The DOI matches its Crossref record; 30 of the 30 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 19 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Quantum speed limit for perfect state transfer in one dimension
Open accessAbstract
The basic idea of spin-chain engineering for perfect quantum state transfer (QST) is to find a set of coupling constants in the Hamiltonian such that a particular state initially encoded on one site will evolve freely to the opposite site without any dynamical controls. The minimal possible evolution time represents a speed limit for QST. We prove that the optimal solution is the one simulating the precession of a spin in a static magnetic field. We also argue that, at least for solid-state systems where interactions are local, it is more realistic to characterize the computation power by the couplings than the initial energy.
Overview
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TL;DR
The paper proves that the fastest possible perfect quantum state transfer (QST) through a one-dimensional engineered spin chain is achieved by the linear eigenvalue spectrum, equivalent to spin precession in a static magnetic field. It establishes a quantum speed limit for QST and argues that, for local solid-state systems, computational power is better characterized by Hamiltonian couplings than by initial energy.
Key findings
- The optimal perfect-QST solution is the linear spectrum \(E_k = -(N-1)/2 + k - 1\), \(k=1,\dots,N\), which gives perfect transfer at \(\tau=\pi\) and is the same coupling set as spin precession in a static magnetic field.
- The paper proves \(\eta \ge 1\) for all engineered spin chains, where \(\eta\) compares evolution time under normalized maximum coupling to the linear reference chain, so the linear solution is optimal and sets the one-dimensional QST speed limit.
- Table I compares efficiencies: linear \(\eta=1\); quadratic \(\eta=q(2\alpha+N)\); gapped linear I \(\eta=(1+4q/N)\); gapped linear II \(\eta=q\) for \(N=4\) only; cosine \(\eta=14.0\) for \(N=31\) with no analytic solution given.
- Engineered chains can be roughly twice as fast as a series-of-swaps protocol: \(1 \le \eta_{\rm sos} < 2\) for \(N \ge 2\).
- The paper argues that the Margolus-Levitin theorem, based on initial energy, does not give an appropriate bound for transfer to a particular state; for local solid-state systems, couplings in the Hamiltonian are a more realistic measure of computational power.
Methods
- Theoretical study of a one-dimensional spin-1/2 chain Hamiltonian with site-dependent couplings \(\omega_j\) and \(\lambda_j\), restricted to the single-excitation subspace and mirror-symmetric chains.
- Perfect QST is formulated as an inverse eigenvalue problem: given an eigenvalue spectrum satisfying the transfer condition, the couplings are uniquely determined.
- The proof uses the Hellmann-Feynman theorem, eigenvalue interlacing, trace differences between symmetric subspaces, and a recursive relation for \(\omega_m\) to show \(\omega_{\max} \ge \tilde{\omega}_{\max}\) for even and odd \(N\).
Limitations
- The paper states that the speed limit could be overcome if not confined to nearest-neighbor interactions in one dimension, by increasing either network complexity or Hamiltonian complexity; details are deferred elsewhere.
- The comparison table includes restricted cases: gapped linear II is for \(N=4\) only, and the cosine spectrum is for \(N=31\) with no analytic solution given.
- The proof relies on mirror-symmetric chains and non-degenerate eigenvalues; the coupling-based computational-power argument is explicitly framed for solid-state systems where interactions are local.
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Claims the paper makes
15 Not checked yet · 8 Own interpretation · 7 No basis given
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From Eq. (4) and (5), perfect state transfer can be achieved for a time period of τ = π .”
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In the paper
“This completes our proof for η ≥ 1 for all possible engineered spin chains.”
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In the paper
“Suppose we scale the eigenvalue spectra such that ˜ ∆ min = ∆ min , then η ≥ 1 if ω max ≥ ˜ ω max . We shall show that it is indeed true.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“One can then show from Eq. (8) and (10) that ω max ≥ ˜ ω max .”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- The authors state this as an assumption: The terms λ_j play no role in the eigenvalue spectrum except a constant shift.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Given an eigenvalue spectrum { E k } satisfying Eq. (5), the corresponding coupling constants { ω j , λ j } can be uniquely determined.”
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“We also argue that, at least for solidstate systems where interactions are local, it is more realistic to characterize the computation power by the couplings than the initial energy.”
- Also stated in: § Quantum Speed Limit for Perfect State Transfer in One Dimension · p. 4 · hedged
“Here we shall argue that, at least for solid state systems where the interactions are local, it is more realistic to characterize the computational power by the couplings in the Hamiltonian than the initial energy.”
