PreprintCited by 901SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Researchvaccines and immunoinformatics approachesAnimal Virus Infections Studies

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N-terminal domain antigenic mapping reveals a site of vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

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McCallum, Matthew, Marco, Anna De, Lempp, Florian, Tortorici, M. Alejandra, Pinto, Dora, Walls, Alexandra C., Beltramello, Martina, Chen, Alex, Liu, Zhuoming, Zatta, Fabrizia, Zepeda, Samantha, di Iulio, Julia, Bowen, John E., Montiel-Ruiz, Martin, Zhou, Jiayi, Rosen, Laura E., Bianchi, Siro, Guarino, Barbara, Fregni, Chiara Silacci, Abdelnabi, Rana, Caroline Foo, Shi-Yan, Rothlauf, Paul W., Bloyet, Louis-Marie, Benigni, Fabio, Cameroni, Elisabetta, Neyts, Johan, Riva, Agostino, Snell, Gyorgy, Telenti, Amalio, Whelan, Sean P.J., Virgin, Herbert W., Corti, Davide, Pizzuto, Matteo Samuele, Veesler, David·2021·Cell

DOI 10.1101/2021.01.14.426475PMC PMC7814825

Preprint — published as 10.1016/j.cell.2021.03.028 · Paper page

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Abstract

SARS-CoV-2 entry into host cells is orchestrated by the spike (S) glycoprotein that contains an immunodominant receptor-binding domain (RBD) targeted by the largest fraction of neutralizing antibodies (Abs) in COVID-19 patient plasma. Little is known about neutralizing Abs binding to epitopes outside the RBD and their contribution to protection. Here, we describe 41 human monoclonal Abs (mAbs) derived from memory B cells, which recognize the SARS-CoV-2 S N-terminal domain (NTD) and show that a subset of them neutralize SARS-CoV-2 ultrapotently. We define an antigenic map of the SARS-CoV-2 NTD and identify a supersite recognized by all known NTD-specific neutralizing mAbs. These mAbs inhibit cell-to-cell fusion, activate effector functions, and protect Syrian hamsters from SARS-CoV-2 challenge. SARS-CoV-2 variants, including the 501Y.V2 and B.1.1.7 lineages, harbor frequent mutations localized in the NTD supersite suggesting ongoing selective pressure and the importance of NTD-specific neutralizing mAbs to protective immunity.

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Antigenic minimalism of SARS-CoV-2 is linked to surges in COVID-19 community transmission and vaccine breakthrough infectionsPreprint
Venkatakrishnan, A., Anand, P., Lenehan, P. J., Ghosh, P., Suratekar, R., Siroha, A., Chowdhury, D. R., O’Horo, J. C., Yao, J. D. C., Pritt, B. S., et al. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-555451/v1 · Cited by 22
“Several of these regions overlap with the putative residues of the recently identified NTD antigenic supersite, and deletions within them can abrogate binding to neutralizing antibodies 13–15 .”
BackgroundInfluential
Characterisation of B.1.1.7 and Pangolin coronavirus spike provides insights on the evolutionary trajectory of SARS-CoV-2Preprint
Dicken, S. J., Murray, M. J., Thorne, L., Reuschl, A., Forrest, C., Ganeshalingham, M., Muir, L., Kalemera, M. D., Palor, M., McCoy, L. E., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.03.22.436468 · Cited by 30
“7 is particularly resistant (7, 40, 47), discussed below.”
