Dark energy at early times and ACT data: A larger Hubble constant without late-time priors
Open accessAbstract
Recent observations using the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) have provided ground-based cosmic microwave background (CMB) maps with higher angular resolution than the Planck satellite. These have the potential to put interesting constraints on models resolving the ``Hubble tension.'' In this paper we fit two models of early dark energy (EDE) (an increase in the expansion rate around matter/radiation equality) to the combination of ACT data with large-scale measurements of the CMB either from the WMAP or the Planck satellite (including lensing), along with measurements of the baryon acoustic oscillations and uncalibrated supernovae luminosity distance. We study a phenomenological axionlike potential (``axEDE'') and a scalar field experiencing a first-order phase transition (``NEDE''). We find that for both models the ``Planck-free'' analysis yields nonzero EDE at $\ensuremath{\gtrsim}2\ensuremath{\sigma}$ and an increased value for ${H}_{0}\ensuremath{\sim}70--74\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{km}/\mathrm{s}/\mathrm{Mpc}$, compatible with local measurements, without the inclusion of any prior on ${H}_{0}$. On the other hand, the inclusion of Planck data restricts the EDE contribution to an upper limit only at 95% C.L. For axEDE, the combination of Planck and ACT leads to constraints 30% weaker than with Planck alone, and there is no residual Hubble tension. On the other hand, NEDE is more strongly constrained in a $Planck+\mathrm{ACT}$ analysis, and the Hubble tension remains at $\ensuremath{\sim}3\ensuremath{\sigma}$, illustrating the ability for CMB data to distinguish between different EDE models. We further explore the apparent inconsistency between the Planck and ACT data and find that it comes (mostly) from a slight tension between the temperature power spectrum at multipoles around $\ensuremath{\sim}1000$ and $\ensuremath{\sim}1500$. Finally, through a mock analysis of ACT data, we demonstrate that the preference for EDE is not driven by a lack of information at high $\ensuremath{\ell}$ when removing Planck data, and that a $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$ cold dark matter fit to the fiducial EDE cosmology results in a significant bias on ${{H}_{0},{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{\mathrm{CDM}}}$. More accurate measurements of the TT CMB power spectra above $\ensuremath{\ell}\ensuremath{\sim}2500$ and EE between $\ensuremath{\ell}\ensuremath{\sim}300--500$ will play a crucial role in differentiating between EDE models.
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The evidence for EDE > 3σ persists with inclusion of Planck lensing and BAO data, but disappears completely once full Planck multipoles data are considered, with H0 in tension again with SH0ES.
“the evidence for EDE > 3σ persists with the inclusion of Planck lensing and BAO data (shifting H 0 towards a lower value, but still able to alleviate the tension), but it disappears completely once the full Planck multipoles data are considered, with H 0 in tension again with SH0ES.”
From Challenges of the Standard Cosmological Model (2022) · cites this paper as [96]
The Discussion and Conclusions (section VI.A; page unavailable) reports a 3.1σ preference for axEDE with WMAP+ACT+BAO+Pantheon, and says full Planck data constrain the EDE contribution more strongly. It does not establish that a >3σ preference persists specifically after adding Planck lensing. More importantly, the Axionlike Early Dark Energy section reports only about 0.3σ tension with SH0ES for Planck+ACT+BAO+Pantheon in axEDE, contrary to the claim that full Planck data restore that tension. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredConsidering ACT-only data or combined with Planck TT up to multipoles 650, there is evidence for EDE > 3σ, which completely solves the Hubble tension.
“considering ACT-only data or combined with Planck TT up to multipoles 650, there is evidence for EDE > 3σ, which completely solves the Hubble tension [96,97].”
From Challenges of the Standard Cosmological Model (2022) · cites this paper as [96]
The Discussion and Conclusions (page unavailable) report a 2.2σ preference for axEDE with ACT alone, not >3σ; the 3.1σ figure is for WMAP+ACT+BAO+Pantheon. The restricted-Planck analysis (page unavailable) uses multipoles l < 1060, not 650. The paper does say that its axEDE fits can resolve the Hubble tension, but not for the data combinations and significance stated here. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPlanck and ACT-DR4 disagree on the results for the early dark energy scenario.