- Also stated in: § Quantum Speed Limit for Perfect State Transfer in One Dimension · p. 4 · plain
“We have argued that for solid state systems it is more realistic to characterize the computation power explicitly by the coupling terms in the Hamiltonian than the initial energy.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Quantum Speed Limit for Perfect State Transfer in One Dimension · p. 4 · hedged
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, this theorem does not give an appropriate bound on the speed limit for the initial state to evolve into a particular state, for example the one dimensional quantum state transfer (QST) problem [cf. Eq. (2)].”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“By mapping the states | x 〉 to be the eigenstates of the J z angular momentum operator, this solution also describes the precession of a spin J =( N -1) / 2 under a constant magnetic field pointing along the x -direction.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“On the other hand, it is known [25] that the eigenvector | e k 〉 has exactly k -1 sign changes in the position basis {| j 〉} .”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] G. M. L. Gladwell, Inverse problems in vibration (Kluwer Academic, Boston, 1986). source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“From Eq. (5), the evolution time is limited by the minimum energy interval ∆ min ≡ min { ∆ k } , τ ≥ π/ ∆ min , while ˜ τ = π/ ˜ ∆ min .”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] source
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 6
- Probably not a substantial claim. 9
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“We prove that the optimal solution is the one simulating the precession of a spin in a static magnetic field.”
- Also stated in: § Quantum Speed Limit for Perfect State Transfer in One Dimension · p. 1 · boosted
“In the following, we shall show that the optimal solution for perfect state transfer is exactly the one proposed in Ref.[12, 22].”
- Also stated in: § Quantum Speed Limit for Perfect State Transfer in One Dimension · p. 1 · plain
“Amusingly, this optimal set of couplings is the same as that describing spin precession in a static magnetic field.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] M. Christandl, N. Datta, A. Ekert and A. J. Landahl, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 , 187902 (2004); M. Christandl, N. Datta, T. C. Dorlas, A. Ekert, A. Kay, and A. J. Landahl, Phys. Rev. A 71 , 032312 (2005). source
- Not checked yetcites [22] As pointed out in Ref.[17], the same set of coupling was first proposed by Cook and Shore in 1979 [R. J. Cook and B. W. Shore, Phys. Rev. A 20 , 539 (1979)] in the context of coherent population transfer between different atomic levels. source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Quantum Speed Limit for Perfect State Transfer in One Dimension · p. 1 · boosted
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In the paper
“Since ω 2 m is a positive sum of the products ∆ j ∆ k , it is minimized when all ∆ k = ˜ ∆ min , and hence ω max ≥ ω m ≥ ˜ ω max .”
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hence we can conclude that ω max ≥ ω N/ 2 ≥ ˜ ω max for even N .”
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Since it will totally take N -1 steps to transfer a state through a chain of N spins, we can generalize our definition of the efficiency for this case as: η sos = ( N -1) / 2˜ ω max , which is an increasing function of N , and one can easily show that 1 ≤ η sos < 2 for N ≥ 2.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: In the SOS protocol, interactions between pairs of qubits can be arbitrarily switched on and off.
In the paper
“Provided that the Hamiltonian in Eq. (1) or Eq. (3) is mirror symmetrical, i.e. λ j = λ ¯ j and ω j = ω N -j , one can show [10] that 〈 ¯ x | e k 〉 = ( -1) k 〈 x | e k 〉 , and hence |〈 ¯ x | U ( τ ) | x 〉| = 1 if”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] M.-H. Yung and S. Bose, Phys. Rev. A 71 , 032310 (2005). source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Imperfect QST [8, 9] over a uniform spin chain was studied numerically, showing that perfect state transfer is impossible for long chains.”
What the sources say
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“However, it has been suggested [12] that perfect QST, without dynamical controls, is possible if we allow the couplings between the spins to be non-uniform.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] M. Christandl, N. Datta, A. Ekert and A. J. Landahl, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 , 187902 (2004); M. Christandl, N. Datta, T. C. Dorlas, A. Ekert, A. Kay, and A. J. Landahl, Phys. Rev. A 71 , 032312 (2005). source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Apparently, there are unlimited number of eigenvalue spectra satisfying the condition in Eq. (5).”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Perhaps the simplest solution to the Eq. (5) is the linear spectrum [12].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] M. Christandl, N. Datta, A. Ekert and A. J. Landahl, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 , 187902 (2004); M. Christandl, N. Datta, T. C. Dorlas, A. Ekert, A. Kay, and A. J. Landahl, Phys. Rev. A 71 , 032312 (2005). source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Moreover, it has also been pointed out [10] that there are many possible solutions for constructing spin chains which allow perfect state transfer, and the searching for the solutions is in general an inverse eigenvalue problem.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] M.-H. Yung and S. Bose, Phys. Rev. A 71 , 032310 (2005). source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The Margolus-Levitin theorem [6] suggests that the shortest time for a quantum state to evolve into an orthogonal state is limited by the initial energy.”
