The DOI matches its Crossref record; 87 of the 87 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Relationship Between Education and Dementia: An Updated Systematic Review
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to review the relationship between education and dementia. METHODS: A systematic literature review was conducted of all published studies examining the relationship between education and dementia listed in the PubMed and PsycINFO databases from January 1985 to July 2010. The inclusion criteria were a measure of education and a dementia diagnosis by a standardized diagnostic procedure. Alzheimer disease and Total Dementia were the outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 88 study populations from 71 studies met inclusion criteria. Overall, 51 studies (58%) reported significant effects of lower education on risk for dementia, whereas 37 studies (42%) reported no significant relationship. A relationship between education and risk for dementia was more consistent in developed regions compared with developing regions. Age, sex, race/ethnicity, and geographical region moderated the relationship. CONCLUSIONS: Lower education was associated with a greater risk for dementia in many but not all studies. The level of education associated with risk for dementia varied by study population and more years of education did not uniformly attenuate the risk for dementia. It seemed that a more consistent relationship with dementia occurred when years of education reflected cognitive capacity, suggesting that the effect of education on risk for dementia may be best evaluated within the context of a lifespan developmental model.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Matthews and colleagues [1] also note that estimates did not include socioeconomic factors, such as education, which is a known risk factor in ADRD research [104].”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
McKhann, G., Drachman, D., Folstein, M., Katzman, R., Price, D., & Stadlan, E. M. (1984) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.34.7.939 · Cited by 27,915
A New Clinical Scale for the Staging of Dementia
Hughes, C. P., Berg, L., Danziger, W., Coben, L. A., & Martin, R. L. (1982) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.140.6.566 · Cited by 7,056
Stern, Y. (2009) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.03.004 · Cited by 2,943
Influence of education and occupation on the incidence of Alzheimer's disease
Stern, Y. (1994) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.1994.03510370056032 · Cited by 1,434
Participation in Cognitively Stimulating Activities and Risk of Incident Alzheimer Disease
Wilson, R. S. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.287.6.742 · Cited by 1,352
Lindsay, J. (2002) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwf074 · Cited by 1,261
Kalaria, R. N., Maestre, G. E., Arizaga, R., Friedland, R. P., Galasko, D., Hall, K., Luchsinger, J. A., Ogunniyi, A., Perry, E. K., Potocnik, F., et al. (2008) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(08)70169-8 · Cited by 1,233
Education and the prevalence of dementia and Alzheimer's disease
Katzman, R. (1993) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.43.1_part_1.13 · Cited by 1,186
Zhang, M., Katzman, R., Salmon, D. P., Jin, H., Cai, G., Wang, Z., Qu, G.-Y., Grant, I., Yu, E. S. H., Levy, P. S., et al. (1990) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410270412 · Cited by 1,068
Brain reserve and dementia: a systematic review
VALENZUELA, M. J., & SACHDEV, P. (2006) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291705006264 · Cited by 932
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- He, 2000, Psychosocial risk factors for Alzheimers disease., Hong Kong Journal of Psychiatry, 10, 2
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 590
Ashford, M. T., Raman, R., Miller, G., Donohue, M. C., Okonkwo, O. C., Mindt, M. R., Nosheny, R. L., Coker, G. A., Petersen, R. C., Aisen, P. S., et al. (2022) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12640 · Cited by 51
Naheed, A., Hakim, M., Islam, M. S., Islam, M. B., Tang, E. Y. H., Prodhan, A. A., Amin, M. R., Stephan, B. C. M., & Mohammad, Q. D. (2023) · The Lancet Regional Health - Southeast Asia · doi:10.1016/j.lansea.2023.100257 · Cited by 51
Amanollahi, M., Amanollahi, S., Anjomshoa, A., & Dolatshahi, M. (2021) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.15183 · Cited by 53
Blanc, F., Mahmoudi, R., Jonveaux, T., Galmiche, J., Chopard, G., Cretin, B., Demuynck, C., Martin‐Hunyadi, C., Philippi, N., Sellal, F., et al. (2017) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-017-0272-8 · Cited by 48
