De novo assembly of human genomes with massively parallel short read sequencing
Open accessAbstract
Next-generation massively parallel DNA sequencing technologies provide ultrahigh throughput at a substantially lower unit data cost; however, the data are very short read length sequences, making de novo assembly extremely challenging. Here, we describe a novel method for de novo assembly of large genomes from short read sequences. We successfully assembled both the Asian and African human genome sequences, achieving an N50 contig size of 7.4 and 5.9 kilobases (kb) and scaffold of 446.3 and 61.9 kb, respectively. The development of this de novo short read assembly method creates new opportunities for building reference sequences and carrying out accurate analyses of unexplored genomes in a cost-effective way.
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NGS is a powerful and cost-efficient tool for advanced research in many areas, including de novo transcriptome sequencing for non-model organisms.
“The newly developed high throughput sequencing technology, i.e. Next Generation Sequencing (NGS), including the Roche/454 Genome Sequencer FLX Instrument, the ABI SOLiD System, and the Illumina Genome Analyser, is a powerful and cost-efficient tool for advanced research in many areas, including re-sequencing, microRNA expression profiling, DNA methylation, especially de novo transcriptome”
From De novo assembly and characterization of root transcriptome using Illumina paired-end sequencing and development of cSSR markers in sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) (2010) · cites this paper as [16]
The Abstract describes next-generation sequencing as high-throughput and substantially cheaper per unit of data, and discusses its use in resequencing. The Discussion says large-scale transcriptome assembly is possible in principle but remains a practical challenge; it does not establish de novo transcriptome sequencing for non-model organisms as a demonstrated application. The passages also do not support the listed microRNA-profiling or DNA-methylation applications. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOver the last two years, Illumina transcriptome or whole genome de novo sequencing and assembly have been successfully used for model and non-model organisms.
“Over the last two years, with the further confirmation that the relatively short reads can be effectively assembled [15], especially with the great advantage of paired-end sequencing [54], the Illumina transcriptome or whole genome de novo sequencing and assembly have been successfully used for model [12,16,55-58]and non-model organisms [25-27,59].”
The final assembly output was also much better than the recent study on sweet potato root transcriptome, which was assembled with the SOAPdenovo software.
“The final assembly output was also much better than the recent study on sweet potato root transcriptome, which was assembled with the SOAPdenovo software [53].”
From Digital Gene Expression Analysis Based on Integrated De Novo Transcriptome Assembly of Sweet Potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] (2012) · cites this paper as [53]
Gene 1465 of Bacteroides ovatus encoded HsdR family type I site-specific deoxyribonuclease, which can digest DNA to produce monodeoxynucleotides.
“gene 1465 of Bacteroides ovatus encoded HsdR family type I site-specific deoxyribonuclease, which can digest DNA to produce monodeoxynucleotides.31”
From Gut microbiota drives structural variation of exogenous probiotics to enhance colonization (2025) · cites this paper as [31]
The Abstract describes de novo assembly of human genomes, and the section on structural differences discusses insertions and deletions. Searches of our copy for Bacteroides ovatus, gene 1465, HsdR, and monodeoxynucleotides found no passage addressing the claimed gene or enzyme activity. (LLM, conf=0.77)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Cites
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MethodSelf-citationSOAP2: an improved ultrafast tool for short read alignment
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MethodInfluentialSelf-citationABySS: A parallel assembler for short read sequence dataPreprint
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“Currently, using the Illumina GA sequencing technology and our short read as-sembler presented here, we have sequenced and assembled nearly a dozen plant and animal genomes, including the panda (Li et al. 2009d), duck, potato, cucumber (Huang et al. 2009), watermelon, and others.”
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“SOAPdenovo reported 182 contigs ( > 100 bp in length), with mean size of 25 kb and N50 size of 89 kb, and only five incorrect contigs, which indicated both longer contig size and assembly accuracy than the others.”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationMapping and sequencing of structural variation from eight human genomes
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Self-citationThe diploid genome sequence of an Asian individual
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Self-citationALLPATHS: de novo assembly of whole-genome shotgun microreads.Preprint
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“A few short read assemblers, including Velvet (Zerbino and Birney 2008), ALLPATHS (Butler et al. 2008), and EULER-SR (Chaisson and Pevzner 2008), have adopted this algorithm, explicitly or implicitly, and have been implemented and shown very promising performances.”
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“The development and commercialization of next-generation massively parallel DNA sequencing technologies, including Illumina Genome Analyzer (GA) (Bentley 2006), Applied Biosystems SOLiD System, and Helicos BioSciences HeliScope (Harris et al. 2008), have revolutionized genomic research.”
MethodSingle-Molecule DNA Sequencing of a Viral Genome
Harris, T. D., Buzby, P. R., Babcock, H. P., Beer, E., Bowers, J., Braslavsky, I., Causey, M., Colonell, J. I., Dimeo, J. J., Efcavitch, J. W., et al. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1150427 · Cited by 692 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The development and commercialization of next-generation massively parallel DNA sequencing technologies, including Illumina Genome Analyzer (GA) (Bentley 2006), Applied Biosystems SOLiD System, and Helicos BioSciences HeliScope (Harris et al. 2008), have revolutionized genomic research.”
