The DOI matches its Crossref record; 87 of the 87 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Relationship Between Education and Dementia: An Updated Systematic Review
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to review the relationship between education and dementia. METHODS: A systematic literature review was conducted of all published studies examining the relationship between education and dementia listed in the PubMed and PsycINFO databases from January 1985 to July 2010. The inclusion criteria were a measure of education and a dementia diagnosis by a standardized diagnostic procedure. Alzheimer disease and Total Dementia were the outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 88 study populations from 71 studies met inclusion criteria. Overall, 51 studies (58%) reported significant effects of lower education on risk for dementia, whereas 37 studies (42%) reported no significant relationship. A relationship between education and risk for dementia was more consistent in developed regions compared with developing regions. Age, sex, race/ethnicity, and geographical region moderated the relationship. CONCLUSIONS: Lower education was associated with a greater risk for dementia in many but not all studies. The level of education associated with risk for dementia varied by study population and more years of education did not uniformly attenuate the risk for dementia. It seemed that a more consistent relationship with dementia occurred when years of education reflected cognitive capacity, suggesting that the effect of education on risk for dementia may be best evaluated within the context of a lifespan developmental model.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Matthews and colleagues [1] also note that estimates did not include socioeconomic factors, such as education, which is a known risk factor in ADRD research [104].”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
McKhann, G., Drachman, D., Folstein, M., Katzman, R., Price, D., & Stadlan, E. M. (1984) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.34.7.939 · Cited by 27,915
A New Clinical Scale for the Staging of Dementia
Hughes, C. P., Berg, L., Danziger, W., Coben, L. A., & Martin, R. L. (1982) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.140.6.566 · Cited by 7,056
Stern, Y. (2009) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.03.004 · Cited by 2,943
Influence of education and occupation on the incidence of Alzheimer's disease
Stern, Y. (1994) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.1994.03510370056032 · Cited by 1,434
Participation in Cognitively Stimulating Activities and Risk of Incident Alzheimer Disease
Wilson, R. S. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.287.6.742 · Cited by 1,352
Lindsay, J. (2002) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwf074 · Cited by 1,261
Kalaria, R. N., Maestre, G. E., Arizaga, R., Friedland, R. P., Galasko, D., Hall, K., Luchsinger, J. A., Ogunniyi, A., Perry, E. K., Potocnik, F., et al. (2008) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(08)70169-8 · Cited by 1,233
Education and the prevalence of dementia and Alzheimer's disease
Katzman, R. (1993) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.43.1_part_1.13 · Cited by 1,186
Zhang, M., Katzman, R., Salmon, D. P., Jin, H., Cai, G., Wang, Z., Qu, G.-Y., Grant, I., Yu, E. S. H., Levy, P. S., et al. (1990) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410270412 · Cited by 1,068
Brain reserve and dementia: a systematic review
VALENZUELA, M. J., & SACHDEV, P. (2006) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291705006264 · Cited by 932
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- He, 2000, Psychosocial risk factors for Alzheimers disease., Hong Kong Journal of Psychiatry, 10, 2
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 501–590 of 590
Care Arrangement of People with Dementia in Karachi, Pakistan using 10/66 ProtocolPreprint