Tosun, D., Demir, Z., Veitch, D. P., Weintraub, D. A., Aisen, P. S. S., Jack, C. R., Jagust, W., Petersen, R. C., Saykin, A. J., Shaw, L. M. J., et al. (2021) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12480 · Cited by 46
Transcriptional Networks of Microglia in Alzheimer’s Disease and Insights into Pathogenesis
Chew, G., & Petretto, E. G. (2019) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes10100798 · Cited by 46
Seblova, D., Fischer, M., Fors, S., Johnell, K., Karlsson, M., Nilsson, T., Svensson, A. C., Lövdén, M., & Lager, A. (2021) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwaa255 · Cited by 48
Sex influences the effects of APOE genotype and Alzheimer’s diagnosis on neuropathology and memory
Duarte‐Guterman, P., Albert, A., Barha, C. K., Galea, L. A. M., & Initiative, O. B. O. T. A. D. N. (2020) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105248 · Cited by 48
Motoric Cognitive Risk Syndrome: Symptoms, Pathology, Diagnosis, and Recovery
Xiang, K., Liu, Y., & Sun, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2021.728799 · Cited by 45
DNA damage, copper and lead associates with cognitive function among older adults
Meramat, A. A., Rajab, N. F., Shahar, S., & Sharif, R. (2016) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-016-0759-1 · Cited by 45
Effects of sex, race, ethnicity, and education on online aging research participation
Ashford, M. T., Eichenbaum, J., Williams, T., Camacho, M. R., Fockler, J., Ulbricht, A., Flenniken, D., Truran, D., Mackin, R. S., Weiner, M. W., et al. (2020) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Translational Research & Clinical Interventions · doi:10.1002/trc2.12028 · Cited by 44
A Novel Theoretical Life Course Framework for Triggering Cognitive Development across the Lifespan
Wu, R., Rebok, G. W., & Lin, F. V. (2016) · Human Development · doi:10.1159/000458720 · Cited by 50
Estimating Bidirectional Transitions and Identifying Predictors of Mild Cognitive Impairment
Qin, Y., Han, H., Li, Y., Cui, J., Jia, H., Ge, X., Ma, Y., Bai, W., Zhang, R., Chen, D., et al. (2022) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000201386 · Cited by 45
Lucca, U., Tettamanti, M., Tiraboschi, P., Logroscino, G., Landi, C., Sacco, L., Garrı̀, M., Ammesso, S., Biotti, A., Gargantini, E., et al. (2019) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2019.09.083 · Cited by 44
Liu, L.-Y., Lu, Y., Shen, L., Li, C., Yu, J., Chua, R. Y., Ye, K. X., Chao, Y., Shen, Q.-F., Mahendran, R., et al. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.11.041 · Cited by 40
The association between educational level and dementia in rural Tanzania
Paddick, S., Longdon, A. R., Gray, W. K., Dotchin, C. L., Kisoli, A., Chaote, P., & Walker, R. W. (2014) · Dementia & Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1590/s1980-57642014dn82000006 · Cited by 41
Identifying risk factors for cognitive issues in multiple sclerosis
Amato, M. P., Prestipino, E., & Bellinvia, A. (2019) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2019.1590199 · Cited by 41
Examining the Reserve Hypothesis in Parkinson's Disease: A Longitudinal Study
Lee, P., Artaud, F., Cormier‐Dequaire, F., Rascol, O., Durif, F., Derkinderen, P., Marquès, A., Bourdain, F., Brandel, J., Pico, F., et al. (2019) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.27854 · Cited by 44
Davydow, D. S., Zivin, K., & Langa, K. M. (2013) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2013.11.008 · Cited by 43
Comparative Effects of Education and Bilingualism on the Onset of Mild Cognitive Impairment
Ramakrishnan, S., Mekala, S., Mamidipudi, A., Yareeda, S., Kandadai, R. M., Bak, T. H., Alladi, S., & Kaul, S. (2017) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000479791 · Cited by 39
Martinez-Miller, E., Robinson, W. R., Avery, C. L., Yang, Y. C., Haan, M. N., Prather, A. A., & Aiello, A. E. (2020) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwaa088 · Cited by 40
Iqbal, K., Hasanain, M., Ahmed, J., Iqbal, A., Rathore, S. S., Monis, A., Baig, M. D., & Haq, Z. G. U. (2021) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2021.11.035 · Cited by 39
Chaudhry, A., & Rizig, M. (2021) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2020.117270 · Cited by 37
Olivari, B. S., Baumgart, M., Taylor, C. A., & McGuire, L. C. (2021) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Translational Research & Clinical Interventions · doi:10.1002/trc2.12142 · Cited by 38
