008 · Cited by 3,415
The estimation of a preference-based measure of health from the SF-36.
Brazier, J., Roberts, J., & Deverill, M. (2002) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/s0167-6296(01)00130-8 · Cited by 3,164
The revised illness perception questionnaire (IPQ-R)
Moss-Morris, R., Weinman, J., Petrie, K., Horne, R., Cameron, L., & Buick, D. (2002) · Psychology & Health · doi:10.1080/08870440290001494 · Cited by 2,949
Hjermstad, M. J., Fayers, P. M., Haugen, D. F., Caraceni, A., Hanks, G. W., Loge, J. H., Fainsinger, R., Aass, N., & Kaasa, S. (2011) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2010.08.016 · Cited by 2,697
Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders: History, Pathophysiology, Clinical Features, and Rome IV
Drossman, D. A. (2016) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2016.02.032 · Cited by 2,444
Psychometric properties of the credibility/expectancy questionnaire
Devilly, G. J., & Borkovec, T. D. (2000) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0005-7916(00)00012-4 · Cited by 2,295 · cited 1×
“A brief scale to address these topics has been suggested (58).”
BackgroundLingjærde, O., Ahlfors, U. G., Bech, P., Dencker, S. J., & Elgen, K. (1987) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1987.tb10566.x · Cited by 1,705
Validity of the brief patient health questionnaire mood scale (PHQ-9) in the general population
Martin, A., Rief, W., Klaiberg, A., & Braehler, E. (2006) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2005.07.003 · Cited by 1,379 · cited 4×
“While the Patient Health Questionnaire PHQ-15 is one of the most frequently used instruments to identify people at risk for somatization, its sensitivity to assess change was only sparsely evaluated (23).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationWill this patient develop persistent disabling low back pain?
Chou, R. (2010) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2010.344 · Cited by 701
Severeijns, R., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., van den Hout, M. A., & Weber, W. E. J. (2001) · The Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/00002508-200106000-00009 · Cited by 622
Rome III: New standard for functional gastrointestinal disorders.
Drossman, D. A., & Dumitrascu, D. L. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 584
Munder, T., Wilmers, F., Leonhart, R., Linster, H. W., & Barth, J. (2010) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.658 · Cited by 538
Sheehan, K. H., & Sheehan, D. V. (2008) · International Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/yic.0b013e3282f2b4d6 · Cited by 483
Cuijpers, P., Li, J., Hofmann, S. G., & Andersson, G. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.06.001 · Cited by 383
ESCOBAR, J. I., RUBIO-STIPEC, M., CANINO, G., & KARNO, M. (1989) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-198903000-00003 · Cited by 380 · cited 1×
“The somatization subscale of the Symptom Checklist is also frequently used, albeit its specificity for SSD is less clear (25).”
Meta-analysis of the placebo response in antidepressant trials.
Rief, W., Nestoriuc, Y., Weiss, S., Welzel, E., Barsky, A. J., & Hofmann, S. G. (2009) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.01.029 · Cited by 346
Self-citationBody vigilance in panic disorder: Evaluating attention to bodily perturbations.
Schmidt, N. B., Lerew, D. R., & Trakowski, J. H. (1997) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.65.2.214 · Cited by 338
Hypochondriasis and somatosensory amplification
Barsky, A. J., & Wyshak, G. (1990) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.157.3.404 · Cited by 335
Fink, P., & Schröder, A. (2010) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2010.02.004 · Cited by 334
Self-citationDeveloping patient-reported outcome measures for pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations
Turk, D. C., Dworkin, R. H., Burke, L. B., Gershon, R. C., Rothman, M. L., Scott, J., Allen, R. R., Atkinson, H. J., Chandler, J., Cleeland, C. S., et al. (2006) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2006.09.028 · Cited by 306
Development and Validation of the Somatic Symptom Disorder–B Criteria Scale (SSD-12)
Toussaint, A. C., Murray, A., Voigt, K., Herzog, A., Gierk, B., Kroenke, K., Rief, W., Henningsen, P., & Löwe, B. (2015) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000240 · Cited by 292
