Topographical and Temporal Diversity of the Human Skin Microbiome
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The Close and Personal Biome: Fortunately, our skin is readily accessible for ecological studies of the microbial communities that influence health and disease states. Grice et al. (p. 1190 ) present a metagenomic survey of body sites from 10 healthy human individuals sampled over time. Although, altogether 18 phyla were discovered, only a few predominated. The most diverse communities were found on the forearm and the least behind the ear, but between people the microorganisms living behind the knees, in the elbow, and behind the ear were most similar. This finding might have some bearing on the common occurrence of atopic dermatitis in these zones, although no similar relationship was discerned between skin microbial flora and psoriasis.
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Skin exhibits a complex, diverse, and dynamic microflora because it is directly exposed to environmental factors.
“Because skin is directly exposed to environmental factors, it exhibits a complex, diverse, and dynamic microflora (162).”
From Wound repair and regeneration: Mechanisms, signaling, and translation (2014) · cites this paper as [162]
High throughput sequencing studies revealed site-specific but temporally stable microbial communities in healthy human skin featuring inter-individual variability.
“High throughput sequencing-based studies revealed a diversity of site-specific but temporally stable microbial communities in the healthy human skin200,201 featuring inter-individual variability.202”
From Interaction between microbiota and immunity in health and disease (2020) · cites this paper as [200]
A common feature of microbial ecological studies of the anterior naris is dominance of Corynebacterium, Staphylococcus, and Propionibacterium species.
“A common feature of microbial ecological studies of the anterior naris has been the dominance of Corynebacterium, Staphylococcus, and Propionibacterium species (Costello et al., 2009; Frank et al., 2010; Grice et al., 2009; TheHumanMicrobiomeProjectConsortium, 2012; Zhou et al., 2013).”
From Nasal Microenvironments and Interspecific Interactions Influence Nasal Microbiota Complexity and S. aureus Carriage (2013) · cites this paper as Grice et al., 2009
Sebaceous environments possess specifically adapted, perhaps lipophilic bacteria.
“Previous studies of skin environments have suggested that sebaceous environments possess specifically adapted, perhaps lipophilic bacteria (Costello et al., 2009; Grice et al., 2009).”
From Nasal Microenvironments and Interspecific Interactions Influence Nasal Microbiota Complexity and S. aureus Carriage (2013) · cites this paper as Grice et al., 2009
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- Authors
- Grice, E. A., Kong, H. H., Conlan, S., Deming, C. B., Davis, J., Young, A. C., Program, N. C. S., Bouffard, G. G., Blakesley, R. W., Murray, P. R., Green, E. D., Turner, M. L., & Segre, J. A.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- National Cancer Institute (US)
- National Human Genome Research Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- NISC Comparative Sequencing Program
- ORCID
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2009-05-29
- Volume
- 324
- Issue
- 5931
- Pages
- 1190-1192
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- PMC
- PMC2805064
- OpenAlex
- W2047774330
- Cited by
- 2,953
- References
- 11
- Citations by year
- 2026: 101 · 2025: 196 · 2024: 221 · 2023: 223 · 2022: 238 · 2021: 278 · 2020: 230 · 2019: 204 · 2018: 176 · 2017: 167 · 2016: 170 · 2015: 164 · 2014: 162 · 2013: 136 · 2012: 121
- FWCI
- 119.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Human Genome Research Institute (Z01HG000180, ZIAHG000180)
- National Cancer Institute (ZIABC010938)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Dermatology and Skin Diseases
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Microbial Community Ecology and Physiology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Keywords
- skin microbiome, bacterial communities, temporal stability, microbial diversity, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, healthy skin
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Bacteria, Female, Humans, Male, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Skin, Time Factors, Genes, rRNA, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Biodiversity, Metagenome, Young Adult
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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