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Cited by 154Cosmology and Gravitation TheoriesNoncommutative and Quantum Gravity TheoriesBlack Holes and Theoretical Physics

Recycling universe

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Garriga, Jaume, Vilenkin, Alexander·1998·Physical Review D
DOI 10.1103/physrevd.57.2230
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Abstract

If the effective cosmological constant is nonzero, our observable universe may enter a stage of exponential expansion. In such a case, regions of it may tunnel back to the false vacuum of an inflaton scalar field, and inflation with a high expansion rate may resume in those regions. An ``ideal'' eternal observer would then witness an infinite succession of cycles from false vacuum to true, and back. Within each cycle, the entire history of a hot universe would be replayed. If there were several minima of the inflaton potential, our ideal observer would visit each one of these minima with a frequency which depends on the shape of the potential. We generalize the formalism of stochastic inflation to analyze the global structure of the universe when this ``recycling'' process is taken into account.

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Crossref · 10.1103/physrevd.57.2230

Cites

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  • The Big Bang in our past is not a unique moment in the history of the universe; it is simply one of the many times that inflation spontaneously began from a background de Sitter phase.

    “The Big Bang in our past is not a unique moment in the history of the universe; it is simply one of the many times that inflation spontaneously began from a background de Sitter phase, similar to the proposal of Garriga and Vilenkin [35].”

    From Spontaneous inflation and the origin of the arrow of time (2004) · cites this paper as [35]

    The Introduction describes thermalized regions approaching de Sitter geometry and fluctuating back into an inflating state, with each new region seeding further inflation. But the Conclusions call it an open question whether this recycling pattern extends indefinitely into the past. The paper therefore supports repeated spontaneous beginnings of inflation, not the definite claim that the Big Bang in our past was one of them or was not unique. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • It is quite natural for de Sitter to be unstable to the onset of inflation.

    “The crucial point is that it is quite natural for de Sitter to be unstable to the onset of inflation, as has also been argued elsewhere [34, 35].”

    From Spontaneous inflation and the origin of the arrow of time (2004) · cites this paper as [35]

  • The fate of a small wall after horizon crossing depends crucially on the nature of its interaction with matter, which is highly model dependent.

    “The fate of the wall after horizon crossing depends crucially on the nature of its interaction with matter, which is highly model dependent [13].”

    From Black holes and the multiverse (2016) · cites this paper as [13]

    The false-vacuum-bubble discussion (around Eqs. 21–23; page unavailable) says bubbles can come within the horizon and appear as black holes when the vacuum energy is zero. It does not discuss whether a small wall’s fate after horizon crossing depends on its model-dependent interaction with matter. Searches for wall–matter interactions and post-crossing fate found no passage addressing that claim. (LLM, conf=0.72)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • In some versions of the cyclic model where brane spacetimes are everywhere expanding, our theorem implies the existence of a past boundary at which boundary conditions must be imposed.

    “In some versions of the cyclic model the brane spacetimes are everywhere expanding, so our theorem immediately implies the existence of a past boundary at which boundary conditions must be imposed.”

    From Inflationary Spacetimes Are Incomplete in Past Directions (2003) · cites this paper as [16]

    Section IV discusses past geodesic incompleteness in some inflationary models, but does not address cyclic brane spacetimes or a past boundary where boundary conditions must be imposed. Searches for the claim’s distinctive terms and for past-boundary conditions found no passage establishing the attributed point; the cited paper instead says earlier incompleteness theorems no longer apply to its recycling-universe model. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The cyclic scenario does not require any initial conditions is a claim we disagree with; the cyclic scenario does require initial conditions / past boundary.

    “The internal brane spacetimes, however, are nonsingular, and this is the basis for the claim [16] that the cyclic scenario does not require any initial conditions. We disagree with this claim.”