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“…size of E. coli library (SRX000429); the other assemblers, including ABySS (Simpson et al. 2009), Velvet (Zerbino and Birney 2008), EULER-SR (Chaisson and Pevzner 2008), SSAKE (Warren et al. 2007), and Edena (Hernandez et al. 2008), have been evaluated using this data set (Simpson et al. 2009).”
MethodInfluentialHigh-Throughput Gene Mapping in Caenorhabditis elegansPreprint
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“A few short read assemblers, including Velvet (Zerbino and Birney 2008), ALLPATHS (Butler et al. 2008), and EULER-SR (Chaisson and Pevzner 2008), have adopted this algorithm, explicitly or implicitly, and have been implemented and shown very promising performances.”
MethodInfluentialPCAP: A Whole-Genome Assembly ProgramPreprint
Huang, X., Wang, J., Aluru, S., Yang, S., & Hillier, L. (2003) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.1390403 · Cited by 289 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Several programs, such as phrap (http://www.phrap.org), Celera assembler (Myers et al. 2000), ARACHNE (Batzoglou et al. 2002), Phusion (Mullikin and Ning 2003), RePS (Wang et al. 2002), PCAP (Huang et al. 2003), and Atlas (Havlak et al. 2004), have been successfully used for de novo assembly of whole-genome shotgun (W…”
MethodSelf-citationSHARCGS, a fast and highly accurate short-read assembly algorithm for de novo genomic sequencingPreprint
Dohm, J., Lottaz, C., Borodina, T., & Himmelbauer, H. (2007) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.6435207 · Cited by 281 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Some other short read assemblers have applied the overlap and extension strategy, such as SSAKE (Warren et al. 2007), VCAKE (Jeck et al. 2007) (the follower of SSAKE which can handle sequencing errors), SHARCGS (Dohm et al. 2007), and Edena (Hernandez et al. 2008).”
MethodExtending assembly of short DNA sequences to handle error
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SPAdes: A New Genome Assembly Algorithm and Its Applications to Single-Cell Sequencing
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Comprehensive Integration of Single-Cell Data
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“UsingSOAPdenovo 19 ,adeBruijngraph-basedtoolspecially designed for assembling very short reads, we performed de novo assembly for all of the Illumina GA sequence data.”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationSOAPdenovo2: an empirically improved memory-efficient short-read de novo assembler
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“The previous assembly was done using SOAPdenovo1 [3], but in addition it was also limited by the very short read lengths (~35 bp) that were the standard output of Illumina Genome Analyzers (GAIIx) at that time and by the insert sizes available (maximum size is 10 kb).”
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“To speed up the process, an error correction step is conducted to correct reads of high-depth regions that can be aligned to highconfident contigs.”
MethodAlterations of the human gut microbiome in liver cirrhosis
Qin, N., Yang, F., Li, A., Prifti, E., Chen, Y., Shao, L., Guo, J., Le Chatelier, E., Yao, J., Wu, L., et al. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature13568 · Cited by 2,177 · see citing works
An integrated catalog of reference genes in the human gut microbiome
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Self-citationThe oyster genome reveals stress adaptation and complexity of shell formation
Zhang, G., Fang, X., Guo, X., Li, L., Luo, R., Xu, F., Yang, P., Zhang, L., Wang, X., Qi, H., et al. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11413 · Cited by 2,241 · see citing works
Self-citationThe genome of the mesopolyploid crop species Brassica rapa
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Self-citationGenome sequence and analysis of the tuber crop potato
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Self-citationDe novo assembly of bacterial transcriptomes from RNA-seq data
Tjaden, B. C. (2015) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-014-0572-2 · Cited by 1,695 · see citing works
“In order to evaluate Rockhopper 2 ’ s performance, we compared it with two leading de novo transcriptome as-semblers: Trinity version trinityrnaseq_r20140413p1 [8,25] and SOAPdenovo2 version 2.04 [10,26].”
ResultInfluentialHigh-quality draft assemblies of mammalian genomes from massively parallel sequence data
Gnerre, S., MacCallum, I., Przybylski, D., Ribeiro, F. J., Burton, J. N., Walker, B. J., Sharpe, T., Hall, G., Shea, T., Sykes, S. M., et al. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1017351108 · Cited by 1,510 · see citing works
“For example, the human scaffolds are >25 times longer than those in recently published assemblies using data from Illumina and 454 sequencing (12, 24).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialChromosome-scale scaffolding of de novo genome assemblies based on chromatin interactions
Burton, J. N., Adey, A., Patwardhan, R. P., Qiu, R., Kitzman, J. O., & Shendure, J. (2013) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.2727 · Cited by 1,470 · see citing works
“For example, the human genome was assembled with 40 gigabases (Gb) of Sanger sequencing, but de novo assemblies of short reads relying on five to tenfold more sequence are highly fragmented relative to the finished chromosomes of the H. sapiens reference build 6,7 .”