BackgroundInfluential
Probing the biophysical constraints of SARS-CoV-2 spike N-terminal domain using deep mutational scanning
Ouyang, W. O., Tan, T. J. C., Lei, R.-P., et al. (2022) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.06.20.496903 · Cited by 29
Identification of cell lines CL-14, CL-40 and CAL-51 as suitable models for SARS-CoV-2 infection studies
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SARS-CoV-2 Virus−Host Interaction: Currently Available Structures and Implications of Variant Emergence on Infectivity and Immune Response
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Longitudinal single-cell analysis of SARS-CoV-2–reactive B cells uncovers persistence of early-formed, antigen-specific clones
Scharf, L., Axelsson, H., Emmanouilidi, A., Mathew, N. R., Sheward, D. J., Leach, S., Isakson, P., Smirnov, I. V., Marklund, E., Miron, N., et al. (2022) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.165299 · Cited by 29
Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in Spain during the First Two Years of the Pandemic: Circulating Variants, Amino Acid Conservation, and Genetic Variability in Structural, Non-Structural, and Accessory Proteins
Troyano-Hernáez, P., Reinosa, R., & Holguín, Á. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23126394 · Cited by 32
S glycoprotein diversity of the Omicron variantPreprint
Sarkar, R., Lo, M., Saha, R., Dutta, S., & Chawla‐Sarkar, M. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.12.04.21267284 · Cited by 26
“The RBD and NTD are two crucial domains of the S1 subunit that are responsible for interacting with host cell receptor (ACE2) and recognizing various attachment factors, respectively [3-9].”
BackgroundInfluential
Longitudinal analysis of SARS-CoV-2 spike and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase protein sequences reveals the emergence and geographic distribution of diverse mutations
Showers, W. M., Leach, S. M., Kechris, K. J., & Strong, M. (2021) · Infection Genetics and Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105153 · Cited by 35
Recent progress on the mutations of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and suggestions for prevention and controlling of the pandemic
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The Genetic Variant of SARS-CoV-2: Would it matter for Controlling the Devastating Pandemic?
Guo, S., Liu, K., & Zheng, J. (2021) · International Journal of Biological Sciences · doi:10.7150/ijbs.59137 · Cited by 46
Neutralizing Monoclonal Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies Isolated from Immunized Rabbits Define Novel Vulnerable Spike-Protein Epitope
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Jointly modeling deep mutational scans identifies shifted mutational effects among SARS-CoV-2 spike homologsPreprint
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“D142L is in one of multiple loops in the NTD that form an antigenic supersite (41) and help modulate the efficiency of spike-mediated cell entry (42).”
COVID-19 vaccines dampen genomic diversity of SARS-CoV-2: Unvaccinated patients exhibit more antigenic mutational variancePreprint
Niesen, M. J. M., Anand, P., Silvert, E., Suratekar, R., Pawlowski, C., Ghosh, P., Lenehan, P. J., Hughes, T. K., Zemmour, D., O’Horo, J. C., et al. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.07.01.21259833 · Cited by 29
Incorporation of SARS-CoV-2 spike NTD to RBD protein vaccine improves immunity against viral variants
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“Next, we investigated whether protection conferred from immunization with VAANZ-W_RRN correlated with the presence of NAbs.”
Glycan Masking of Epitopes in the NTD and RBD of the Spike Protein Elicits Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Against SARS-CoV-2 Variants
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Anti-SARS-CoV-1 and −2 nanobody engineering towards avidity-inspired therapeutics
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Uncovering a conserved vulnerability site in SARS‐CoV‐2 by a human antibody
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An update on lateral flow immunoassay for the rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies
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“In fact, NAbs are a subset of the total polyclonal response to the virus whose relevance has emerged for their strong correlation with the immune protection induced by vaccines [62,63].”