Oral microbiome and serological analyses on association of Alzheimer's disease and periodontitis
Fu, K., Chiu, M., Wara‐aswapati, N., Yang, C., Chang, L., Guo, Y. L., Ni, Y., & Chen, Y. (2022) · Oral Diseases · doi:10.1111/odi.14348 · Cited by 38
Liu, Y., Yu, X., Han, P., Chen, X., Wang, F., Lian, X., Li, J., Li, R., Wang, B., Xu, C., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.900523 · Cited by 38
Increased Serum Acylated Ghrelin Levels in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment
Cao, X., Zhu, M., He, Y., Chu, W., Du, Y., & Du, H. (2017) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-170721 · Cited by 39
Miley-Åkerstedt, A., Jelić, V., Marklund, K., Walles, H., Åkerstedt, T., Hagman, G., & Andersson, C. (2018) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders Extra · doi:10.1159/000493749 · Cited by 35
Noradrenergic neuromodulation in ageing and disease
Krohn, F., Lancini, E., Ludwig, M., Leiman, M., Guruprasath, G., Haag, L., Panczyszyn, J., Düzel, E., Hämmerer, D., & Betts, M. J. (2023) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105311 · Cited by 41
Zawar, I., Kapur, J., Mattos, M. K., Aldridge, C., Manning, C. A., & Quigg, M. (2024) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000209820 · Cited by 37
John, S. E., Gurnani, A. S., Bussell, C. A., Saurman, J. L., Griffin, J. W., & Gavett, B. E. (2016) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/neu0000315 · Cited by 36
The Cretan Aging Cohort: Cohort Description and Burden of Dementia and Mild Cognitive Impairment
Zaganas, I. V., Simos, P. G., Basta, M., Kapetanaki, S., Panagiotakis, S. H., Koutentaki, I., Fountoulakis, N., Bertsias, A., Duijker, G., Tziraki, C., et al. (2018) · American Journal of Alzheimer s Disease & Other Dementias® · doi:10.1177/1533317518802414 · Cited by 35
Borenstein, A. R., Wu, Y., Bowen, J. D., McCormick, W. C., Uomoto, J. M., McCurry, S. M., Schellenberg, G. D., & Larson, E. B. (2013) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/wad.0b013e3182a2e32f · Cited by 34
Ribeiro, P. C. C., Lopes, C. D. S., & Lourenço, R. A. (2013) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000345984 · Cited by 34
Cassani, R., & Falk, T. H. (2019) · IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics · doi:10.1109/jbhi.2019.2953475 · Cited by 34
Vable, A. M., Duarte, C., Cohen, A. K., Glymour, M. M., Ream, R. K., & Yen, I. H. (2020) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwaa150 · Cited by 34
Srinivaspura Aging, Neuro Senescence and COGnition (SANSCOG) study: Study protocol
Ravindranath, V., & SANSCOG Study Team (2022) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12722 · Cited by 33
Holm, E., Jacobsen, K. K., de Lony, T. B., Lembeck, M. A., Pedersen, H., Andersson, C., Johannsen, P., Jørgensen, T. S. H., & Torp-Pedersen, C. T. (2022) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Translational Research & Clinical Interventions · doi:10.1002/trc2.12271 · Cited by 34
Brucki, S. M. D., & Nitríni, R. (2014) · Dementia & Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1590/s1980-57642014dn84000007 · Cited by 34
Logue, M. W., Miller, M. W., Sherva, R., Zhang, R., Harrington, K. M., Fonda, J. R., Merritt, V. C., Panizzon, M. S., Hauger, R. L., Wolf, E. J., et al. (2023) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12870 · Cited by 35
IGEMS: The Consortium on Interplay of Genes and Environment Across Multiple Studies — An Update
Pedersen, N. L., Gatz, M., Finch, B. K., Finkel, D., Butler, D. A., Aslan, A. K. D., Franz, C. E., Kaprio, J. A., Lapham, S., McGue, M. K., et al. (2019) · Twin Research and Human Genetics · doi:10.1017/thg.2019.76 · Cited by 32
Self-citationCaffò, A. O., Spano, G., Tinella, L., Lopez, A., Ricciardi, E., Stasolla, F., & Bosco, A. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19053097 · Cited by 34
Progress and challenges in the diagnosis of dementia: a critical review
Paraskevaidi, M., Martin-Hirsch, P. L., & Martin, F. L. (2018) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00007 · Cited by 31
Three midlife strategies to prevent cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease
Henderson, V. W. (2014) · Climacteric · doi:10.3109/13697137.2014.929650 · Cited by 32
Soleimani, R., Shokrgozar, S., Fallahi, M., Kafi, H., & Kiani, M. (2018) · Journal of Medicine and Life · doi:10.25122/jml-2018-0017 · Cited by 31
Genetics of Alzheimer’s Disease in the African American Population
Logue, M. W., Dasgupta, S., & Farrer, L. A. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12165189 · Cited by 29
Inflammation in Alzheimer’s Disease: Do Sex and APOE Matter?