Khan, Q. U. A. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1839814/v1
Alcohol Intake Differentiates AD and LATE: A Telltale Lifestyle from Two Large-Scale DatasetsPreprint
Wu, X., Peng, C., Nelson, P. T., & Cheng, Q. S. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.08.29.22279349
The role of social support networks in the dementia literacy of older adults in Wales
Maddock, C. A. (2019) · Cronfa (Swansea University) · doi:10.23889/suthesis.61499
Kodishala, C., Hulshizer, C. A., Kronzer, V. L., Davis, J. M., Ramanan, V. K., Vassilaki, M. E., Mielke, M. M., Crowson, C. S., & Myasoedova, E. (2022) · The Journal of Rheumatology · doi:10.3899/jrheum.221021
Alzheimer's disease: genetic and modifiable lifestyle influences
Vo, T., & Reynolds, C. A. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-91497-0.00199-5
The Prevalence of Cognitive Impairment in Famagusta- North Cyprus Residents Over 65 Years of Age
Yüce, B. E., Özçelik, E. C., Saliu-Ahmed, F. O., Zorba, İ. F., Alanlı, O., İnce, R., Canlar, S., & Eker, A. (2023) · Cyprus Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.4274/cjms.2021.2807
The Role of Social Science in Dementia: Biopsychosocial Approaches
Mpofu, E., Zhan, R., Udoh, I. I., Afrin, R., Pomare, Z. S., Chaminuka, A., & Yin, C. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-96778-9_93-1
Thân, H. N. T., Trần, V. H., Nguyễn, T. T. T., Vũ, D. T. L., Võ, T. P., Phạm, H. K. T., & Nguyễn, V. T. (2023) · Tạp chí Y học lâm sàng Bệnh viện Trung Ương Huế · doi:10.38103/jcmhch.84.4
Arpawong, T. E., Gatz, M., Zavala, C., Gruenewald, T. L., Walters, E. E., & Prescott, C. A. (2023) · Twin Research and Human Genetics · doi:10.1017/thg.2023.6 · Cited by 1
Self-citationKluckert, C., & Hüll, M. (2023) · PSYCH up2date · doi:10.1055/a-1857-4819
Khalid, A., Karim, A., Ahmad, F., Qaisar, R., & Hussain, M. A. (2023) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.133584.1
Role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Dementia
Koppal, D., Wahab, S., Akhouri, D., & Ahmad, I. (2023) · Apollo Medicine · doi:10.4103/am.am_147_23
McConnel, M., Marshall, E. G., Stock, D., Trenaman, S. C., & Andrew, M. K. (2023) · Canadian Geriatrics Journal · doi:10.5770/cgj.26.681
Komalasari, R. (2023) · University of North Texas Digital Library (University of North Texas) · doi:10.12794/metadc2137567
Active Ageing and Health Status of the Aged Population of Bucharest City, Romania
Taloș, A.-M. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-5744-6_21
de Almeida, F. I. L., Lopes, L. D. F., Silva, D. P., de Lima, G. F., de Lima, G. F., & Dantas, I. Q. (2024) · Brazilian Journal of Health Review · doi:10.34119/bjhrv7n2-065
Wang, K.-B., Hua, W., Wang, M.-C., & Xu, Y. (2024) · Biometrics · doi:10.1093/biomtc/ujae048 · Cited by 1
Garbóczy, S., Mohos, A., Égerházi, A., Szemán-Nagy, A., Zsuffa, J. A., Heim, S., Rekenyi, V., & Kolozsvári, L. R. (2024) · Geriatrics · doi:10.3390/geriatrics9030074
Frailty assessment among the elderly with cardiovascular diseases
Khannouch, A., Saidane, S., Bergaoui, Z., Zaïri, I., Mzoughi, K., & Kraiem, S. (2024) · NPG. Neurologie, psychiatrie, gériatrie/NPG · doi:10.1016/j.npg.2024.05.004
Santos‐García, D., Fonticoba, T. D. D., Bartolomé, C. C., Alvarado, M. C. Í., Samaniego, L. B., Maside, A. L., Gallego, L., Barreiro, L. C., Caramés, J. R., Painceiras, M. J. F., et al. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4322344/v1
The Social and Economic Impact of DementiaPreprint
Szpryngel, C. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4881032
Sharif, A. B., Jahan, I., & Hasan, A. B. M. N. (2024) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease Reports · doi:10.3233/adr-240055
Salazar, R., Dwivedi, A. K., Alvarado, L. A., & Escamilla, M. (2024) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.20230180 · Cited by 1
Modeling multiple‐criterion diagnoses by heterogeneous‐instance logistic regression
Yang, C., Li, M., Wen, S., & Chang, S. (2024) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.10202
