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The evolution of trust and trustworthiness
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Trust and trustworthiness form the basis for continued social and economic interactions, and they are also fundamental for cooperation, fairness, honesty, and indeed for many other forms of prosocial and moral behaviour. However, trust entails risks, and building a trustworthy reputation requires effort. So how did trust and trustworthiness evolve, and under which conditions do they thrive? To find answers, we operationalize trust and trustworthiness using the trust game with the trustor's investment and the trustee's return of the investment as the two key parameters. We study this game on different networks, including the complete network, random and scale-free networks, and in the well-mixed limit. We show that in all but one case, the network structure has little effect on the evolution of trust and trustworthiness. Specifically, for well-mixed populations, lattices, random and scale-free networks, we find that trust never evolves, while trustworthiness evolves with some probability depending on the game parameters and the updating dynamics. Only for the scale-free network with degree non-normalized dynamics, we find parameter values for which trust evolves but trustworthiness does not, as well as values for which both trust and trustworthiness evolve. We conclude with a discussion about mechanisms that could lead to the evolution of trust and outline directions for future work.
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“Although there were attempts for enhancing the level of trust from different aspects, we notice that these studies are usually carried out in the framework of one-shot interaction, to our knowledge [8, 9, 16, 24, 26].”
From Conditional investment strategy in evolutionary trust games with repeated group interactions (2022) · cites this paper as [24]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Kumar, A., Capraro, V., & Perc, M.
- Affiliations
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune (IN)
- Middlesex University London (GB)
- China Medical University (TW)
- Corresponding author
- Capraro, Valerio
- Venue
- Journal of The Royal Society Interface
- Publisher
- The Royal Society
- Published
- 2020-08
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 169
- Pages
- 20200491
- ISSN
- 1742-5662 (ISSN-L)
- 1742-5689
- PMC
- PMC7482572
- OpenAlex
- W3048692749
- Cited by
- 148
- References
- 97
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 7
- FWCI
- 21.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of The Royal Society Interface (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Middlesex University Research Repository (Middlesex University Of London) (acceptedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- BOA (University of Milano-Bicocca) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Keywords
- trustworthiness, trust game, cooperation, social networks, scale-free networks, random networks, well-mixed populations, lattice networks, reputation, prosocial behavior, evolutionary dynamics
- MeSH terms
- Probability, Trust
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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