BackgroundZimin, A. V., Marçais, G., Puiu, D., Roberts, M., Salzberg, S. L., & Yorke, J. A. (2013) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btt476 · Cited by 1,421 · see citing works
“…many reads as Sanger-sequencing projects; e.g. the original human (Lander et al., 2001; Venter et al., 2001) and mouse (Mouse Genome Sequencing Consortium et al., 2002) projects generated $35 million reads each, whereas recent human sequencing projects (Li et al., 2010) generated 3–4 billion reads.”
BackgroundPhylotranscriptomic analysis of the origin and early diversification of land plants
Wickett, N. J., Mirarab, S., Nguyen, N., Warnow, T., Carpenter, E., Matasci, N., Ayyampalayam, S., Barker, M. S., Burleigh, J. G., Gitzendanner, M. A., et al. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1323926111 · Cited by 1,252 · see citing works
“RNA-Seq reads were assembled using SOAPdenovo v1 (111).”
MethodSelf-citationFunctional overlap of the Arabidopsis leaf and root microbiota
Bai, Y., Müller, D. B., Srinivas, G., Garrido‐Oter, R., Potthoff, E., Rott, M., Dombrowski, N., Münch, P. C., Spaepen, S., Remus‐Emsermann, M. N. P., et al. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature16192 · Cited by 1,322 · see citing works
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Self-citationAssembling Single-Cell Genomes and Mini-Metagenomes From Chimeric MDA Products
Nurk, S., Bankevich, A., Antipov, D., Gurevich, A. A., Korobeynikov, A., Lapidus, A. L., Prjibelski, A. D., Pyshkin, A., Sirotkin, A., Sirotkin, Y., et al. (2013) · Journal of Computational Biology · doi:10.1089/cmb.2013.0084 · Cited by 1,332 · see citing works
“In particular, we show that it improves on A5 (Tritt et al., 2012), ABySS ASSEMBLING SINGLE CELL GENOMES AND MINI-METAGENOMES (Simpson et al., 2009), CLC, 1 EULER-SR (Chaisson et al., 2009), Ray (Boisvert et al., 2010), SOAPde-novo (Li et al., 2010), and Velvet (Zerbino and Birney, 2008) in multicell bacterial assembl…”
The sequence and de novo assembly of the giant panda genome
Li, R., Fan, W., Tian, G., Zhu, H., He, L., Cai, J., Huang, Q., Cai, Q., Li, B., Bai, Y., et al. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08696 · Cited by 1,180 · see citing works
Self-citationAssembly algorithms for next-generation sequencing data
Miller, J. R., Koren, S., & Sutton, G. G. (2010) · Genomics · doi:10.1016/j.ygeno.2010.03.001 · Cited by 1,156 · see citing works
“The SOAPdenovo program [59] generated high-quality mammalian genome sequences from billions of Solexa reads of length 75 bp and less [60,61].”
Li, F., Fan, G., Lu, C., Xiao, G., Zou, C., Kohel, R. J., Ma, Z., Shāng, H., Ma, X., Wu, J., et al. (2015) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.3208 · Cited by 1,114 · see citing works
Self-citationDNA sequencing at 40: past, present and future
Shendure, J., Balasubramanian, S., Church, G. M., Gilbert, W., Rogers, J., Schloss, J. A., & Waterston, R. (2017) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature24286 · Cited by 1,084 · see citing works
Comparative genomics reveals insights into avian genome evolution and adaptation
Zhang, G., Li, C., Li, Q., Li, B., Larkin, D. M., Lee, C., Storz, J. F., Antunes, A., Greenwold, M. J., Meredith, R. W., et al. (2014) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1251385 · Cited by 1,055 · see citing works
Self-citationEfficient de novo assembly of highly heterozygous genomes from whole-genome shotgun short reads
Kajitani, R., Toshimoto, K., Noguchi, H., Toyoda, A., Ogura, Y., Okuno, M., Yabana, M., Harada, M., Nagayasu, E., Maruyama, H., et al. (2014) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.170720.113 · Cited by 1,017 · see citing works
Hybrid error correction and de novo assembly of single-molecule sequencing reads
Koren, S., Schatz, M. C., Walenz, B. P., Martin, J. V., Howard, J. T., Ganapathy, G., Wang, Z., Rasko, D. A., McCombie, W. R., Jarvis, E. D., et al. (2012) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.2280 · Cited by 993 · see citing works
“The baseline SOAPdenovo assembly (purple star) represents an assembly of 50× of real 76-bp Illumina paired-end (300 bp) reads from S. cerevisiae S228c.”
