How Mammals Stay Healthy in Nature: The Evolution of Behaviours to Avoid Parasites and Pathogens
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Mammals live and thrive in environments presenting ongoing threats from parasites in the form of biting flies, ticks and intestinal worms and from pathogens as wound contaminants and agents of infectious disease. Several strategies have evolved that enable animals to deal with parasites and pathogens, including eliminating away from the sleeping-resting areas, use of an array of grooming techniques, use of saliva in licking, and consuming medicinal plant-based compounds. These strategies all are species-specific and reflect the particular environment that the animal inhabits.This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Evolution of pathogen and parasite avoidance behaviours'.
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Individuals displaying frequent repelling behavior are bitten by fewer flies.
“Studies suggest that individuals displaying frequent repelling behavior are bitten by fewer flies [122].”
From The Genomic Landscape of Cattle: Domestication, Dispersal, and Adaptive Evolution (2026) · cites this paper as [122]
Individuals exhibit increased fly-repelling behavior when biting fly density is high.
“Individuals exhibit increased fly-repelling behavior when biting fly density is high, such as ear twitching, head shaking, and tail swishing [122].”
From The Genomic Landscape of Cattle: Domestication, Dispersal, and Adaptive Evolution (2026) · cites this paper as [122]
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Parasites and their significance
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- Authors
- Hart, B. L., & Hart, L. A.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hart, Benjamin L.
- Venue
- Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences
- Publisher
- The Royal Society
- Published
- 2018-06-04
- Volume
- 373
- Issue
- 1751
- ISSN
- 0962-8436 (ISSN-L)
- 1471-2970
- PMC
- PMC6000140
- OpenAlex
- W2807255958
- Cited by
- 138
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 3
- FWCI
- 2.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Supported by the Center for Companion Animal Health University of California, Davis (2009-54-F/M)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Parasite Biology and Host Interactions
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Keywords
- parasite avoidance, pathogen avoidance, grooming, medicinal plants, biting flies, ticks, intestinal helminths, wound contamination, infectious diseases, host-parasite interactions, evolution of behavior
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Defecation, Biological Evolution, Feeding Behavior, Grooming, Host-Parasite Interactions, Mammals, Host-Pathogen Interactions
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