Background
Long-term systemic and mucosal SARS-CoV-2 IgA response and its association with persistent smell and taste disorders
Denis, J., Garnier, A., Cheutin, L., Ferrier, A., Timera, H., Jarjaval, F., Hejl, C. G., Billon-Denis, E., Percy ImmunoCovid group, Ricard, D., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1140714 · Cited by 22
The mechanisms of immune response and evasion by the main SARS-CoV-2 variants
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Vaccination with SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern protects mice from challenge with wild-type virus
Amanat, F., Strohmeier, S., Meade, P. S., Dambrauskas, N., Mühlemann, B., Smith, D. J., Vigdorovich, V. I., Sather, D. N., Coughlan, L., & Krammer, F. (2021) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3001384 · Cited by 20
The rapid adaptation of SARS-CoV-2–rise of the variants: transmission and resistance
Soh, S. M., Kim, Y., Kim, C., Jang, U. S., & Lee, H.-R. (2021) · The Journal of Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s12275-021-1348-5 · Cited by 39
Proteases and variants: context matters for SARS-CoV-2 entry assays
Stevens, C. S., Oguntuyo, K. Y., & Lee, B. (2021) · Current Opinion in Virology · doi:10.1016/j.coviro.2021.07.004 · Cited by 28
Zoonosis and zooanthroponosis of emerging respiratory viruses
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Immunogenicity of COVID-19 vaccines and their effect on HIV reservoir in older people with HIV
Matveev, V., Mihelic, E. Z., Benko, E., Budylowski, P., Grocott, S., Lee, T., Korosec, C. S., Colwill, K., Stephenson, H., Law, R., et al. (2023) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2023.107915 · Cited by 27
An inactivated NDV-HXP-S COVID-19 vaccine elicits a higher proportion of neutralizing antibodies in humans than mRNA vaccination
Carreño, J. M., Raskin, A. J., Singh, G., Tcheou, J., Kawabata, H., Gleason, C., Srivastava, K., Vigdorovich, V. I., Dambrauskas, N., Gupta, S. L., et al. (2023) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.abo2847 · Cited by 24
ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine elicits monoclonal antibodies with cross-neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 viral variants
Seow, J., Graham, C., Hallett, S. R., Lechmere, T., Maguire, T. J. A., Huettner, I., Cox, D., Khan, H., Pickering, S., Roberts, R., et al. (2022) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110757 · Cited by 18
“Furthermore, several non-overlapping neutralizing epitopes on NTD have been identiﬁed that are susceptible to sequence variation in this region (Cerutti et al., 2021; Graham et al., 2021; McCallum et al., 2021; Suryadevara et al., 2021).”
Influential
A phylogeny-based metric for estimating changes in transmissibility from recurrent mutations in SARS-CoV-2Preprint
Richard, D., Shaw, L. P., Lanfear, R., Corbett-Detig, R. B., Hinrichs, A. S., McBroome, J., Turakhia, Y., Acman, M., Owen, C. J., Tan, C. C. S., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.05.06.442903 · Cited by 20
Antibody-mediated immunity to SARS-CoV-2 spike
Errico, J. M., Adams, L. J., & Fremont, D. H. (2022) · Advances in immunology · doi:10.1016/bs.ai.2022.07.001 · Cited by 22
“A mildly neutralizing antibody targeting the RBD proximal side (site iv) also has been identified, namely C1791 (IC50 of 824ng/mL), which sits between the N61 and N234 linked glycans, similar to non-neutralizing mAb S2L20 (McCallum et al., 2021; Wang, Muecksch, et al., 2022) (Fig.”
Influential
Case Report: Post-COVID-19 Vaccine Recurrence of Guillain–Barré Syndrome Following an Antecedent Parainfectious COVID-19–Related GBS
Bellucci, M., Germano, F., Grisanti, S. G., Castellano, C., Tazza, F., Mobilia, E. M., Visigalli, D., Novi, G., Massa, F., Rossi, S., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.894872 · Cited by 19
“Outside the RBD, the N-terminal-domains (NTDs) of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein have been identified as supersites recognized by human NTD antibodies, some of which are able to neutralize SARS-CoV-2 ultrapotently (13).”