MethodThe draft genome of a diploid cotton Gossypium raimondii
Wang, K., Wang, Z., Li, F., Ye, W., Wang, J., Song, G., Yue, Z., Cong, L., Shāng, H., Zou, C., et al. (2012) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.2371 · Cited by 1,010 · see citing works
Self-citationThe draft genome of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis)
Xu, Q., Chen, L.-L., Ruan, X., Chen, D., Zhu, A., Chen, C., Bertrand, D., Jiao, W., Hao, B., Lyon, M. T., et al. (2012) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.2472 · Cited by 1,011 · see citing works
SOAPdenovo-Trans: de novo transcriptome assembly with short RNA-Seq reads
Xie, Y., Wu, G., Tang, J., Luo, R., Patterson, J., Liu, S., Huang, W., He, G., Gu, S., Li, S., et al. (2014) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btu077 · Cited by 979 · see citing works
Self-citationBertioli, D. J., Cannon, S. B., Froenicke, L., Huang, G., Farmer, A. D., Cannon, E. K. S., Liu, X., Gao, D., Clevenger, J. P., Dash, S., et al. (2016) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.3517 · Cited by 965 · see citing works
A window into third-generation sequencing
Schadt, E. E., Turner, S., & Kasarskis, A. (2010) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddq416 · Cited by 960 · see citing works
“genome repeat structure) to enhance assembly (53).”
A survey of sequence alignment algorithms for next-generation sequencing
Li, H., & Homer, N. (2010) · Briefings in Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bib/bbq015 · Cited by 875 · see citing works
“Given a query AGC, for example, the path matching the query is [0, 6]! [3, 3]![5, 5]![1, 1].”
BackgroundMethodSequencing technologies and genome sequencing
Pareek, C. S., Smoczynski, R., & Tretyn, A. (2011) · Journal of Applied Genetics · doi:10.1007/s13353-011-0057-x · Cited by 868 · see citing works
“It is now possible to assemble de novo a large genome, a good example can be derived from the recent genome assembly of the giant panda (Li et al. 2010b) which utilized the only short reads provided by next-generation DNA sequencing.”
BackgroundMind the Gap: Upgrading Genomes with Pacific Biosciences RS Long-Read Sequencing Technology
English, A. C., Richards, S., Han, Y., Wang, M., Vee, V., Qu, J., Qin, X., Muzny, D. M., Reid, J. G., Worley, K. C., et al. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0047768 · Cited by 868 · see citing works
“Second-generation genome assemblies have been based on shorter read, massively parallel sequencing technologies and De Bruijn graph assembly techniques [12–15] Depending on the dataset quality, polymorphism, and repetitiveness of the target genome, both approaches generate draft genomes with contig N50 sizes ranging f…”
Draft genome sequence of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan), an orphan legume crop of resource-poor farmers
Varshney, R. K., Chen, W., Li, Y., Bharti, A. K., Saxena, R. K., Schlueter, J. A., Donoghue, M. T. A., Azam, S., Fan, G., Whaley, A. M., et al. (2011) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.2022 · Cited by 875 · see citing works
Self-citationGenome sequence of the cultivated cotton Gossypium arboreum
Li, F., Fan, G., Wang, K., Sun, F., Yuán, Y., Song, G., Qin, L., Ma, Z., Lu, C., Zou, C., et al. (2014) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.2987 · Cited by 870 · see citing works
“5e ; see Supplementary Table 17 for primer sequences), we found that fiber-specific upregulation of ACO expression, as in the case of G. hirsutum , seems to be required for normal fiber growth.”
InfluentialSelf-citationGuo, J., Li, J., Chen, H., Bond, P. L., & Yuan, Z. (2017) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2017.07.002 · Cited by 862 · see citing works
“L 90 -u) (Li et al., 2010).”
Xu, X., Liu, X., Ge, S., Jensen, J. D., Hu, F., Li, X., Dong, Y., Gutenkunst, R. N., Fang, L., Huang, L., et al. (2011) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.2050 · Cited by 836 · see citing works
“23, 578–587 (2007). 2.”
Self-citationChen, S., Zhang, G., Shao, C., Huang, Q., Liu, G., Zhang, P., Song, W., An, N., Chalopin, D., Volff, J., et al. (2014) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.2890 · Cited by 811 · see citing works
“We next assembled reads to contigs and scaffolds to build the male and female genomes using SOAPdenovo ( Supplementary Tables 2 and 3 ) 58 .”
Self-citationThe draft genome of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) and resequencing of 20 diverse accessions
Guo, S., Zhang, J., Sun, H., Salse, J., Lucas, W. J., Zhang, H., Zheng, Y., Mao, L., Ren, Y., Wang, Z., et al. (2012) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.2470 · Cited by 810 · see citing works
Self-citationQin, C., Yu, C., Shen, Y., Fang, X., Chen, L., Min, J., Cheng, J., Zhao, S., Xu, M., Luo, Y., et al. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1400975111 · Cited by 798 · see citing works
“Pair-end information was used sequentially in assembler SOAPdenovo (14) to generate scaffolds comprising 3.48- and 3.35-Gb scaffolds with N50 lengths of 1.23 Mb and 445 kb, respectively (Table 1 and SI Appendix, Table S4).”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationZhang, G., Liu, X., Quan, Z., Cheng, S., Xu, X., Pan, S., Xie, M., Zeng, P., Yue, Z., Wang, W., et al. (2012) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.2195 · Cited by 796 · see citing works
Self-citationThe genomic sequence of the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-K1 cell line
Xu, X., Nagarajan, H., Lewis, N. E., Pan, S., Cai, Z., Liu, X., Chen, W., Xie, M., Wang, W., Hammond, S., et al. (2011) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.1932 · Cited by 785 · see citing works
Self-citationEfficient de novo assembly of large genomes using compressed data structuresPreprint
Simpson, J. T., & Durbin, R. M. (2011) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.126953.111 · Cited by 767 · see citing works
“Currently available assemblers require either a single computer with very large amounts of memory—typically in the hundreds of gigabytes (Li et al. 2010b; Gnerre et al. 2011)—or a large distributed cluster of tightly coupled computers (Simpson et al. 2009; Boisvert et al. 2010).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialNurk, S., Walenz, B. P., Rhie, A., Vollger, M. R., Logsdon, G. A., Grothe, R., Miga, K. H., Eichler, E. E., Phillippy, A. M., & Koren, S. (2020) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.263566.120 · Cited by 709 · see citing works
“This pipeline alignsreads usingminimap2 (Li 2018) and parsesthe SAM (Li et al. 2009) format to generate summary statistics.”