Duarte‐Guterman, P., Initiative, O. B. O. T. A. D. N., Albert, A., Inkster, A. M., Barha, C. K., & Galea, L. A. M. (2020) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-200982 · Cited by 31
Gemmill, A., & Weiss, J. (2021) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbab183 · Cited by 29
Sugden, K., Moffitt, T. E., Arpawong, T. E., Arseneault, L., Belsky, D. W., Corcoran, D. L., Crimmins, E. M., Hannon, E. J., Houts, R., Mill, J. S., et al. (2023) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbad056 · Cited by 32
Gavett, B., John, S., Gurnani, A., Bussell, C., & Saurman, J. (2015) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-150252 · Cited by 31
Guaita, A., Vaccaro, R., Davin, A., Colombo, M. M., Vitali, S. F., Polito, L., Abbondanza, S., Valle, E., Forloni, G., Ferretti, V. V., et al. (2014) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2014.11.006 · Cited by 30
Glymour, M. M., & Manly, J. J. (2018) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.08.008 · Cited by 32
Langella, S., Barksdale, N. G., Vasquez, D., Aguillon, D., Chen, Y., Su, Y., Acosta-Baena, N., Acosta-Uribe, J., Baena, A. Y., Garcia-Ospina, G., et al. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-40775-z · Cited by 30
Weaver, D. F. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci14010041 · Cited by 34
Bak, T. H., & Alladi, S. (2015) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2015.04.025 · Cited by 29
Perquin, M., Diederich, N. J., Pastore, J., Lair, M., Stranges, S., Vaillant, M., & on behalf of the MemoVie Group (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0138818 · Cited by 28
Tsolaki, M., Γκιόκα, Μ., Verykouki, E., Galoutzi, N., Kavalou, E., & Pattakou-Parasyri, V. (2017) · American Journal of Alzheimer s Disease & Other Dementias® · doi:10.1177/1533317517698789 · Cited by 33
Zhuang, J., Zhang, H., Zhou, R., Chen, L., Chen, J., & Shen, X. (2013) · Prostaglandins & Other Lipid Mediators · doi:10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2013.09.002 · Cited by 31
Iwata, A., Iwatsubo, T., Ihara, R., Suzuki, K., Matsuyama, Y., Tomita, N., Arai, H., Ishii, K., Senda, M., Ito, K., et al. (2018) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Translational Research & Clinical Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.trci.2018.06.008 · Cited by 29
Predicting progression to Alzheimer’s disease with human hippocampal progenitors exposed to serum
Maruszak, A., Silajdžić, E., Lee, H.-A., Murphy, T., Liu, B., Shi, L., de Lucia, C., Douiri, A., Salta, E., Nevado‐Holgado, A. J., et al. (2022) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awac472 · Cited by 32
Fjell, A. M., Røgeberg, O. J., Sørensen, Ø., Amlien, I. K., Bartrés‐Faz, D., Brandmaier, A. M., Cattaneo, G., Düzel, S., Grydeland, H., Henson, R. N., et al. (2025) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-025-03828-y · Cited by 49
General anesthesia exposure and risk of dementia: a meta-analysis of epidemiological studies
Jiang, J., Dong, Y., Huang, W., & Bao, M. (2017) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.19524 · Cited by 25
de Oliveira, F. F., Pereira, F. V., Pivi, G. A. K., Smith, M. D. A. C., & Bertolucci, P. H. F. (2017) · International Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/00207454.2017.1396986 · Cited by 28
Brück, C. C., Wolters, F. J., Ikram, M. A., & de Kok, I. M. C. M. (2022) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-022-00878-1 · Cited by 29
Lee, Y., & Chi, I. (2015) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2015.1011081 · Cited by 28
Sex-specific relationship of cardiometabolic syndrome with lower cortical thickness
Kim, S. E., Lee, J. S., Woo, S., Kim, S., Kim, H. J., Park, S., Lee, B. I., Park, J., Kim, Y., Jang, H., et al. (2019) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000008084 · Cited by 27
Qin, R., Zhao, H., Gao, H. Y., & Liu, H. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0338018 · Cited by 34
McKiernan, E. F., Mak, E., Dounavi, M., Wells, K., Ritchie, C. W., Williams, G. B., Su, L., & O'Brien, J. T. (2020) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2020-322924 · Cited by 26
Pastor‐Valero, M., Viebig, R. F., Menezes, P. R., Simon, A. D. S., Vallada, H., & Scazufca, M. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0094042 · Cited by 28
Dementia in developing countries: Does education play the same role in India as in the West?
