The nucleolus
Open accessAbstract
When cells are observed by phase contrast microscopy, nucleoli are among the most conspicuous structures. The nucleolus was formally described between 1835 and 1839, but it was another century before it was discovered to be associated with a specific chromosomal locus, thus defining it as a cytogenetic entity. Nucleoli were first isolated in the 1950s, from starfish oocytes. Then, in the early 1960s, a boomlet of studies led to one of the epochal discoveries in the modern era of genetics and cell biology: that the nucleolus is the site of ribosomal RNA synthesis and nascent ribosome assembly. This epistemologically repositioned the nucleolus as not merely an aspect of nuclear anatomy but rather as a cytological manifestation of gene action-a major heuristic advance. Indeed, the finding that the nucleolus is the seat of ribosome production constitutes one of the most vivid confluences of form and function in the history of cell biology. This account presents the nucleolus in both historical and contemporary perspectives. The modern era has brought the unanticipated discovery that the nucleolus is plurifunctional, constituting a paradigm shift.
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Multiplexed immunofluorescence and FISH can visualize whether the entire nucleolar assembly line is expanding or a specific sub-compartment is bottlenecked.
“By simultaneously tagging Pol I (initiation), fibrillarin (processing in the DFC), and nucleophosmin (assembly in the GC), researchers can visualize whether the entire nucleolar assembly line is expanding or if a specific sub-compartment is bottlenecked [79,80].”
From Ribosome Biogenesis as a Putative Bottleneck to Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy: Mechanisms, Human Evidence, and Practical Modulators (2026) · cites this paper as [79]
In “A QUADRIPARTITE NUCLEOLUS, OR MORE?” (page unavailable), the paper reports dual-color in situ hybridization that revealed distinct RNA distributions within the granular component. It also identifies fibrillarin as an rRNA-modifying enzyme in the dense fibrillar component. Our copy does not describe simultaneous Pol I, fibrillarin, and nucleophosmin tagging or establish that such imaging can distinguish overall expansion from a sub-compartment bottleneck. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredRigorous optimization for human muscle tissue autofluorescence mitigation and the high technological barrier of super-resolution platforms create significant infrastructural limitations, leaving the literature fragmented.
“However, the rigorous optimization required for human muscle tissue autofluorescence mitigation, combined with the high technological barrier of super-resolution platforms, creates significant infrastructural limitations, leaving the literature fragmented [78,79].”
From Ribosome Biogenesis as a Putative Bottleneck to Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy: Mechanisms, Human Evidence, and Practical Modulators (2026) · cites this paper as [79]
The passages in “The Nucleolus Is Neither as Static nor as Compact as First Thought” discuss fluorescence methods for studying nucleolar proteins, not autofluorescence mitigation in human muscle tissue. A search for super-resolution platforms and technological barriers likewise found no passage addressing infrastructural limitations or a fragmented literature. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)
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Nucleolus: Structure and Function
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Protein Mobility within the Nucleus—What Are the Right Moves?
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Self-citationPotential Roles for Ubiquitin and the Proteasome during Ribosome Biogenesis
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Photoactivation-Based Labeling and In Vivo Tracking of RNA Molecules in the NucleusPreprint
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Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
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Sorted by citations
Higher-Order Inter-chromosomal Hubs Shape 3D Genome Organization in the Nucleus
Quinodoz, S. A., Ollikainen, N., Tabak, B., Palla, A., Schmidt, J. M., Detmar, E., Lai, M. M., Shishkin, A. A., Bhat, P., Takei, Y., et al. (2018) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.05.024 · Cited by 892 · see citing works
Long-Range Chromatin Interactions
Dekker, J., & Misteli, T. (2015) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a019356 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
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Transgenerational dynamics of rDNA copy number in drosophila male germline stem cells
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Tau liquid–liquid phase separation: At the crossroads of tau physiology and tauopathy
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Early nucleolar disorganization in Dictyostelium cell death
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“By simultaneously tagging Pol I (initiation), fib-rillarin (processing in the DFC), and nucleophosmin (assembly in the GC), researchers can visualize whether the entire nucleolar assembly line is expanding or if a specific sub-compartment is bottlenecked [79,80].”
- Authors
- Pederson, T.
- Affiliations
- University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School (US)
- Corresponding author
- Pederson, T.
- ORCID
- Pederson, T.
- Venue
- Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
- Publisher
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
- Published
- 2010-11-24
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- a000638-a000638
- ISSN
- 1943-0264 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3039934
- OpenAlex
- W4231439871
- Cited by
- 455
- References
- 114
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 7
- Type
- posted content
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (0445841)
- National Institutes of Health (5r01gm021595-25)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM060551, R01 GM-60551, R01 GM-21595)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Nuclear Structure and Function
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
- Keywords
- nucleolus, history of cell biology, ribosomal RNA synthesis, ribosome assembly
- MeSH terms
- Cell Cycle, Cell Nucleolus, Cell Biology, RNA, Messenger, RNA, Ribosomal, Virus Replication, Signal Recognition Particle, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century
About these checks
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