Genetic and Nongenetic Risk Factors for Dementia
Khosravi, S., Masoudi, M., & Tarki, A. (2024) · Nutritional neurosciences · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-4117-5_2
Ping, Y., Odden, M. C., Chen, X., Prina, M. A., Xu, H., Xiang, H., & Wu, C. (2024) · Innovation in Aging · doi:10.1093/geroni/igae078
Yen, J.-C., Lai, J.-Y., Yang, C.-Y., Yong, S., & Yii, C. (2024) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107473
Survival disparities among Alzheimer's disease patients in Hawaii
Siriwardhana, C., Carrazana, E. J., & Liow, K. K. (2025) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.1177/13872877251314144
Race and Incident Dementia Among Older Black and Older White Men
Jerry-Asooto, B., Kim, B., Huang, A., Gallo, J. J., Whitfield, K. E., Turner, R., & Thorpe, R. J. (2025) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/08982643241310296
Long COVID Is Associated with Severe Cognitive Limitations Among U.S. Adults
Neba, R. A., Mohamed, I., Iwudibia, T., Pinnamraju, J., & Sambamoorthi, U. (2025) · COVID · doi:10.3390/covid5040046
Michallat-Bragg, G., Bennett, M., Flewitt, B. I., Kazmi, S., Smith, S. J., Wells, C. E., Hollins, A., Ash, C., Thwaites, S., Neil, W., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2025.1547834
Keng, A., Kapustin, D., Ma, C., Bingham, K. S., Fischer, C. E., Mah, L., Gallagher, D., Butters, M. A., Bowie, C. R., Voineskos, A. N., et al. (2025) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000547061
Societal Gender Norms and Their Influence on Late Life Cognition
Stites, S. D., Kuz, C., Halberstadter, K., Humphreys, V., Cousins, K. A. Q., & Mechanic-Hamilton, D. J. (2025) · Neurodegenerative Diseases · doi:10.1159/000547115
The Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease in 2025 – Challenges of a Biological Paradigm in Brazil
Leão, A. M. L., & Calil, V. (2025) · Revista brasileira de neurologia · doi:10.46979/rbn.v61i2.66976
Alzheimer’s Disease in Illinois: Analyzing Disparities and Projected Trends
Adeleke, T., Knelsen-Dobson, A., McGinity, S., Fontaine, K. M., Albensi, B. C., Roy, B., & Adlimoghaddam, A. (2025) · Geriatrics · doi:10.3390/geriatrics10050132
Ahlin, K. M., McAlpine, A., & Fuller‐Thomson, E. (2025) · Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies · doi:10.1080/1369183x.2025.2560577
Standardised and systematic sampling of public engagement in brain health − Slovenian example
Muc, I., Blinc, L., Vidmar, G., Kurdija, S., Vovk, T., & Bresjanac, M. (2025) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2025.10.013 · Cited by 3
Díaz, D., Kirk, A., O'Connell, M. E., & Morgan, D. G. (2025) · Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/wad.0000000000000708
Luo, R., Zeraatkar, D., Glymour, M. M., Ellis, R. J., Estiri, H., & Patel, C. J. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25918962
Lee, C., Gilsanz, P., & Haneuse, S. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13558524
Basit, S., Wohlfahrt, J., & Boyd, H. A. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26572033
Ponjoan, A., Blanch, J., Fages, E., Martí‐Lluch, R., Alves‐Cabratosa, L., García-Gil, M., Domínguez‐Armengol, G., Ribas‐Aulinas, F., Zacarías‐Pons, L., & Ramos, R. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26693041
Saunders, S., Sheehan, S., Terrera, G. M., Luz, S., & Ritchie, C. W. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19522502
Zubiagirre, U., Ibarrondo, O., Larrañaga, I., Soto‐Gordoa, M., Mar‐Barrutia, L., & Mar, J. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26687115
Saunders, S., Sheehan, S., Terrera, G. M., Luz, S., & Ritchie, C. W. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19522499
Gamble, L. D., Matthews, F. E., Jones, I. R., Hillman, A. E., Woods, B. T., Macleod, C. A., Martyr, A., Collins, R., Pentecost, C., Rusted, J. M., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19745697
Luo, R., Zeraatkar, D., Glymour, M. M., Ellis, R. J., Estiri, H., & Patel, C. J. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25919134