Iyer, G. K., Alladi, S., Bak, T. H., Mekala, S., Mamidipudi, A., Rajan, A., Divyaraj, G., Chaudhuri, J. R., & Kaul, S. (2014) · Dementia & Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1590/s1980-57642014dn82000008 · Cited by 26
Custodio, N., Montesinos, R., Diaz, M. M., Herrera‐Pérez, E., Chavez, K., Alva‐Díaz, C., Reynoso-Guzman, W., Pintado‐Caipa, M., Cuenca, J., Gamboa, C., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.629325 · Cited by 23
Dementia Prevention in Clinical Practice
Niotis, K., Akiyoshi, K., Carlton, C., & Isaacson, R. (2022) · Seminars in Neurology · doi:10.1055/s-0042-1759580 · Cited by 26
Socioeconomic Status Transition Throughout Life and Risk of Dementia
Sakaniwa, R., Shirai, K., Cadar, D., Saito, T., Kondo, K., Kawachi, I. I., Steptoe, A., & Iso, H. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.12303 · Cited by 24
Maggiore, A., Latina, V., D’Erme, M., Amadoro, G., & Coccurello, R. (2024) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2024.102578 · Cited by 25
The Risk of Dementia in Relation to Cognitive and Brain Reserve
Lamballais, S., Zijlmans, J. L., Vernooij, M. W., Ikram, M. K., Luik, A. I., & Ikram, M. A. (2020) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-200264 · Cited by 24
Adherence to dietary guidelines and cognitive decline from middle age: the Doetinchem Cohort Study
Nooyens, A. C. J., Yildiz, B., Hendriks, L. G., Bas, S., van Boxtel, M. P. J., Picavet, H. S. J., Boer, J. M. A., & Verschuren, W. M. M. (2021) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqab109 · Cited by 26
Social Cognition and Social Functioning in MCI and Dementia in an Epidemiological Sample
Eramudugolla, R., Huynh, K., Zhou, S., Amos, J. G., & Anstey, K. J. (2021) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617721000898 · Cited by 29
Characteristics of people living with undiagnosed dementia: findings from the CFAS Wales study
Gamble, L. D., Matthews, F. E., Jones, I. R., Hillman, A. E., Woods, B. T., MacLeod, C. A., Martyr, A., Collins, R., Pentecost, C., Rusted, J. M., et al. (2022) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-022-03086-4 · Cited by 25
Develop a diagnostic tool for dementia using machine learning and non-imaging features
Wang, H., Sheng, L. Q., Xu, S., Jin, Y., Jin, X., Qiao, S., Chen, Q., Xing, W., Zhao, Z., Yan, J., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.945274 · Cited by 27
Osone, A., Arai, R., Hakamada, R., & Shimoda, K. (2014) · Geriatrics and gerontology international/Geriatrics & gerontology international · doi:10.1111/ggi.12292 · Cited by 24
Income in midlife and dementia related mortality over three decades: A Norwegian prospective study
Strand, B. H., Skirbekk, V., Rosness, T. A., Engedal, K., & Bjertness, E. (2015) · eNeurologicalSci · doi:10.1016/j.ensci.2015.09.002 · Cited by 24
Jareebi, M. A., & Alqassim, A. Y. (2024) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000038602 · Cited by 27
Association between exposure to air pollution and thalamus volume in adults: A cross-sectional study
Hedges, D. W., Erickson, L. D., Gale, S. D., Anderson, J. E., & Brown, B. L. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0230829 · Cited by 23
ADHD and Neurodegenerative Disease Risk: A Critical Examination of the Evidence
Becker, S., Sharma, M. J., & Callahan, B. L. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2021.826213 · Cited by 25
Patterns and risk factors of cognitive decline among community-dwelling older adults in South Korea
Shin, J., & Cho, E. (2022) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2022.104809 · Cited by 25
Cortisol, cognition and Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers among memory clinic patients
Holleman, J., Adagunodo, S., Kåreholt, I., Hagman, G., Aspö, M., Udeh‐Momoh, C. T., Solomon, A., Kivipelto, M., & Sindi, S. (2022) · BMJ Neurology Open · doi:10.1136/bmjno-2022-000344 · Cited by 25