“Planck and ACT-DR4 disagree on the results for the early dark energy scenario [96]”
From Challenges of the Standard Cosmological Model (2022) · cites this paper as [96]
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Balkenhol, L., Dutcher, D., Ade, P. A. R., Ahmed, Z., Anderes, E., Anderson, A. J., Archipley, M., Avva, J. S., Aylor, K., Barry, P. S., et al. (2021) · Physical Review D · doi:10.1103/physrevd.104.083509 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Clustering and halo abundances in early dark energy cosmological models
Klypin, A. A., Poulin, V., Prada, F., Primack, J. R., Kamionkowski, M., Ávila-Reese, V., Rodríguez-Puebla, A., Behroozi, P., Hellinger, D., & Smith, T. L. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab769 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citationNew early dark energy is compatible with current LSS data
Niedermann, F., & Sloth, M. S. (2021) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.103.103537 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Early Mass-varying Neutrino Dark Energy: Nugget Formation and Hubble Anomaly
Gogoi, A., Sharma, R. K., Chanda, P., & Das, S. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abfe5b · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Dark sector to restore cosmological concordance
Allali, I. J., Hertzberg, M. P., & Rompineve, F. (2021) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.104.l081303 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Implications of the S8 tension for decaying dark matter with warm decay products
Abellán, G. F., Murgia, R., Poulin, V., & Lavalle, J. (2022) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.105.063525 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citationTrouble beyond H0 and the new cosmic triangles
Bernal, J. L., Verde, L., Jiménez, R., Kamionkowski, M., Valcin, D., & Wandelt, B. D. (2021) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.103.103533 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Testing H0 in acoustic dark energy models with Planck and ACT polarization data
Lin, M., Hu, W., & Raveri, M. (2020) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.102.123523 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
The age of the Universe with globular clusters: reducing systematic uncertainties
Valcin, D., Jimenez, R., Verde, L., Bernal, J., & Wandelt, B. D. (2021) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2021/08/017 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Uncertain times: the redshift–time relation from cosmology and stars
Boylan-Kolchin, M., & Weisz, D. R. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab1521 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Verde, L., Bellini, E., Pigozzo, C., Heavens, A., & Jiménez, R. (2017) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2017/04/023 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Cannibalism hinders growth: Cannibal Dark Matter and the S8 tension
Heimersheim, S., Schöneberg, N., Hooper, D. C., & Julien Lesgourgues, A. (2020) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2020/12/016 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Cannibal dark matter and large scale structure
Buen-Abad, M. A., Emami, R., & Schmaltz, M. (2018) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.98.083517 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
On the halo-mass and radial scale dependence of the lensing is low effect
Lange, J. U., Leauthaud, A., Singh, S., Guo, H., Zhou, R., Smith, T. L., & Cyr-Racine, F.-Y. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab189 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Atacama Cosmology Telescope: Summary of DR4 and DR5 Data Products and Data Access
Mallaby-Kay, M., Atkins, Z., Aiola, S., Amodeo, S., Austermann, J. E., Beall, J. A., Becker, D., Bond, J. R., Calabrese, E., Chesmore, G. E., et al. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/abfcc4 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
The H0 Olympics: A fair ranking of proposed models
Poulin, V., Abellán, G. F., & Schöneberg, N. (2022) · doi:10.52843/cassyni.9v8tt1 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationHigh H 0 Values from CMB E-mode Data: A Clue for Resolving the Hubble Tension?
Addison, G. E. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/abf56e · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Assessing Consistency between WMAP 9 Year and Planck 2015 Temperature Power Spectra
Huang, Y., Addison, G. E., Weiland, J. L., et al. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaeb1f · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Abellán, G. F., Murgia, R., & Poulin, V. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationConstraining ultralight axions with galaxy surveys
Laguë, A., Bond, J. R., Hložek, R., et al. (2022) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2022/01/049 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Subinoy Das, Anshuman Maharana, Vivian Poulin, and Ravi Kumar, Non-thermal hot dark matter in light of the S 8 tension, arXiv:2104.03329. · arXiv
- Guillermo F. Abellan, Riccardo Murgia, Vivian Poulin, and Julien Lavalle, Hints for decaying dark matter from S 8 measurements, arXiv:2008.09615. · arXiv
- Matteo Lucca, Dark energy-dark matter interactions as a solution to the S 8 tension, arXiv:2105.09249. · arXiv
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Riess, A. G., Yuan, W., Macri, L. M., Scolnic, D., Brout, D., Casertano, S., Jones, D. O., Murakami, Y., Anand, G. S., Breuval, L., et al. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac5c5b · Cited by 2,380 · see citing works
The $H_0$ Olympics: A fair ranking of proposed models
Schöneberg, N., Abellán, G. F., Sánchez, A. P., Witte, S. J., Poulin, V., & Lesgourgues, J. (2021) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2107.10291 · Cited by 463
Self-citationChallenges of the Standard Cosmological Model
Di Valentino, E. (2022) · Universe · doi:10.3390/universe8080399 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Abdalla, E., Abellán, G. F., Aboubrahim, A., Agnello, A., Akarsu, Ö., Akrami, Y., Alestas, G., Aloni, D., Amendola, L., Anchordoqui, L. A., et al. (2022) · Journal of High Energy Astrophysics · doi:10.1016/j.jheap.2022.04.002 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationMirror dark sector solution of the Hubble tension with time-varying fine-structure constant
Zhang, J., & Frieman, J. A. (2023) · Physical Review D · doi:10.1103/physrevd.107.043529 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
- Authors
- Poulin, V., Smith, T. L., & Bartlett, A.
- Affiliations
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Swarthmore College (US)
- Venue
- Physical Review D
- Publisher
- American Physical Society (APS)
- Published
- 2021-12-27
- Volume
- 104
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 123550
- ISSN
- 2470-0010 (ISSN-L)
- 2470-0029
- OpenAlex
- W4200554270
- Cited by
- 112
- References
- 96
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 2
- FWCI
- 11.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Physical review. D/Physical review. D. (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Works - Scholarship, Research, & Creative Expression (Swarthmore College) (submittedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (2009377)
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (80NSSC18K0728)
- Swarthmore College
- Aix-Marseille Université (AMX-19-IET-008—IPhU)
- Research Corporation
- CNRS-IN2P3 (Dark21)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Dark Matter and Cosmic Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Statistical and Nonlinear Physics › Noncommutative and Quantum Gravity Theories
- Keywords
- early dark energy, Hubble tension, Hubble constant, Atacama Cosmology Telescope, cosmic microwave background, first-order phase transition, scalar field, CMB temperature power spectrum, baryon acoustic oscillations, early universe expansion rate, matter-radiation equality
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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