Background
Insights into the structural peculiarities of the N-terminal and receptor binding domains of the spike protein from the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant
Bayani, F., Hashkavaei, N. S., Uversky, V. N., Mozaffari‐Jovin, S., & Sefidbakht, Y. (2022) · Computers in Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105735 · Cited by 21
A Potent and Protective Human Neutralizing Antibody Against SARS-CoV-2 Variants
Shan, S., Mok, C. K., Zhang, S., Lan, J., Li, J., Yang, Z., Wang, R., Cheng, L., Fang, M., Aw, Z. Q., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.766821 · Cited by 21
Effective Prophylaxis of COVID-19 in Rhesus Macaques Using a Combination of Two Parenterally-Administered SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies
Beddingfield, B. J., Maness, N. J., Fears, A. C., Rappaport, J., Aye, P. P., Russell‐Lodrigue, K., Doyle‐Meyers, L. A., Blair, R. V., Carias, A. M., Madden, P. J., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2021.753444 · Cited by 15
RBD-mRNA vaccine induces broadly neutralizing antibodies against Omicron and multiple other variants and protects mice from SARS-CoV-2 challenge
Shi, J., Zheng, J. H., Zhang, X., Tai, W., Odle, A. E., Perlman, S. M., & Du, L. (2022) · Translational research · doi:10.1016/j.trsl.2022.04.007 · Cited by 18
A SARS-CoV-2 omicron (B.1.1.529) variant outbreak in a primary school in Geneva, Switzerland
Lorthe, E., Bellon, M., Berthelot, J., Michielin, G., L’Huillier, A. G., Posfay-Barbe, K. M., Azman, A. S., Guessous, I., Maerkl, S. J., Eckerle, I., et al. (2022) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00267-5 · Cited by 22
Rapid identification of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 variants by mRNA display
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“Of note, N-612-017 CDRH2 loop residues contact RBD positions frequently mutated among circulating variants (Deng et al., 2021; Kuzmina et al., 2021; McCallum et al., 2021a; Wang et al., 2021).”
Influential
SARS-CoV-2 spike conformation determines plasma neutralizing activityPreprint
Bowen, J. E., Walls, A. C., Joshi, A., Sprouse, K. R., Stewart, C., Tortorici, M. A., Franko, N., Logue, J. K., Mazzitelli, I. G., Tilles, S. W., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.12.19.473391 · Cited by 21
“…antibodies broadly neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 variants is reminiscent of recent reports describing broadly neutralizing sarbecovirus monoclonal antibodies isolated from infected subjects ( 12 – 14 , 16 , 18 , 64 – 67 ) and the rapid accumulations of mutations in the NTD ( 20 , 54 , 61 – 63 ).”
InfluentialSelf-citation
An overview of methods for the structural and functional mapping of epitopes recognized by anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies
Francino-Urdaniz, I. M., & Whitehead, T. A. (2021) · RSC Chemical Biology · doi:10.1039/d1cb00169h · Cited by 28
“34 Overall, X-ray crystallography has been a key technique in the study of SARS-CoV-2 epitopes as it was used to define individual conserved and non-conserved epitopes on the RBD and NTD of the SARS-CoV-2 S. Key limitations of this technique include the diﬃculty of the preparation of high…”
BackgroundMethod
SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Post-Translational Modification Landscape and Its Impact on Protein Structure and Function via Computational Prediction
Liang, B., Zhu, Y., Shi, W., Ni, C., Tan, B., & Tang, S. (2023) · Research · doi:10.34133/research.0078 · Cited by 17
“Apart from that, the confidence scores in NTD, HR2, TM, and CT areas are in range of 70 to 90, reflecting the immunologically important variation and other functions [35].”
Background
The Comparison of Mutational Progression in SARS-CoV-2: A Short Updated Overview
Asif, A., Ilyas, I., Abdullah, M., Sarfraz, S., Mustafa, M., & Mahmood, A. (2022) · Journal of Molecular Pathology · doi:10.3390/jmp3040018 · Cited by 20
“N969K (asparagine to lysine) not only induces reduced infectivity but is also reported to displace the HR2 (heptad repeat 2) backbone [18].”