MethodDraft genome of the wheat A-genome progenitor Triticum urartu
Ling, H., Zhao, S., Liu, D., Wang, J., Sun, H., Zhang, C., 范华杰, Dong, L., Dong, L., Gao, C., et al. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11997 · Cited by 736 · see citing works
Self-citationLimitations of next-generation genome sequence assembly
Alkan, C., Sajjadian, S., & Eichler, E. E. (2010) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.1527 · Cited by 735 · see citing works
Insights from 20 years of bacterial genome sequencing
Land, M., Hauser, L., Jun, S., Nookaew, I., Leuze, M. R., Ahn, T.-H., Karpinets, T. V., Lund, O., Kora, G., Wassenaar, T. M., et al. (2015) · Functional & Integrative Genomics · doi:10.1007/s10142-015-0433-4 · Cited by 717 · see citing works
“Another approach within an alignment-free category for whole genome and proteome comparison was proposed by Jun and colleagues (Li et al. 2010).”
BackgroundAegilops tauschii draft genome sequence reveals a gene repertoire for wheat adaptation
Jia, J., Zhao, S., Kong, X., Li, Y., Zhao, G., He, W., Appels, R., Pfeifer, M., Tao, Y., Zhang, X., et al. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12028 · Cited by 725 · see citing works
Self-citationDe novo assembly of soybean wild relatives for pan-genome analysis of diversity and agronomic traits
Li, Y., Zhou, G., Ma, J., Jiang, W., Jin, L., Zhang, Z., Guo, Y., Zhang, J., Sui, Y., Zheng, L., et al. (2014) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.2979 · Cited by 703 · see citing works
Self-citationPoretsky, R., Rodriguez-R, L. M., Luo, C., Tsementzi, D., & Konstantinidis, K. T. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0093827 · Cited by 684 · see citing works
“The reads were assembled into contigs as described previously [29]; Table S4 in File S1 using the SOAPdenovo [33] and Velvet [34] prefollowed by assembly into longer contigs with Newbler 2.”
MethodFisher, S., Barry, A. J., Abreu, J., Minie, B., Nolan, J., Delorey, T. M., Young, G., Fennell, T. J., Allen, A., Ambrogio, L., et al. (2011) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/gb-2011-12-1-r1 · Cited by 683 · see citing works
“As a result, it has recently become feasible to sequence nontrivial numbers of whole human genomes [3,5-10].”
BackgroundGAGE: A critical evaluation of genome assemblies and assembly algorithmsPreprint
Salzberg, S. L., Phillippy, A. M., Zimin, A. V., Puiu, D., Magoč, T., Koren, S., Treangen, T. J., Schatz, M. C., Delcher, A. L., Roberts, M., et al. (2011) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.131383.111 · Cited by 680 · see citing works
Assembling Genomes and Mini-metagenomes from Highly Chimeric Reads
Nurk, S., Bankevich, A., Antipov, D., Gurevich, A. A., Korobeynikov, A., Lapidus, A. L., Prjibelsky, A., Pyshkin, A., Sirotkin, A., Sirotkin, Y., et al. (2013) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-37195-0_13 · Cited by 679 · see citing works
“) In particular, we show that it improves on A5 [13], ABySS [14], CLC, EULER-SR [15], Ray [16], SOAPdenovo [17]), and Velvet [18] in multicell bacterial assemblies.”
BackgroundNamiki, T., Hachiya, T., Tanaka, H. L., & Sakakibara, Y. (2012) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gks678 · Cited by 677 · see citing works
How to apply de Bruijn graphs to genome assembly
Compeau, P. E. C., Pevzner, P. A., & Tesler, G. (2011) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.2023 · Cited by 673 · see citing works
“An approach for removing bulges from de Bruijn graphs was outlined 19 in 2004 and, with some variations, is used in most existing NGS assemblers (EULER-SR 20 , Velvet 21 , ALLPATHS 22 , ABySS 23 , SOAPdenovo 24 ).”