- Also stated in: § Quantum Speed Limit for Perfect State Transfer in One Dimension · p. 4 · plain
“According to the Margolus-Levitin theorem [6], the minimum time for a quantum state | ψ i 〉 to evolve into an orthogonal state | ψ f 〉 , where 〈 ψ f | ψ i 〉 =0, is limited by the initial energy: max ( π 2( E -E 0 ) , π 2∆ E ) , where E = 〈 ψ i | H | ψ i 〉 is the initial energy, E 0 is the ground state energy and ∆ E = √ 〈 ψ i | ( H -E ) 2 | ψ i 〉 is the energy uncertainty of the initial state.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] N. Margolus and L. B. Levitin, Physica D 120 , 188 (1998); P. Kosi´ nski and M. Zych, Phys. Rev. A 73 , 024303 (2006). source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
- Also stated in: § Quantum Speed Limit for Perfect State Transfer in One Dimension · p. 4 · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“We lastly comment that such speed limit, if not confined with nearest-neighbor interactions in one dimension, could be overcome by increasing either the network complexity [9] or the Hamiltonian complexity [26].”
What the sources say
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More practically, systematic errors are expected to be significantly minimized with the reduction of dynamical controls.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The SOS protocol necessarily introduces errors due to dynamical controls, causing the fidelity of transferred states to decay exponentially as the number of swaps increases.
In the paper
“This work also implies that quantum algorithms, when implemented in solid state devices, can be optimized, if we employ the concept of spin chain engineering [11].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
The SOS protocol necessarily introduces errors due to dynamical controls, causing the fidelity of transferred states to decay exponentially as the number of swaps increases.
“However, even in the absence of decoherence, the intrinsic problem of this protocol is that each swap would necessarily introduce some errors due to dynamical controls, the fidelity of the transferred states would therefore decay exponentially as the number of swaps increases.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The terms λ_j play no role in the eigenvalue spectrum except a constant shift.
“Of course, this argument is based on the assumption that the terms λ j play no role in the eigenvalue spectrum except a constant shift.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
In the SOS protocol, interactions between pairs of qubits can be arbitrarily switched on and off.
“In these scenarios, a typical assumption usually made is that the interactions between pairs of qubits can be arbitrarily switched on and off [4, 5].”
The paper relies on this without support.
The relative phase factor in the transferred state can be corrected by local operations and is usually ignored.
“Although the transferred state in general differs from the input state by a relative phase factor, i.e. αe iφ | 1 〉 + β | 0 〉 , the phase factor could be corrected by some local operations and is thus usually ignored.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In fact, analytic expressions are known only for the geodesic distance related to the quantum Fisher information metric [56],”
From Generalized Geometric Quantum Speed Limits (2016) · cites this paper as [50]
In the citing paper
“L WY ðρ; σÞ ¼ arccos½Aðρ; σÞ;ð6Þ”
From Generalized Geometric Quantum Speed Limits (2016) · cites this paper as [50]
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Self-citationQuantum-state transfer via the ferromagnetic chain in a spatially modulated field
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An exact effective two-qubit gate in a chain of three spins
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Self-citationProcessor Core Model for Quantum Computing
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Generalized Geometric Quantum Speed Limits
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Metadata
- Authors
- Yung, M.-H.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Corresponding author
- Yung, Man-Hong
- ORCID
- Yung, Man-Hong
- Venue
- Physical Review A
- Publisher
- American Physical Society (APS)
- Published
- 2006-09-14
- Volume
- 74
- Issue
- 3
- ISSN
- 0556-2791 (ISSN-L)
- 1050-2947
- 1094-1622
- OpenAlex
- W2073278667
- Cited by
- 128
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 8.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- Physical Review A (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Information and Cryptography
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum many-body systems
- Keywords
- quantum speed limit, perfect state transfer, spin chains, one-dimensional systems, local interactions, solid-state quantum computing
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-06, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-06 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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