An fMRI study of differences in brain activity among elite, expert, and novice archers at the moment of optimal aiming
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: We investigated brain activity in elite, expert, and novice archers during a simulated archery aiming task to determine whether neural correlates of performance differ by skill level. BACKGROUND: Success in shooting sports depends on complex mental routines just before the shot, when the brain prepares to execute the movement. METHODS: During functional magnetic resonance imaging, 40 elite, expert, or novice archers aimed at a simulated 70-meter-distant target and pushed a button when they mentally released the bowstring. RESULTS: At the moment of optimal aiming, the elite and expert archers relied primarily on a dorsal pathway, with greatest activity in the occipital lobe, temporoparietal lobe, and dorsolateral pre-motor cortex. The elites showed activity in the supplementary motor area, temporoparietal area, and cerebellar dentate, while the experts showed activity only in the superior frontal area. The novices showed concurrent activity in not only the dorsolateral pre-motor cortex but also the ventral pathways linked to the ventrolateral pre-motor cortex. The novices exhibited broad activity in the superior frontal area, inferior frontal area, ventral prefrontal cortex, primary motor cortex, superior parietal lobule, and primary somatosensory cortex. CONCLUSIONS: The more localized neural activity of elite and expert archers than novices permits greater efficiency in the complex processes subserved by these regions. The elite group's high activity in the cerebellar dentate indicates that the cerebellum is involved in automating simultaneous movements by integrating the sensorimotor memory enabled by greater expertise in self-paced aiming tasks. A companion article comments on and generalizes our findings.
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Encephalographic and MRI studies show different utilization of brain areas between novices and experts in sports.
“Encephalographic and MRI studies show different utilization of brain areas between novices and experts in sports”
From Neurosurgery resident training using blended learning concepts: Course development and participant evaluation (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
The reorganization of brain activity from whole-brain activation in novices to focal activation of areas needed for specialized processing in experts remains unchanged.
“While the reorganization of brain activity from whole-brain activation in novices to the focal activation of areas needed for specialized processing in experts15 remains unchanged”
From Neurosurgery resident training using blended learning concepts: Course development and participant evaluation (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
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- Authors
- Kim, W., Chang, Y., Kim, J., Seo, J., Ryu, K., Lee, E., Woo, M., & Janelle, C. M.
- Affiliations
- Kyungpook National University (KR)
- University of Ulsan (KR)
- University of Florida (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kim, Woojong
- Kim, Jingu
- Ryu, Kwangmin
- ORCID
- Venue
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology
- Published
- 2014-12
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 173-182
- ISSN
- 1543-3633 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1977005825
- Cited by
- 87
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 6.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- archery, skill level differences, motor preparation, supplementary motor area, cerebellar dentate nucleus, sensorimotor memory, motor automation, shooting sports
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain, Female, Frontal Lobe, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Motor Cortex, Movement, Occipital Lobe, Parietal Lobe, Psychomotor Performance, Sports, Athletes, Republic of Korea
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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