Tang, H., Shaaban, C. E., DeKosky, S. T., Smith, G. E., Hu, X., Jaffee, M. S., Salloum, R. G., Bian, J., & Guo, J. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.27059017
Howard, K. A., Massimo, L. M., Griffin, S. F., Gagnon, R. J., Zhang, L., & Rennert, L. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26616112
Alkam, T., Tarshizi, E., & Benschoten, A. H. V. (2026) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.1177/13872877251409332
Exclusions affect representativeness of Alzheimer's disease trial participants
Ashford, M. T., Tank, R., Kabeto, M. U., Nosheny, R. L., Weiner, M. W., Weir, D. R., & Langa, K. M. (2026) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Translational Research & Clinical Interventions · doi:10.1002/trc2.70191
Cognitive decline in U.S. military veterans: risk factors and clinical implications
MacLennan, R. J., Chapin, B. A., Solberg, L. M., & Clark, D. J. (2026) · Frontiers in Dementia · doi:10.3389/frdem.2026.1704367
McNaughton, E. P., Shen, K., Wang, J., Roenningen, A. E., Wiesman, A. I., Flores-Alonso, S. I., Bhatti, P., McIntosh, A. R., & Kent, B. A. (2026) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2026.02.001
Chen, J., Jang, S., & Wang, M. Q. (2026) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/mlr.0000000000002305
The cognitive connectome of men and women: a study on sex differences across three cohorts
Gasparre, D., Habich, A., Mulet‐Pons, L., Yánez-Pérez, R., Westman, E., Barroso, J., Vaqué‐Alcázar, L., Bartrés‐Faz, D., Taurisano, P., Ferreira, D., et al. (2026) · Biology of Sex Differences · doi:10.1186/s13293-026-00866-0
Kluckert, C., & Hüll, M. (2026) · Neurologie up2date · doi:10.1055/a-2770-4235
Nelson, L. D., Simons, M. U., Jain, S., Sun, X., Choi, K. W., Temkin, N. R., Diaz-Arrastia, R. R., Gardner, R. C., Taylor, S. R., Manley, G. T., et al. (2026) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1177/08977151261432398 · Cited by 1
Mitchell, K., Hebbern, C., Ferro, A., Olaniyan, T., Christidis, T., Cakmak, J. D., Rouleau, M., Anastasopolos, A. T., Popadic, I., Johnson, M., et al. (2026) · Environmental Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ee9.0000000000000467
LaPlume, A. A., Mellah, S., Rajah, M. N., & Belleville, S. (2026) · Journal of Neuropsychology · doi:10.1111/jnp.70039
Benzodiazepines and risk of dementia in the elderly
de Gage, S. B. (2015) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/57bdee52z24b3z49c5zb221z16eacbdc4963
Mobilisation de l'acide arachidonique et sensibilité au peptide ß-amyloïde
Thomas, M. H. (2015) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/904987d5zc8c8z4104z95dfz2f7e680d8be3
Biomarqueurs rétiniens de la maladie d'Alzheimer et du vieillissement cérébral
Gomez, J. L. M. (2016) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/477e6a1ez209az4a71za0c6z8629c2d7e785
Finch, B. K., Nimmagadda, S., Finkel, D., Gatz, M., Reynolds, C. A., Nygaard, M., Catts, V. S., Thalamuthu, A., Sachdev, P. S., Ericsson, M., et al. (2026) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2026.101914
Self-citationKarameh, N. (2018) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/b70b7c03z8de8z4ee0z9848z381e95568515
Szöllősi, Á. (2026) · doi:10.14232/cn.2026.1
Vrublevskiy, A. N., Strazhesko, I. D., Koniaeva, E. S., Beloshevskaya, O., Tarasova, I. V., Мамчур, А. А., Artemieva, L. E., Kashtanova, D. A., Shelley, E. M., Yudin, V. S., et al. (2026) · Russian Journal of Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.37586/2686-8636-1-2026-32-43
Wells, W., Hebert, J. L., Eng, C. W., Duarte, C., & Vable, A. M. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0343880
Psychometric criteria for superior cognitive performance in very old adults
Malek‐Ahmadi, M. H., Perez, S. E., He, B., Rogalski, E. J., Counts, S., Ikonomović, M. D., Abrahamson, E. E., Ginsberg, S. D., Alldred, M. J., Serrano, G. E., et al. (2026) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.1177/13872877261435166
