Soft ethics, the governance of the digital and the General Data Protection Regulation
Open accessAbstract
The article discusses the governance of the digital as the new challenge posed by technological innovation. It then introduces a new distinction between soft ethics , which applies after legal compliance with legislation, such as the General Data Protection Regulation in the European Union, and hard ethics , which precedes and contributes to shape legislation. It concludes by developing an analysis of the role of digital ethics with respect to digital regulation and digital governance. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Governing artificial intelligence: ethical, legal, and technical opportunities and challenges’.
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Within computer science, there is a growing overlap with Digital Ethics and Trustworthy AI, with a focus on fairness, accountability, transparency and explainability.
“Within computer science, there is a growing overlap with the broader Digital Ethics [19] and the ethics and engineering focused on developing Trustworthy AI [11]. There is a focus on fairness, accountability, transparency and explainability [33, 82–84].”
From Artificial Intelligence in Education (AIEd): a high-level academic and industry note 2021 (2022) · cites this paper as [19]
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- Authors
- Floridi, L.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Floridi, Luciano
- ORCID
- Floridi, Luciano
- Venue
- Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
- Publisher
- The Royal Society
- Published
- 2018-10-15
- Volume
- 376
- Issue
- 2133
- Pages
- 20180081
- ISSN
- 1364-503X (ISSN-L)
- 1471-2962
- PMC
- PMC6191665
- OpenAlex
- W2897383465
- Cited by
- 234
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2026: 38 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 3
- FWCI
- 133.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Microsoft
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Law › Digitalization, Law, and Regulation
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Ethics and Social Impacts of AI
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Industrial relations › Legal and Labor Studies
- Keywords
- digital governance, General Data Protection Regulation, digital ethics, digital regulation, AI governance, data protection law, technological innovation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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