MethodGenome sequence and genetic diversity of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio
Xu, P., Zhang, X., Wang, X., Li, J.-T., Liu, G., Kuang, Y., Xu, J. H., Zheng, X., Ren, L., Wang, G., et al. (2014) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.3098 · Cited by 661 · see citing works
Self-citationFrancioli, L. C., Menelaou, A., Pulit, S. L., Elbers, C. C., Kloosterman, W. P., van Setten, J., Nijman, I. J., Renkens, I., de Bakker, P. I. W., van Dijk, F., et al. (2014) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.3021 · Cited by 642 · see citing works
Self-citationThe coffee genome provides insight into the convergent evolution of caffeine biosynthesis
Denœud, F., Carretero‐Paulet, L., Dereeper, A., Droc, G., Guyot, R., Pietrella, M., Zheng, C., Alberti, A., Anthony, F., Aprea, G., et al. (2014) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1255274 · Cited by 641 · see citing works
Genome mapping on nanochannel arrays for structural variation analysis and sequence assembly
Lam, E. T., Hastie, A. R., Lin, C. J., Ehrlich, D., Das, S. K., Austin, M. D., Deshpande, P., Cao, H., Nagarajan, N., Xiao, M., et al. (2012) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.2303 · Cited by 650 · see citing works
Multiple reference genomes and transcriptomes for Arabidopsis thaliana
Gan, X., Stegle, O., Behr, J., Steffen, J. G., Drewe, P., Hildebrand, K. L., Lyngsø, R. B., Schultheiß, S. J., Osborne, E. J., Sreedharan, V. T., et al. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature10414 · Cited by 644 · see citing works
The tobacco genome sequence and its comparison with those of tomato and potato
Sierro, N., Battey, J. N. D., Ouadi, S., Bakaher, N., Bovet, L., Willig, A., Goepfert, S., Peitsch, M. C., & Ivanov, N. V. (2014) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms4833 · Cited by 631 · see citing works
De novo assembly and genotyping of variants using colored de Bruijn graphs
Iqbal, Z., Cáccamo, M., Turner, I., Flicek, P., & McVean, G. (2012) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.1028 · Cited by 695 · see citing works
“De Bruijn graphs, which represent overlap information in a set of DNA sequences, are widely used in genome assembly and underlie many popular algorithms, including AllPaths-LG 31 , SOAPdenovo 32 , Abyss 39 and Velvet 30,40 .”
BackgroundA beginner's guide to eukaryotic genome annotation
Yandell, M. D., & Ence, D. (2012) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg3174 · Cited by 626 · see citing works
“They can be assembled de novo — that is, independently of the genome — using tools such as ABySS 48 , SOAPdenovo 49 and Trinity 50 ; the resulting transcripts are then realigned to the genome in the same way as ESTs. Alternatively, the RNA-seq data can be directly aligned to the genome using tools…”
MethodFastUniq: A Fast De Novo Duplicates Removal Tool for Paired Short Reads
Xu, H., Luo, X., Qian, J., Pang, X., Song, J., Qian, G., Chen, J., & Chen, S. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052249 · Cited by 602 · see citing works
“In general, a 64 GB memory is a minimum requirement for subsequent large-scale data analysis using popular tools such as Velvet [31], SOAPdenovo [32], ALLPATHS-LG [33] and so on.”
MethodWebMGA: a customizable web server for fast metagenomic sequence analysis
Wu, S., Zhu, Z., Fu, L., Niu, B., & Li, W. (2011) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/1471-2164-12-444 · Cited by 612 · see citing works
“…these problems, many meth-ods have been developed such as taxonomy binning [9-11], use of simulated datasets [12], diversity analysis [13], ORF calling [14,15], rRNA prediction [16], sequence clustering [17-20], assembly [21], statistical comparison [22], fragment recruitment [1,8,23] and so on.”
MethodComparative Analysis of Bat Genomes Provides Insight into the Evolution of Flight and Immunity
Zhang, G., Cowled, C. J., Shi, Z., Huang, Z., Bishop‐Lilly, K. A., Fang, X., Wynne, J. W., Xiong, Z., Baker, M. L., Zhao, W., et al. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1230835 · Cited by 598 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Monarch Butterfly Genome Yields Insights into Long-Distance Migration
Zhan, S., Merlin, C., Boore, J. L., & Reppert, S. M. (2011) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2011.09.052 · Cited by 586 · see citing works
“Remaining gaps within these scaffolds were iteratively filled with paired-end SIPES reads and the Roche 454 contigs using GapCloser available in SOAPdenovo (Li et al., 2010).”
Quake: quality-aware detection and correction of sequencing errors
Kelley, D. R., Schatz, M. C., & Salzberg, S. L. (2010) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/gb-2010-11-11-r116 · Cited by 581 · see citing works
“A number of related methods have been proposed to perform this error correction step, all guided by the goal of finding the minimum number of single base edits (edit distance) to the read that make all k-mers trusted [11-14].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe impact of next-generation sequencing on genomics
Zhang, J., Chiodini, R., Badr, A., & Zhang, G. (2011) · Journal of Genetics and Genomics · doi:10.1016/j.jgg.2011.02.003 · Cited by 577 · see citing works
“Individual human genomes (one Asian and one African) have been successfully sequenced and assembled using the Illumina Genome Analyzer (read lengths ranged from 35 to 75 basepairs) with a modified SOAP program, SOAPdenovo (Li et al., 2010).”