Self-citationHow to assess common somatic symptoms in large-scale studies: A systematic review of questionnaires
Zijlema, W. L., Stolk, R. P., Löwe, B., Rief, W., White, P. D., & Rosmalen, J. G. M. (2013) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2013.03.093 · Cited by 280
Self-citationLadwig, I., Rief, W., & Nestoriuc, Y. (2014) · Verhaltenstherapie · doi:10.1159/000367928 · Cited by 227
Self-citationPatient experience of negative effects of psychological treatment: results of a national survey
Crawford, M. J., Thana, L., Farquharson, L., Palmer, L., Hancock, E., Bassett, P., Clarke, J., & Parry, G. D. (2016) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.114.162628 · Cited by 225
The Bradford Somatic Inventory
Mumford, D. B., Bavington, J. T., Bhatnagar, K. S., Hussain, Y., Mirza, S., & Naraghi, M. M. (1991) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.158.3.379 · Cited by 222
Kleinstäuber, M., Witthöft, M., & Hiller, W. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.09.001 · Cited by 212
Rief, W., Nestoriuc, Y., von Lilienfeld-Toal, A., Dogan, I., Schreiber, F., Hofmann, S. G., Barsky, A. J., & Avorn, J. (2009) · Drug Safety · doi:10.2165/11316580-000000000-00000 · Cited by 202
Self-citationA New Approach to the Assessment of the Treatment Effects of Somatoform Disorders
Rief, W., & Hiller, W. (2003) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1176/appi.psy.44.6.492 · Cited by 171
Self-citationClassification of Somatization and Functional Somatic Symptoms in Primary Care
Fink, P., Rosendal, M., & Olesen, F. (2005) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/j.1440-1614.2005.01682.x · Cited by 168
Sattel, H. C., Lahmann, C., Gündel, H., Guthrie, E., Kruse, J., Noll‐Hussong, M., Ohmann, C., Ronel, J., Sack, M., Sauer, N., et al. (2011) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.111.093526 · Cited by 167
Self-citationRief, W., Avorn, J., & Barsky, A. J. (2006) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.166.2.155 · Cited by 167
Self-citationAssessing general side effects in clinical trials: reference data from the general population
Rief, W., BARSKY, A. J., Glombiewski, J. A., Nestoriuc, Y., Glaesmer, H., & Brähler, E. (2010) · Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety · doi:10.1002/pds.2067 · Cited by 166
Self-citationWittchen, H. ‐., Höfler, M., Gander, F., Pfister, H., Storz, S., Üstün, B., Müller, N., & Kessler, R. C. (1999) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.57 · Cited by 149
Responsiveness of the PHQ-9 to Psychopharmacological Depression Treatment
Löwe, B., Karapanagiotou‐Schenkel, I., Carney, C. P., & Göbel, C. (2005) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1176/appi.psy.47.1.62 · Cited by 134
Self-citationChalder, T., Goldsmith, K. A., White, P. D., Sharpe, M., & Pickles, A. R. (2015) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(14)00069-8 · Cited by 134
A new questionnaire to identify bodily distress in primary care: the 'BDS checklist
Budtz-Lilly, A., Fink, P., Ørnbøl, E., Vestergaard, M., Moth, G., Christensen, K. S., & Rosendal, M. (2015) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2015.03.006 · Cited by 129 · cited 1×
“The Bodily Distress Syndrome Checklist has been validated as a screening tool for bodily distress syndrome (28), but its sensitivity to assess change needs further evaluation.”
MethodConradt, M., Cavanagh, M., Franklin, J., & Rief, W. (2006) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2005.07.003 · Cited by 104
Self-citationPhysical symptoms as a predictor of health care use and mortality among older adults
Sha, M. C., Callahan, C. M., Counsell, S. R., Westmoreland, G. R., Stump, T. E., & Kroenke, K. (2005) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.12.015 · Cited by 103
What is “normal” disability? An investigation of disability in the general population
Mewes, R., Rief, W., Stenzel, N., Glaesmer, H., Martin, A., & Brähler, E. (2009) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2008.11.007 · Cited by 96
Self-citationCognitive–behavioural group treatment for a range of functional somatic syndromes: Randomised trial
Schröder, A., Rehfeld, E., Ørnbøl, E., Sharpe, M., Licht, R. W., & Fink, P. (2012) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.111.098681 · Cited by 95
Self-citationAre Psychological Features Useful in Classifying Patients With Somatic Symptoms?
Rief, W., Mewes, R., Martin, A., Glaesmer, H., & Brähler, E. (2010) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3181d73fce · Cited by 78
Self-citationLiu, L., Cohen, S., Schulz, M. S., & Waldinger, R. J. (2011) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.07.034 · Cited by 76
Pope, A., Adams, C. E., Paton, C., Weaver, T. D., & Barnes, T. R. E. (2010) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.109.070961 · Cited by 58
Screening for Hypochondriasis With the Illness Attitude Scales
Weck, F., Bleichhardt, G. M., & Hiller, W. (2010) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891003670216 · Cited by 52
Neuroticism and maladaptive coping in patients with functional somatic syndromes
Pedersen, H. F., Frostholm, L., Jensen, J. S., Ørnbøl, E., & Schröder, A. (2016) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjhp.12206 · Cited by 49
Self-citationFrostholm, L., Petrie, K. J., Ørnbøl, E., & Fink, P. (2014) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329171400035x · Cited by 30
Self-citationMedically unexplained symptom management
Schröder, A., Sharpe, M., & Fink, P. (2015) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(15)00233-3 · Cited by 27
Self-citationPatient-Reported Outcomes and Fibromyalgia
Williams, D. A., & Kratz, A. L. (2016) · Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.rdc.2016.01.009 · Cited by 25
Ivarsson, B., & Malm, U. (2007) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039480701352488 · Cited by 20
Outcome measures for intervention trials in somatic symptom disorders
Burton, C. D., & Chowdhury, S. (2016) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2016.03.143 · Cited by 1
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- 2014, Non-pharmacological interventions for somatoform disorders and medically unexplained physical symptoms (MUPS) in adults [review], Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 1, CD011142
- 1996, The Revised Helping Alliance Questionnaire (HAq-II): psychometric properties, J Psychother Pract Res, 5, 260
- 2014, What are the risks and side effects to psychotherapy? Development of an Inventory for the Assessment of Negative Effects of Psychotherapy (INEP), Verhaltenstherapie, 24, 252
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Management of functional somatic syndromes and bodily distress
Henningsen, P., Zipfel, S., Sattel, H., & Creed, F. (2018) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000484413 · Cited by 335
Self-citationon behalf of the EURONET-SOMA Group, Burton, C., Fink, P., Henningsen, P., Löwe, B., & Rief, W. (2020) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-020-1505-4 · Cited by 292
Self-citationPersistent physical symptoms: definition, genesis, and management
Löwe, B., Toussaint, A., Rosmalen, J. G. M., Huang, W.-L., Burton, C., Weigel, A., Levenson, J. L., & Henningsen, P. (2024) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(24)00623-8 · Cited by 280
Self-citationSomatic symptom disorder: a scoping review on the empirical evidence of a new diagnosis
Löwe, B., Levenson, J., Depping, M., Hüsing, P., Kohlmann, S., Lehmann, M., Shedden-Mora, M., Toussaint, A., Uhlenbusch, N., & Weigel, A. (2022) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721004177 · Cited by 217
“Further, psychological distress was more strongly associated with patient complexity than the number of physical symptoms (van Eck van der Sluijs, de Vroege, van Manen, Rijnders, & van der Feltz-Cornelis, 2017).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMethodological Recommendations for Trials of Psychological Interventions
Guidi, J., Brakemeier, E.-L., Bockting, C. L. H., Cosci, F., Cuijpers, P., Jarrett, R. B., Linden, M., Marks, I., Peretti, C. S., Rafanelli, C., et al. (2018) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000490574 · Cited by 205
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Rief, W., Burton, C., Frostholm, L., Henningsen, P., Kleinstäuber, M., Kop, W. J., Löwe, B., Martin, A., Malt, U., Rosmalen, J., Schröder, A., Shedden-Mora, M., Toussaint, A., & van der Feltz-Cornelis, C.
- Affiliations
- Philipps University of Marburg (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Rief, Winfried
- ORCID
- Venue
- Psychosomatic Medicine
- Published
- 2017-11
- Volume
- 79
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1008-1015
- ISSN
- 0033-3174 (ISSN-L)
- 1534-7796
- OpenAlex
- W2728172048
- Cited by
- 129
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 8.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Psychosomatic Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Commons - USU (Utah State University) (submittedVersion)
- Research portal (Tilburg University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- mediaTUM – the media and publications repository of the Technical University Munich (Technical University Munich) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- ResearchSpace (University of Auckland) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Research
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Medical Practices and Rehabilitation
- Keywords
- core outcome domains, somatic symptom disorder, functional somatic syndromes, clinical trial reporting, quality of life, disability, health care utilization, health care costs, treatment satisfaction, adverse effects, biomarkers, comorbid mental disorders, symptom duration
- MeSH terms
- Medically Unexplained Symptoms, Clinical Trials as Topic, Europe, Humans, Psychophysiologic Disorders, Societies, Medical, Somatoform Disorders, Outcome Assessment, Health Care
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