Huang, Y., Li, Q., Chen, A., Li, Y., Chuang, Y.-N., Hu, X., Guo, S. J., He, X., Pang, Y., Zhou, J., et al. (2026) · JAMIA Open · doi:10.1093/jamiaopen/ooag060 · Cited by 2
Chains of exchange: The iterative process of resource-health conversion
Ryan-Claytor, C., & Daw, J. (2026) · Social Theory & Health · doi:10.1057/s41285-026-00259-8 · Cited by 1
Liu, G., Hong, C., Huang, Y., Liu, Y., Guan, B., Jin, X., Dai, W., & Luo, Y. (2026) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2026.2679698
Wang, Q., Ma, S., Zhao, J., Qi, X., Ma, D., Liu, S., Zhang, L., Wang, C. F., He, Y., & Zhao, D. (2026) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2026.1855864
Educational attainment and dementia among older women in the US: Variation by immigration status
Jacobs, K. J. C., & Brown, M. J. (2026) · Journal of Women & Aging · doi:10.1080/08952841.2026.2685580
Posis, A. I. B., Rojas‐Saunero, L. P., Subedi, S., George, K. M., Meyer, O. L., Weakley, A. M., Araneta, M. R. G., Gilsanz, P., Corrada, M. M., & Whitmer, R. A. (2026) · npj Dementia · doi:10.1038/s44400-026-00108-5
Bratsberg, B., Fjell, A. M., Røgeberg, O. J., & Walhovd, K. B. (2026) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2536089123
Autonomy, Informed Consent, and Legal Considerations in the Geriatric Population
Paul, M., & Pershing, S. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-29691-7_15
Generalizability of EEG-Based Dementia Classifiers: A Multicenter study of Alzheimer’s, MCI, And FTDPreprint
Belloli, L. M. L., Bruno, N. M., Hernandez, H., Cuadros, J., Dellavale, D., Prado, P., Anghinah, R., Güntekin, B., Hanoğlu, L., Parra, M. A., et al. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.07.28.26359133
Jodłowska-Siewert, E., Liu, L., Yang, K., Ostroushko, D., Lutsey, P. L., Chekouo, T., Safo, S. E., & Initiative, A. D. N. (2026) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.1177/13872877261469162
Palliyaguru, D. L., Palliyaguru, N., Teixeira, C. V. L., Armstrong, N. M., Liyanage, S., Senarath, U., Arambepola, C., Jayasinghe, S., & Dalpatadu, C. (2026) · Journal of dementia and Alzheimer's disease · doi:10.3390/jdad3030038
Rose, D., Pfund, G. N., Ortiz, R., Vivek, S., Thorpe, R. J., YAFFE, K., Turney, I. C., Walker, K. A., & Forrester, S. (2026) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2026.101353
Boateng, C., & Duah, I. O. (2026) · PLOS Aging and Health · doi:10.1371/journal.page.0000025
Kim, H. J., & Oh, M.-K. (2026) · Journal of Evidence-Based Practice · doi:10.63528/jebp.2026.00006
Dong, J., Ma, H., Deng, M., Guo, R., Zhao, J., & Chu, X. (2026) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.1177/13872877261490812
Education reduces dementia incidence and mitigates genetic risk
Barcellos, S., Carvalho, L., Langa, K. M., Nimmagadda, S., & Turley, P. (2026) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2529506123
Metadata
- Authors
- Sharp, E. S., & Gatz, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Southern California (US)
- Venue
- Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders
- Published
- 2011-10
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 289-304
- ISSN
- 0893-0341 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3193875
- OpenAlex
- W2079133792
- Cited by
- 591
- References
- 87
- Citations by year
- 2026: 43 · 2025: 63 · 2024: 68 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 58 · 2021: 64 · 2020: 50 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 1.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Demensförbundet
- National Institute on Aging (5T32-AG-00037, T32AG000037)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Keywords
- education, dementia, Alzheimer's disease, dementia risk, years of schooling, cognitive ability, developmental model, moderators
- MeSH terms
- Alzheimer Disease, Dementia, Educational Measurement, Educational Status, Humans, Risk Factors, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