MethodThe draft genome and transcriptome of Cannabis sativa.
van Bakel, H., Stout, J. M., Cote, A. G., Tallon, C. M., Sharpe, A. G., Hughes, T. R., & Page, J. E. (2011) · Genome Biology · doi:10.1186/gb-2011-12-10-r102 · Cited by 575 · see citing works
“We used different approaches for the de novo assembly of the PK genome (SOAPdenovo [25]) and transcriptome (ABySS [26] and Inchworm [27]).”
MethodGenomic analyses identify distinct patterns of selection in domesticated pigs and Tibetan wild boars
Li, M., Tian, S., Jin, L. G., Zhou, G., Li, Y., Zhang, Y., Wang, T., Yeung, C. K. L., Chen, L., Ma, J., et al. (2013) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.2811 · Cited by 553 · see citing works
Self-citationA reference genome for pea provides insight into legume genome evolution
Kreplak, J., Madoui, M., Cápal, P., Novák, P., Labadie, K., Aubert, G., Bayer, P. E., Gali, K. K., Syme, R. A., Main, D., et al. (2019) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-019-0480-1 · Cited by 549 · see citing works
The locust genome provides insight into swarm formation and long-distance flight
Wang, X., Fang, X., Yang, P., Jiang, X., Jiang, F., Zhao, D., Li, B., Cui, F., Wei, J., Ma, C., et al. (2014) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms3957 · Cited by 533 · see citing works
Self-citationDong, Y., Xie, M., Jiang, Y., Xiao, N., Du, X., Zhang, W., Tosser‐Klopp, G., Wang, J., Yang, S., Liang, J., et al. (2012) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.2478 · Cited by 524 · see citing works
Self-citationScheinin, I., Sie, D., Bengtsson, H. L., van de Wiel, M. A., Olshen, A. B., van Thuijl, H. F., Essen, H. F. H. V., Eijk, P. P., Rustenburg, F., Meijer, G. A., et al. (2014) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.175141.114 · Cited by 491 · see citing works
Qi, J., Liu, X., Shen, D., Miao, H., Xie, B., Li, X., Zeng, P., Wang, S., Shang, Y., Gu, X., et al. (2013) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.2801 · Cited by 518 · see citing works
Self-citationA genome triplication associated with early diversification of the core eudicots
Jiao, Y., Leebens‐Mack, J., Ayyampalayam, S., Bowers, J., McKain, M. R., McNeal, J. R., Rolf, M., Ruzicka, D. R., Wafula, E. K., Wickett, N. J., et al. (2012) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/gb-2012-13-1-r3 · Cited by 518 · see citing works
“Short-read Illumina datasets were assembled either with SOAP denovo (Kmer size = 29 and asm_flag = 2) [67] or with CLC Genomics Workbench (reads trimmed first, and using default parameters except minimum contig length set to 200 bases).”
MethodSelf-citationNagarajan, N., & Pop, M. (2013) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg3367 · Cited by 474 · see citing works
“This approach was extended to the assembly of large genomes in the program ABySS 21 and for the first de novo assembly of a mammalian genome entirely using short reads with the program SOAPdenovo 22 .”
MethodInfluentialEvidence of cellulose metabolism by the giant panda gut microbiome
Zhu, L., Wu, Q., Dai, J., Zhang, S., & Wei, F. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1017956108 · Cited by 509 · see citing works
“The de novo assembly (22) for Illumina Genome Analyzer sequence data resulted in a set of ∼37 Mbp (SI Appendix, Table S4).”
MethodPearl millet genome sequence provides a resource to improve agronomic traits in arid environments
Varshney, R. K., Shi, C., Thudi, M., Mariac, C., Wallace, J. G., Qi, P., Zhang, H., Zhao, Y., Wang, X., Rathore, A., et al. (2017) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.3943 · Cited by 515 · see citing works
Self-citationproovread : large-scale high-accuracy PacBio correction through iterative short read consensus
Hackl, T., Hedrich, R., Schultz, J., & Förster, F. (2014) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btu392 · Cited by 499 · see citing works
“Accordingly, a plenitude of short read assemblers has been developed, e.g. Allpath-LG (Gnerre et al., 2011), the Celera Assembler (Myers et al., 2000; Miller et al., 2008), and SOAPdenovo (R. Li et al., 2010).”