    From Inflationary Spacetimes Are Incomplete in Past Directions (2003) · cites this paper as [16]

    Section IV, “Did the Universe Have a Beginning?”, considers whether a recycling inflationary universe could be nonsingular, but explicitly says the analysis does not establish that such a model exists. Our copy does not address the brane-based cyclic scenario or claim that it requires no initial conditions (searched: cyclic scenario, brane, initial conditions, past boundary). (LLM, conf=0.76)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 11

  1. [1]1. ͓1͔ For reviews see, for example, S. K. Blau and A. H. Guth, in 300 Years of Gravitation, edited by S. W. Hawking and W. Israel ͑Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1978͒;
  2. [4]4. E. W. Kolb and M. S. Turner, The Early Universe ͑Addison-Wesley, New York, 1990͒.
  3. [11]11. M. Bucher, A. Goldhaber, and N. Turok, in Trends in Astroparticle Physics, Proceedings of the Workshop, Stockholm, Sweden, 1994, edited by L. Bergstrom et al. ͓Nucl. Phys. B ͑Proc. Suppl.͒ 43, 173 ͑1995͔͒; Phys. Rev. D 52, 3314 ͑1995͒.
  4. [14]14. ͓8͔ A. A. Starobinsky, in Current Topics in Field Theory, Quan- tum Gravity and Strings, edited by H. J. de Vega and N. Sanchez, Lecture Notes in Physics ͑Springer, Heidelberg, 1986͒.
  5. [20]20. ͓14͔ A. Linde, in The Very Early Universe, edited by G. W. Gib- bons and S. W. Hawking ͑Cambridge University Press, Cam- bridge, UK, 1983͒.
  6. [30]30. ͓23͔ H. Martel, P. R. Shapiro, and S. Weinberg, astro-ph/9701099. ͓24͔ The principle of mediocrity is a version of the anthropic prin- ciple. For a review of the latter, see e.g. B. Carter, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London A310, 347 ͑1983͒; · arXiv
  7. [31]31. J. D. Barrow and F. J. Tipler, The Antropic Cosmological Principle ͑Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1986͒. Ideas related to the principle of medioc- rity have also been discussed by Albrecht ͓25͔, Garcia-Bellido and Linde ͓18͔, and Tegmark ͓26͔.
  8. [32]32. ͓25͔ A. Albrecht, in The Birth of the Universe and Fundamental Forces, edited by F. Occhionero ͑Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1995͒.
  9. [38]38. S. Dimopoulos, G. Dvali, R. Rattazzi, and G. Giudice, hep-ph/9705307. · arXiv
  10. [40]40. ͓32͔ T. S. Bunch and P. C. W. Davies, Proc. R. Soc. London A360, 117 ͑1978͒;
  11. [48]48. ͓39͔ A. Borde and A. Vilenkin, in Relativistic Astrophysics: The Proceedings of the Eighth Yukawa Symposium, edited by M. Sasaki ͑Universal Academy Press, Japan, 1995͒.

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Authors
Garriga, J., & Vilenkin, A.
Affiliations
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ES)
ORCID
Venue
Physical Review D
Publisher
American Physical Society (APS)
Published
1998-02-15
Volume
57
Issue
4
Pages
2230-2244
ISSN
  • 0556-2821 (ISSN-L)
  • 1089-4918
DOI
10.1103/physrevd.57.2230
OpenAlex
W3037085984
Cited by
154
References
51
Citations by year
2025: 1 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 8
FWCI
3.79
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
link.aps.org/licenses/aps-default-license (vor)
Locations
  • Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields (publishedVersion)
  • Dipòsit Digital de la Universitat de Barcelona (Universitat de Barcelona) (publishedVersion)
  • arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
  • RECERCAT (Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya) (submittedVersion)
  • Hispana (submittedVersion, public-domain)
  • arXiv (Cornell University)
Funders
National Science Foundation
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Statistical and Nonlinear Physics › Noncommutative and Quantum Gravity Theories
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Black Holes and Theoretical Physics
Keywords
eternal inflation, false vacuum, inflaton potential, vacuum tunneling, cosmic recycling, stochastic inflation, effective cosmological constant, exponential expansion, multiverse

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