Santamaría‐García, H. A., Moguilner, S., Rodríguez‐Villagra, O. A., Rodríguez, F. B., Piña‐Escudero, S. D., O’Donovan, G., Cecilia Albala, B., Matallana, D., Schulte, M., Slachevsky, A., et al. (2023) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-023-00755-z · Cited by 23
Blass, B., Ford, C. B., Soneji, S. S., Zepel, L., Rosa, T. D., Kaufman, B. G., Mantri, S., Fan, L., Grory, B. M., Xian, Y., et al. (2025) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2024-083034 · Cited by 24
Yang, T., Huang, Y.-Y., Li, X.-H., Li, M., Ma, S.-S., Xuan, G., Jiang, Y.-H., Sun, S.-Y., Yang, Y., Wu, Z., et al. (2021) · Risk Management and Healthcare Policy · doi:10.2147/rmhp.s296044 · Cited by 19
Barragán, A. G., Lucumí, D., & LAWLOR, B. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.629251 · Cited by 21
Muñoz-Moreno, J. A., Pérez‐Álvarez, N., Muñoz-Murillo, A., Prats, A., Garolera, M., Jurado, M. Á., Fumaz, C. R., Negredo, E., Ferrer, M. J., & Clotet, B. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0107625 · Cited by 22
Prevalence of pain-related diagnoses in patients with dementia: a nationwide study
Lin, P., Li, C.-H., Chou, P., Chen, Y., & Lin, L. (2018) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s172875 · Cited by 22
Astell‐Burt, T., & Feng, X. (2018) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2018.09.003 · Cited by 22
Takasugi, T., Tsuji, T., Nagamine, Y., Miyaguni, Y., & Kondo, K. (2019) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.5177 · Cited by 19
Fine Particulate Matter Exposure and Cerebrospinal Fluid Markers of Vascular Injury
Shaffer, R. M., Sheppard, L. A., Peskind, E. R., Zhang, J., Adar, S. D., & Li, G. (2019) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-190563 · Cited by 22
Social class, dementia and the fourth age
Jones, I. R. (2017) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1111/1467-9566.12520 · Cited by 22
Letellier, N., Ilango, S. D., Mortamais, M., Tzourio, C., Gabelle, A., Empana, J.-P., Samieri, C., Berr, C., & Benmarhnia, T. (2021) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-021-00788-8 · Cited by 21
Cognitive aging and experience of playing a musical instrument.
Okely, J. A., Cox, S. R., Deary, I. J., Luciano, M., & Overy, K. (2023) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/pag0000768 · Cited by 21
Age, education and dementia related deaths. The Norwegian Counties Study and The Cohort of Norway
Strand, B. H., Langballe, E. M., Rosness, T. A., Bergem, A. L. M., Engedal, K., Nafstad, P. H. J., Tell, G. S., Ormstad, H., Tambs, K., & Bjertness, E. (2014) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2014.07.009 · Cited by 22
Lower Levels of Education Are Associated with Cognitive Impairment in the Old Order Amish
Ramos, J. D., Chowdhury, A. R., Caywood, L. J., Prough, M. B., Fuzzell, M. D., Fuzzell, S. L., Miskimen, K. L. S., Whitehead, P. L., Adams, L. D., Laux, R. A., et al. (2020) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-200909 · Cited by 22
Metadata
- Authors
- Sharp, E. S., & Gatz, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Southern California (US)
- Venue
- Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders
- Published
- 2011-10
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 289-304
- ISSN
- 0893-0341 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3193875
- OpenAlex
- W2079133792
- Cited by
- 591
- References
- 87
- Citations by year
- 2026: 43 · 2025: 63 · 2024: 68 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 58 · 2021: 64 · 2020: 50 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 1.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Demensförbundet
- National Institute on Aging (5T32-AG-00037, T32AG000037)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Keywords
- education, dementia, Alzheimer's disease, dementia risk, years of schooling, cognitive ability, developmental model, moderators
- MeSH terms
- Alzheimer Disease, Dementia, Educational Measurement, Educational Status, Humans, Risk Factors, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
