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Biogeochemical significance of pelagic ecosystem function: an end-Cretaceous case study

Henehan, Michael J., Hull, Pincelli M., Penman, Donald E., Rae, James W. B., Schmidt, Daniela N.·2016·Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
DOI 10.1098/rstb.2015.0510
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Abstract

Pelagic ecosystem function is integral to global biogeochemical cycling, and plays a major role in modulating atmospheric CO 2 concentrations ( p CO 2 ). Uncertainty as to the effects of human activities on marine ecosystem function hinders projection of future atmospheric p CO 2 . To this end, events in the geological past can provide informative case studies in the response of ecosystem function to environmental and ecological changes. Around the Cretaceous–Palaeogene (K–Pg) boundary, two such events occurred: Deccan large igneous province (LIP) eruptions and massive bolide impact at the Yucatan Peninsula. Both perturbed the environment, but only the impact coincided with marine mass extinction. As such, we use these events to directly contrast the response of marine biogeochemical cycling to environmental perturbation with and without changes in global species richness. We measure this biogeochemical response using records of deep-sea carbonate preservation. We find that Late Cretaceous Deccan volcanism prompted transient deep-sea carbonate dissolution of a larger magnitude and timescale than predicted by geochemical models. Even so, the effect of volcanism on carbonate preservation was slight compared with bolide impact. Empirical records and geochemical models support a pronounced increase in carbonate saturation state for more than 500 000 years following the mass extinction of pelagic carbonate producers at the K–Pg boundary. These examples highlight the importance of pelagic ecosystems in moderating climate and ocean chemistry.

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Figure 1 Environmental changes coincident with phase II Deccan volcanism. Compilation of published Os isotope [39] ( a ), and d 18 O-derived temperature [43-46] ( b ) records, alongside new ( e,g ) and published [39,47-51] ( c,d,f,h ) records of carbonate preservation in the lead up to the K-Pg boundary. Deccan emplacement is marked at the onset of Os isotope decline. In ( b ), the dashed line is a sixth-order polynomial fit through the data, and the black solid line is a cubic spline. Note wt.% CaCO 3 records from ODP site 690 are subject to intense bioturbation near the K-Pg boundary; this region is marked as a dashed line. Os isotope decrease towards the boundary from 66.1 Ma is due to down-core leaching of extra-terrestrial Os [39]. Age constraints for DSDP 577 [51] ( h ) are uncertain below the onset of magnetochron C29r. All data are plotted against time (in Ma); for details of the age models used, see electronic supplementary material.
Figure 1 Environmental changes coincident with phase II Deccan volcanism. Compilation of published Os isotope [39] ( a ), and d 18 O-derived temperature [43-46] ( b ) records, alongside new ( e,g ) and published [39,47-51] ( c,d,f,h ) records of carbonate preservation in the lead up to the K-Pg boundary. Deccan emplacement is marked at the onset of Os isotope decline. In ( b ), the dashed line is a sixth-order polynomial fit through the data, and the black solid line is a cubic spline. Note wt.% CaCO 3 records from ODP site 690 are subject to intense bioturbation near the K-Pg boundary; this region is marked as a dashed line. Os isotope decrease towards the boundary from 66.1 Ma is due to down-core leaching of extra-terrestrial Os [39]. Age constraints for DSDP 577 [51] ( h ) are uncertain below the onset of magnetochron C29r. All data are plotted against time (in Ma); for details of the age models used, see electronic supplementary material.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 2 Enhanced CaCO 3 preservation following the K -Pg boundary. Records of wt.% coarse Fraction ( a ) from IODP site 1209 [45], DSDP 577 [57], IODP U1403 (this study), IODP 1262 [58] and IODP 1267 (this study). In panel ( b ), records of fragmentation of planktonic foraminifera from DSDP sites 528 and 577 [59] and IODP site 1209 [28, this study]. Species richness bars above data panels are schematic representations of data from [60,61]. All data are plotted against time (in Ma); for details of the age models used, see electronic supplementary material.
Figure 2 Enhanced CaCO 3 preservation following the K -Pg boundary. Records of wt.% coarse Fraction ( a ) from IODP site 1209 [45], DSDP 577 [57], IODP U1403 (this study), IODP 1262 [58] and IODP 1267 (this study). In panel ( b ), records of fragmentation of planktonic foraminifera from DSDP sites 528 and 577 [59] and IODP site 1209 [28, this study]. Species richness bars above data panels are schematic representations of data from [60,61]. All data are plotted against time (in Ma); for details of the age models used, see electronic supplementary material.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 3 LOSCAR [31] simulations of Deccan degassing release and K-Pg reduction in CaCO 3 flux. Simulations of atmospheric p CO 2 ( a ) and deep-water calcite saturation state ( b ) response to simulated perturbations. Maximum and minimum CO 2 and SO 2 efflux estimates for Deccan eruptions are from ref. [16], partitioned into a main eruptive phase ('phase II') beginning at the onset of C29r (86.5%) and a later one (13.5%) at the close of C29r in the Danian ('phase III') [39]. CaCO 3 flux changes impact the CaCO 3 : C org ratio assuming no change in organic flux. Reduction in biological pump efficiency reduces the efficiency of the biological pump in using the parametrized nutrient pool (see electronic supplementary material, Discussion for more details). Model outputs are plotted against simulated model years, relative to the simulated K-Pg boundary.
Figure 3 LOSCAR [31] simulations of Deccan degassing release and K-Pg reduction in CaCO 3 flux. Simulations of atmospheric p CO 2 ( a ) and deep-water calcite saturation state ( b ) response to simulated perturbations. Maximum and minimum CO 2 and SO 2 efflux estimates for Deccan eruptions are from ref. [16], partitioned into a main eruptive phase ('phase II') beginning at the onset of C29r (86.5%) and a later one (13.5%) at the close of C29r in the Danian ('phase III') [39]. CaCO 3 flux changes impact the CaCO 3 : C org ratio assuming no change in organic flux. Reduction in biological pump efficiency reduces the efficiency of the biological pump in using the parametrized nutrient pool (see electronic supplementary material, Discussion for more details). Model outputs are plotted against simulated model years, relative to the simulated K-Pg boundary.CC-BY · From the PDF

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Metadata

Authors
Henehan, M. J., Hull, P. M., Penman, D. E., Rae, J. W. B., & Schmidt, D. N.
Venue
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
Publisher
The Royal Society
Published
2016-05-19
Volume
371
Issue
1694
Pages
20150510
ISSN
  • 0962-8436
  • 1471-2970
DOI
10.1098/rstb.2015.0510
Cited by
63
References
6
Language
en
Licence
royalsociety.org/journals/ethics-policies/data-sharing-mining/ (tdm)
Funders
  • Nuffield Foundation (Summer Student Bursary)
  • Yale University (Flint Post-Doctoral Fellowship)
  • Royal Society (University Research Fellowship, Wolfson Merit Award)
  • Natural Environment Research Council (PhD Studentship)
  • NSF-IODP U.S. Science Support Program (Post-Expedition Activity award for IODP Exp. 342)

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