Background
Defective ORF8 dimerization in SARS-CoV-2 delta variant leads to a better adaptive immune response due to abrogation of ORF8-MHC1 interaction
Chaudhari, A. M., Singh, I., Joshi, M. N., Patel, A. K., & Joshi, C. G. (2022) · Molecular Diversity · doi:10.1007/s11030-022-10405-9 · Cited by 20
“Recent reports suggest that NTD (N-Terminal Domain) is known to be supersite for antibody-mediated binding [10, 25, 33].”
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SARS-CoV-2 evolved during advanced HIV disease immunosuppression has Beta-like escape of vaccine and Delta infection elicited immunityPreprint
Cele, S., Karim, F., Lustig, G., et al. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.09.14.21263564 · Cited by 17
“Mutations associated with neutralization escape are mostly found in the receptor binding domain (RBD) of spike, although the N-terminal domain is also important (14, 15).”
Current scenario of COVID-19 vaccinations and immune response along with antibody titer in vaccinated inhabitants of different countries
Hussain, A., Rafeeq, H., Asif, H. M., Shabbir, S., Bilal, M., Mulla, S. I., Franco, M., & Iqbal, H. M. N. (2021) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108050 · Cited by 20
High Rate of Mutational Events in SARS-CoV-2 Genomes across Brazilian Geographical Regions, February 2020 to June 2021
de Souza, U. J. B., dos Santos, R. N., Campos, F. S., Lourenço, K. L., da Fonseca, F. G., Spilki, F. R., & Corona-ômica.BR/MCTI Network (2021) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v13091806 · Cited by 16
“…the moment, the world’s concern is focused in about four functionally well-defined variants, B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta), P.1 (Gamma) and B.1.617.2 (Delta) associated with viral fitness changes (Faria et al., 2021; Hodcroft, 2021; McCallum et al., 2021; Tang et al., 2021; Tegally et al., 2021).”
BackgroundInfluential
More Is Always Better Than One: The N-Terminal Domain of the Spike Protein as Another Emerging Target for Hampering the SARS-CoV-2 Attachment to Host Cells
Gaetano, S. D., Capasso, D., Delre, P., Pirone, L., Saviano, M., Pedone, E. M., & Mangiatordi, G. F. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22126462 · Cited by 19
Elicitation of broadly protective sarbecovirus immunity by receptor-binding domain nanoparticle vaccines
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Dominant clade‐featured SARS‐CoV‐2 co‐occurring mutations reveal plausible epistasis: An in silico based hypothetical model
Alam, A. S. M. R. U., Islam, O. K., Hasan, M. S., Islam, M. R., Mahmud, S., Al‐Emran, H. M., Jahid, I. K., Crandall, K. A., & Hossain, M. A. (2021) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.27416 · Cited by 24
“have probably no effect on the viral transmission, severity, and antibody escape due to its structural position; rather, super‐spreading founder events might be the reason behind its faster spreading.(17,111)”
Background
Deep mutagenesis scanning using whole trimeric SARS-CoV-2 spike highlights the importance of NTD-RBD interactions in determining spike phenotype
Kugathasan, R., Sukhova, K., Moshe, M., Kellam, P., & Barclay, W. (2023) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1011545 · Cited by 16
Network analysis uncovers the communication structure of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein identifying sites for immunogen design
Manrique, P. D., Chakraborty, S., Henderson, R. C., Edwards, R. J., Mansbach, R. A., Nguyen, K., Stalls, V., Saunders, C., Mansouri, K., Acharya, P., et al. (2022) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.105855 · Cited by 13
On the origin of Omicron's unique Spike gene insertion
Venkatakrishnan, A., Anand, P., Lenehan, P., et al. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.06.03.22275976 · Cited by 16
Emerging mutation patterns in SARS-CoV-2 variants
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A novel variant of interest of SARS-CoV-2 with multiple spike mutations detected through travel surveillance in AfricaPreprint
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Protective effect and molecular mechanisms of human non-neutralizing cross-reactive spike antibodies elicited by SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination
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Development of receptor binding domain-based double-antigen sandwich lateral flow immunoassay for the detection and evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody in clinical sera samples compared with the conventional virus neutralization test
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A pseudovirus system enables deep mutational scanning of the full SARS-CoV-2 spike
Dadonaite, B., Crawford, K. H., Radford, C. E., et al. (2022) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.10.13.512056 · Cited by 15
“This antibody targets an epitope outside the defined antigenic supersite in NTD and is one of the few NTD-targeting antibodies isolated pre-Omicron that still retains some potency against Omicron variants (Cerutti et al., 2021; Liu et al., 2022; McCallum et al., 2021).”