MethodDraft genome of the kiwifruit Actinidia chinensis
Huang, S., Ding, J. H., Deng, D., Tang, W. D., Sun, H., Liu, D., Zhang, L., Niu, X., Zhang, X., Meng, M., et al. (2013) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms3640 · Cited by 509 · see citing works
Assemblathon 1: A competitive assessment of de novo short read assembly methodsPreprint
Earl, D. A., Bradnam, K. R., John, J. S., Darling, A. E., Lin, D., Fass, J., Yu, H. O. K., Buffalo, V., Zerbino, D. R., Diekhans, M., et al. (2011) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.126599.111 · Cited by 503 · see citing works
Self-citationBile acid metabolism and signaling, the microbiota, and metabolic disease
Cai, J., Rimal, B., Jiang, C., Chiang, J. Y. L., & Patterson, A. D. (2022) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108238 · Cited by 513 · see citing works
The genome sequence of the orchid Phalaenopsis equestris
Cai, J., Liu, X., Vanneste, K., Proost, S., Tsai, W., Liu, K., Chen, L., He, Y., Xu, Q., Bian, C., et al. (2014) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.3149 · Cited by 503 · see citing works
Self-citationMetagenomics, Metatranscriptomics, and Metabolomics Approaches for Microbiome Analysis
Aguiar‐Pulido, V., Huang, W., Suárez-Ulloa, V., Cickovski, T., Mathee, K., & Narasimhan, G. (2016) · Evolutionary Bioinformatics · doi:10.4137/ebo.s36436 · Cited by 503 · see citing works
Assembly of large genomes using second-generation sequencingPreprint
Schatz, M. C., Delcher, A. L., & Salzberg, S. L. (2010) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.101360.109 · Cited by 496 · see citing works
Ultrafast clustering algorithms for metagenomic sequence analysis
Li, W., Fu, L., Niu, B., Wu, S., & Wooley, J. (2012) · Briefings in Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bib/bbs035 · Cited by 498 · see citing works
“The comparison of contigs between original reads and filtered reads using Velvet [63] and SOAPdenovo [64] is shown in Figure 2.”
MethodUsing the Velvet de novo Assembler for Short‐Read Sequencing Technologies
Zerbino, D. R. (2010) · Current Protocols in Bioinformatics · doi:10.1002/0471250953.bi1105s31 · Cited by 494 · see citing works
“Velvet does not allow you to directly measure this k -mer coverage, but you can use tallymer (Kurtz et al., 2008) to produce this distribution.”
MethodMace, E., Tai, S., Gilding, E. K., Li, Y., Prentis, P. J., Bian, L., Campbell, B. C., Hu, W., Innes, D. J., Han, X., et al. (2013) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms3320 · Cited by 498 · see citing works
“Unmapped reads from each sample were assembled into contigs using SOAPdenovo 50 (default parameters).”
Self-citationZhang, Q., Chen, W., Sun, L., Zhao, F., Huang, B., Yang, W., Tao, Y., Wang, J., Yuan, Z., Fan, G., et al. (2012) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms2290 · Cited by 488 · see citing works
Self-citationA roadmap for natural product discovery based on large-scale genomics and metabolomics
Doroghazi, J. R., Albright, J. C., Goering, A. W., Ju, K., Haines, R. R., Tchalukov, K., Labeda, D. P., Kelleher, N. L., & Metcalf, W. W. (2014) · Nature Chemical Biology · doi:10.1038/nchembio.1659 · Cited by 479 · see citing works
Genome-wide patterns of genetic variation among elite maize inbred lines
Lai, J., Li, R., Xu, X., Jin, W., Xu, M., Zhao, H., Xiang, Z., Song, W., Ying, K., Zhang, M., et al. (2010) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.684 · Cited by 470 · see citing works
Self-citationChen, H., Zeng, Y., Yang, Y. P., Huang, L., Tang, B., Zhang, H., Hao, F., Liu, W., Li, Y., Liu, Y., et al. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-16338-x · Cited by 472 · see citing works
Self-citationLuo, C., Tsementzi, D., Kyrpides, N. C., Read, T. D., & Konstantinidis, K. T. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030087 · Cited by 459 · see citing works
“We performed six independent assemblies, using K = 21, 25, 29 for the three PLoS ONE | www.plosone.org 8 February 2012 | Volume 7 | Issue 2 | e30087 SOAPdenovo runs and K = 23, 27, 31 for the three Velvet runs.”
Method
- Authors
- Li, R., Zhu, H., Ruan, J., Qian, W., Fang, X., Shi, Z., Li, Y., Li, S., Shan, G., Kristiansen, K., Li, S., Yang, H., Wang, J., & Wang, J.
- Affiliations
- BGI Group (China) (CN)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Genome Research
- Publisher
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
- Published
- 2009-12-17
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 265-272
- ISSN
- 1088-9051 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2813482
- OpenAlex
- W2161546116
- Cited by
- 2,926
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 48 · 2025: 79 · 2024: 105 · 2023: 101 · 2022: 139 · 2021: 177 · 2020: 190 · 2019: 217 · 2018: 150 · 2017: 205 · 2016: 229 · 2015: 244 · 2014: 261 · 2013: 289 · 2012: 292
- Type
- posted content
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Genome Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (30890032, 90608010, 30725008)
- National High-tech Research and Development Program
- National Key Research and Development Program of China (2007CB815705, 2007CB815703, 2007CB815701)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Algorithms and Data Compression
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genomic variations and chromosomal abnormalities
- Keywords
- de novo genome assembly, human genome, short-read sequencing, next-generation sequencing
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Genome, Human, Human Genome Project, Sequence Alignment, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis, Black People, Asian People
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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