The role of keratinocytes in defense against infection
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The discovery of increasing numbers of epithelial antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), cytokines that specifically induce AMPs in epithelial cells, and mechanisms of its regulation point toward a central role of the keratinocyte as effector cell of the epithelial innate defense system. This review summarizes recent progress in understanding the keratinocyte's role in combating infection that can help to understand why skin is usually covered with microbes but normally not infected. RECENT FINDINGS: The AMP LL-37 has been identified as regulator of keratinocyte apoptosis. The hypothesis of a direct defense function of keratinocytes, combating bacterial, fungal, virus and parasite infection, is strengthened. The discovery of an IL-22-producing T-lymphocyte subpopulation implicates a role in AMP induction of keratinocytes. Multiple studies are adding to our understanding of how skin keratinocytes are interacting in skin barrier defects and with the microflora. Although in atopic patients AMP production is not generally impaired, in hyperIgE syndrome a lack of Th17 cytokines causes local Staphylococcus aureus infection due to a defective keratinocyte defense system. Ultraviolet radiation induces AMPs and thus may have beneficial effects to combat skin infection. SUMMARY: There is better understanding of the keratinocyte's role in the skin's innate defense system, and these data can help to generate therapeutics that can activate this defense system.
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The skin, particularly the epidermis, up-regulates and secretes antimicrobial peptides early in response to barrier damage and exposure to microbes.
“This is aided by the skin—the epidermis in particular—up-regulating and secreting antimicrobial peptides early in response to barrier damage and exposure to microbes (Fig. 2) (36, 37).”
From Wound repair and regeneration: Mechanisms, signaling, and translation (2014) · cites this paper as [36]
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- Authors
- Schröder, J.-M.
- Affiliations
- University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Schröder, Jens-Michael
- Venue
- Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases
- Published
- 2010-04
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 106-110
- ISSN
- 0951-7375 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2036011337
- Cited by
- 61
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 3 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 4.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Antimicrobial Peptides and Activities
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Dermatology and Skin Diseases
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Skin and Cellular Biology Research
- Keywords
- keratinocytes, epithelial innate immunity, antimicrobial peptides, LL-37, IL-22, Th17 cells, keratinocyte apoptosis, skin barrier, skin microbiome, atopic dermatitis, hyper-IgE syndrome, Staphylococcus aureus, ultraviolet radiation, skin infections
- MeSH terms
- Dermatomycoses, Humans, Skin Diseases, Parasitic, Keratinocytes, T-Lymphocyte Subsets, Cytokines, Skin Diseases, Bacterial, Skin Diseases, Viral, Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides
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