Authors: McCallum, M., Marco, A. D., Lempp, F., Tortorici, M. A., Pinto, D., Walls, A. C., Beltramello, M., Chen, A., Liu, Z., Zatta, F., Zepeda, S., di Iulio, J., Bowen, J. E., Montiel-Ruiz, M., Zhou, J., Rosen, L. E., Bianchi, S., Guarino, B., Fregni, C. S., Abdelnabi, R., Caroline Foo, S.-Y., Rothlauf, P. W., Bloyet, L.-M., Benigni, F., Cameroni, E., Neyts, J., Riva, A., Snell, G., Telenti, A., Whelan, S. P. J., Virgin, H. W., Corti, D., Pizzuto, M. S., & Veesler, D.
Affiliations: University of Washington (US)
Vir Biotechnology (Switzerland) (CH)
VIR Biotechnology (United States) (US)
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
Washington University in St. Louis (US)
Rega Institute for Medical Research (BE)
University of Milan (IT)
Corresponding author: Corti, Davide
Pizzuto, Matteo Samuele
Veesler, David
ORCID: McCallum, Matthew
Marco, Anna De
Lempp, Florian
Tortorici, M. Alejandra
Pinto, Dora
Walls, Alexandra C.
Beltramello, Martina
Chen, Alex
Liu, Zhuoming
Zatta, Fabrizia
Zepeda, Samantha
Bowen, John E.
Montiel-Ruiz, Martin
Zhou, Jiayi
Rosen, Laura E.
Bianchi, Siro
Guarino, Barbara
Abdelnabi, Rana
Rothlauf, Paul W.
Bloyet, Louis-Marie
Benigni, Fabio
Cameroni, Elisabetta
Neyts, Johan
Riva, Agostino
Snell, Gyorgy
Telenti, Amalio
Whelan, Sean P.J.
Virgin, Herbert W.
Corti, Davide
Pizzuto, Matteo Samuele
Veesler, David
Venue: Cell
Publisher: openRxiv
Published: 2021-01-14
Volume: 184
Issue: 9
Pages: 2332-2347.e16
ISSN: 0092-8674 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1101/2021.01.14.426475
PMC: PMC7814825
OpenAlex: W3136616180
Cited by: 901
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 38 · 2025: 64 · 2024: 92 · 2023: 154 · 2022: 270 · 2021: 269
FWCI: 62.32
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Cell (publishedVersion)
bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Lirias (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
PubMed Central (submittedVersion)
HAL (submittedVersion)
Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca (Universita Degli Studi Di Milano) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Lirias (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders: Burroughs Wellcome Fund
University of Washington
Fast Grants
National Institutes of Health (1s10od023476-01)
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (HHSN272201700059C)
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM120553, T32GM008268)
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (HHSN272201700059C, DP1AI158186)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › vaccines and immunoinformatics approaches
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Virus Infections Studies
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, spike protein, N-terminal domain, neutralizing antibodies, monoclonal antibodies, antigenic mapping, receptor binding domain, SARS-CoV-2 variants, Alpha variant, Beta variant, P.1 lineage, vaccine design

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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N-terminal domain antigenic mapping reveals a site of vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks