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Nonstandard optics from quantum space-time
Open accessAbstract
We study light propagation in the picture of semiclassical space-time that emerges in canonical quantum gravity in the loop representation. In such a picture, where space-time exhibits a polymerlike structure at microscales, it is natural to expect departures from the perfect nondispersiveness of an ordinary vacuum. We evaluate these departures, computing the modifications to Maxwell's equations due to quantum gravity and showing that under certain circumstances nonvanishing corrections appear that depend on the helicity of propagating waves. These effects could lead to observable cosmological predictions of the discrete nature of quantum space-time. In particular, recent observations of nondispersiveness in the spectra of gamma-ray bursts at various energies could be used to constrain the type of semiclassical state that describes the universe.
Checked 2026-10-06 · 8 references not checked yet
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TL;DR
The paper computes quantum-gravity corrections to Maxwell propagation in a loop-quantum-gravity weave state and finds a helicity-dependent birefringence, with a group-velocity splitting of order one Planck length per wavelength. The effect is parity-violating and could be constrained by gamma-ray-burst observations, though the predicted delay is about two orders of magnitude below current sensitivity.
Key findings
- Loop quantum gravity’s polymer-like semi-classical spacetime can modify Maxwell’s equations by a term proportional to the Laplacian of the fields, producing helicity-dependent propagation and “intrinsic birefringence.”
- The correction is rotationally invariant but parity-violating; it vanishes if the weave is parity-invariant or if regions of size Δ have random orientations in parity violation.
- For a gamma-ray burst at about \(10^{10}\) light years and frequencies of order 200 keV, the delay between the two polarization group velocities is \(10^{-5}\) s, while observed burst widths are about 0.1 s with features as small as 1 ms, leaving observations two orders of magnitude away.
- The effect is distinct from other quantum-gravity dispersion proposals because it is helicity-dependent and absent for scalar fields; the shift is of order one Planck length per wavelength.
Methods
- Theoretical calculation in canonical loop quantum gravity: Maxwell fields are treated as close to coherent states approximating a classical travelling wave of wavelength λ much larger than the Planck length, while gravity is in a weave state \(|Δ\rangle\) approximating flat geometry on scales larger than Δ.
- The Hamiltonian constraint coupling Maxwell fields to gravity is regulated using Thiemann’s proposal for the metric divided by the determinant, with point-splitting and expansion of the electric field around a central point P in Δ/λ.
- Summing over weave vertices yields a leading rotational-invariant, parity-violating correction \(\chi \epsilon_{abc} \ell_P/\Delta\); modified Maxwell equations are then combined to seek helicity solutions and derive two group-velocity branches.
Limitations
- The paper states that there is no agreement on a precise dynamics for loop quantum gravity, no detailed prescription for constructing the semi-classical limit, and the discussion is intentionally loose.
- It states that weave states are not yet fully constructed in the spin network representation, and the predicted effects depend on the type of semi-classical state chosen.
- The paper states it does not present a detailed calculation of the magnitude of the effects; it also notes the observational delay is two orders of magnitude below current burst timing sensitivity.
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In the paper
“We evaluate these departures, computing the modifications to Maxwell's equations due to quantum gravity, and showing that under certain circumstances, non-vanishing corrections appear that depend on the helicity of propagating waves.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The group velocity has two branches, and the effect is of the order of a shift of one Planck length per wavelength.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As we see the equations gain a correction proportional to the Laplacian ∆ 2 of the fields, the correction is symmetrical in both fields, but is not Lorentz covariant.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It should be noticed that the additional term we found is rotationally invariant, i.e., it respects the original spirit of the weave construction.”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“in the model considered it is violated.”
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In the paper
“This quantity averages out to zero in a first approximation, since one is summing over an isotropic set of vertices.”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the correction is symmetrical in both fields, but is not Lorentz covariant.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the example considered we see that this invariance is broken simultaneously with parity invariance.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We have therefore found a correction to the Maxwell Hamiltonian arising from the discrete nature of the weave construction.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Assuming a non-parity invariant weave, the resulting equations of motion from the above Hamiltonian can be viewed as corrections to the Maxwell equations,”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- The authors state this as an assumption: The weave is non-parity invariant.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 9
- Probably not a substantial claim. 7
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We therefore see the emergence of a birefringence effect, associated with quantum gravity corrections. The group velocity has two branches, and the effect is of the order of a shift of one Planck length per wavelength.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We consider the leading contribution to this term, which should be a rotational invariant tensor of three indices, i.e., it is given by χǫ abc ℓ P / ∆ with χ a proportionality constant of order one (that can be positive or negative).”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Due to the definition of the weave state, the sum just yields the classical metric and we recover the usual Maxwell Hamiltonian in flat space.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“in reference [1] it was shown that the simultaneity of time structures in the patterns of light received gamma ray bursts are possible candidates to set limits on these models.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] G. Amelino-Camelia, J. Ellis, N. Mavromatos, D. Nanopoulos, S. Sarkar, Nature 393 763 (1998). source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Various models of string quantum gravity imply dispersive frequency wavelength relations for light propagation”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] G. Amelino-Camelia, J. Ellis, N. Mavromatos, D. Nanopoulos, S. Sarkar, Nature 393 763 (1998). source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“This kinematic framework is widely accepted throughout various formulations of the theory, and has led to several physical predictions associated with the 'polymer-like' structure of quantum space-time [4].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] A. Ashtekar, J. Lewandowski, Class.Quant.Grav. 14 , A55 (1997); Adv. Theor. Math. Phys. 1 , 388 (1998). source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“What these authors point out is that the light coming from gamma-ray bursts travels very large distances before being detected on Earth, and is therefore quite sensitive to departures from orthodox theories.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] G. Amelino-Camelia, J. Ellis, N. Mavromatos, D. Nanopoulos, S. Sarkar, Nature 393 763 (1998). source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This already suggests that there will be modifications to the usual dispersion relation for light propagation.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If one were to assume that the weaves are parity-invariant, the term would vanish.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“The observed width of the bursts appears to be of the order of 0 . 1 s , with features like a rising edge as small as 1 ms .”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2] C. Bhat et al, Nature, 359 , 217 (1992); J. Scargle, J. Norris, J. Bonnell, astro-ph/9712016. source
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“If we compare with the proposals considered by Amelino-Camelia et al [1], in their case they find only a change in the dispersion relation, whereas here we in addition see a helicity-dependent effect.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] G. Amelino-Camelia, J. Ellis, N. Mavromatos, D. Nanopoulos, S. Sarkar, Nature 393 763 (1998). source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This is in line with the observations of ref. [1], that quantum gravity effects will increase with the frequency, the opposite being expected for other more standard sources of cosmological dispersion or birefringence.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] G. Amelino-Camelia, J. Ellis, N. Mavromatos, D. Nanopoulos, S. Sarkar, Nature 393 763 (1998). source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our effect is also absent for scalar fields, whereas other quantum gravity corrections are all-encompassing (they can be viewed as corrections to quantum mechanics itself).”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is because the kind of corrective terms we are introducing in Maxwell theory, although linear in the fields, are higher order in the derivatives.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The term would also vanish -on average- if one assumes that the different regions of size ∆ have 'random orientations' in their parity violation.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The only feature we will need of these operators is that acting on spin network states they are finite and only give contributions at intersections.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] T. Thiemann, Class. Quan. Grav. 15 , 1281 (1998). source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
The Maxwell fields operate as classical fields at the level of equations of motion.
“we will assume that the Maxwell fields operate as classical fields at the level of equations of motion”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The coherent state chosen approximates a classical travelling wave of wavelength λ, and λ is much larger than the Planck length.
“The coherent state chosen will be one that approximates a classical travelling wave of wavelength λ , which we assume to be much larger than the Planck length.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The gravitational degrees of freedom are in a 'weave' state |Δ>.
“For the gravitational degrees of freedom we will assume we are in a 'weave' state [8] | ∆ > , such that,”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The weave considered approximates a flat geometry for lengths larger than Δ.
“The weave we will consider approximates a flat geometry for lengths larger than ∆.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The weave is non-parity invariant.
“Assuming a non-parity invariant weave, the resulting equations of motion from the above Hamiltonian can be viewed as corrections to the Maxwell equations,”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Rotational invariance is locally preserved in the construction of the weave.
“In the construction of the weave, we have assumed that rotational invariance is locally preserved.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The universe is non-parity invariant.
“The fact that we live in a non-parity invariant universe suggests that parity invariant weaves might not necessarily be the most natural ones to consider in constructing a semiclassical state of cosmological interest.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The coupling term in the Hamiltonian constraint is the usual E^2+B^2 term in a curved background.
“The term in the Hamiltonian constraint coupling Maxwell fields to gravity is the usual ' E 2 + B 2 ' term, but in a curved background,”
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Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In the absence of detailed formulations, certain early pioneering model calculations [192] (see also general treatment [340, 341]) indicate the possibility for certain Lorentz-invariance-violation (LIV) effects associated to a quantum-gravity granularity of spacetime measured at rest by a preferred frame of observers.”
From The Spin-Foam Approach to Quantum Gravity (2013) · cites this paper as [192]
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X-ray polarimetry on-board of HXMT
Paolo Soffitta, A., Bellazzini, R., Tagliaferri, G., Costa, E., Pareschi, G., Basso, S., Cotroneo, V., Frutti, M., Lazzarotto, F., Muleri, F., et al. (2008) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.789363 · Cited by 8
“We simulated the effect of Quantum Gravity on a fairly distant blazar to show at which level the linear term can be excluded.(8)”
MethodGerasimov, R., Bhoj, P., & Kislat, F. (2021) · Symmetry · doi:10.3390/sym13050880 · Cited by 8
Absorption of TeV photons andκ-deformed poincaré algebra
Giovanni Amelino-camelia, A., Jerzy Lukierski, B., & Nowicki, A. (2001) · Czechoslovak Journal of Physics · doi:10.1023/a:1013345314348 · Cited by 8
Time Delay of Photons of Different Energies in Multidimensional Cosmological Models
Harko, T., & Cheng, K. S. (2004) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/422378 · Cited by 10
“The light propagation in the semiclassical spacetime that emerges in canonical quantum gravity in the loop representation was considered by Gambini & Pullin (1999).”
BackgroundMethodWang, Q., Yan, J.-M., Zhu, T., & Zhao, W. K. (2025) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.111.084064 · Cited by 7
“Conversely, several candidate theories of quantum gravity, including string theory [11, 12], loop quantum gravity [13], and brane-world scenarios [14], propose frameworks wherein Lorentz and diffeomorphism invariances in the gravitational sector may be spontaneously violated.”
Xu, M., Lu, J., Li, R., Liu, Y., & Wu, S.-M. (2025) · Classical and Quantum Gravity · doi:10.1088/1361-6382/ade6b9 · Cited by 7
Emergent models for gravity: an overview
Sindoni, L. (2012) · Max Planck Digital Library · Cited by 7
Modified dispersion relations and a potential explanation of the EDGES anomaly
Das, S., Fridman, M., Lambiase, G., Stabile, A., & Vagenas, E. C. (2022) · The European Physical Journal C · doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-022-10680-8 · Cited by 7
Entanglement-enhanced test proposal for local Lorentz-symmetry violation via spinor atoms
Zhuang, M., Huang, J., & Lee, C. (2022) · Quantum · doi:10.22331/q-2022-11-14-859 · Cited by 7
Mustafa, O., & Güvendi, A. (2025) · The European Physical Journal C · doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-14201-1 · Cited by 7
Prospects for time-domain and multi-messenger science with eXTP
Yi, S.-X., Zhao, W. K., Xu, R., Wu, X.-F., Stratta, G., Dall’Osso, S., Xu, Y.-J., Santangelo, A. E., Zane, S., Zhang, S., et al. (2025) · Science China Physics Mechanics and Astronomy · doi:10.1007/s11433-025-2782-2 · Cited by 7
Potting, R. (2013) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/447/1/012009 · Cited by 7
Quantum gauge freedom in the Lorentz violating background
Shah, M. B., & Ganai, P. A. (2017) · International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics · doi:10.1142/s0219887818500093 · Cited by 7
Gravitational Möller scattering, Lorentz violation and finite temperature
Santos, A. F., & Khanna, F. C. (2020) · Modern Physics Letters A · doi:10.1142/s0217732320502132 · Cited by 7
Particle–Antiparticle Asymmetry in Relativistic Deformed Kinematics
Carmona, J. M., Cortés, J. L., & Relancio, J. J. (2021) · Symmetry · doi:10.3390/sym13071266 · Cited by 7
“In fact, deviations from SR have been considered as a possible low-energy phenomenological footprint of a quantum theory of gravity [5–19].”
BackgroundSpecial Relativity and Lorentz Invariance
Lämmerzahl, C. (2005) · Annalen der Physik · doi:10.1002/andp.200551701-305 · Cited by 7
Sahoo, S., Kumar, A., Agarwalla, S. K., & Dighe, A. (2023) · Physics Letters B · doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2023.137949 · Cited by 7
“However, there are a few proposed models in string theory [63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70] and loop quantum gravity [71, 72, 73, 74, 75] which give rise to LV.”
BackgroundLorentz symmetry breaking in $\mathcal{N} =2$ superspace
Faizal, M., & Ganai, P. A. (2015) · Europhysics Letters (EPL) · doi:10.1209/0295-5075/111/21001 · Cited by 7
Black hole evaporation within a momentum-dependent metric
Salesi, G., & Grezia, E. D. (2009) · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields · doi:10.1103/physrevd.79.104009 · Cited by 7
Duality-invariant Einstein-Planck relation and the speed of light at very short wavelengths
Jou, D., & Mongiovı̀, M. S. (2011) · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields · doi:10.1103/physrevd.84.107303 · Cited by 7
PANGU: a wide field gamma-ray imager and polarimeter
Wu, X., Walter, R., Su, M., Ambrosi, G., Azzarello, P., Böttcher, M., Chang, J., Chernyakova, M., Fan, Y.-Z., Farnier, C., et al. (2016) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.2231871 · Cited by 6
“im handed circular polarization travel with slightly different velocities [114], leading to a frequency-dependent rotation of the polarization vector of a linearly polarized photon [115].”
BackgroundPerturbative unitarity and higher-order Lorentz symmetry breaking
Balart, L., Reyes, C. M., Ossandón, S., & Reyes, C. (2018) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.98.035035 · Cited by 7
Wei, J.-J., & Wu, X.-F. (2020) · The European Physical Journal Plus · doi:10.1140/epjp/s13360-020-00554-x · Cited by 7
Nonuniversal relativistic kinematics
Carmona, J. M., Cortés, J. L., & Romeo, B. (2015) · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields · doi:10.1103/physrevd.91.085036 · Cited by 7
Adiabatic renormalization in theories with modified dispersion relations
Nacir, D. L., Mazzitelli, F. D., & Simeone, C. (2007) · Journal of Physics A Mathematical and Theoretical · doi:10.1088/1751-8113/40/25/s36 · Cited by 5
Wave propagation on a random lattice
Sahlmann, H. (2010) · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields · doi:10.1103/physrevd.82.064018 · Cited by 7
“s toy models or as effective descriptions. One paradigm is that spacetime is fundamentally discrete, such as in the causal set approach [1], or in semiclassical considerations of loop quantum gravity [2, 3, 4]. Another paradigm, pioneered by Wheeler, has spacetime smooth, save for localized defects [5]. Our model here…”
BackgroundInfluentialFields and symmetries in $κ$-Minkowski noncommutative spacetimePreprint
Agostini, A. (2003) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.hep-th/0312305 · Cited by 7
“essed by λ. Thus, for this model the parameter αis just equal to 1 (α= −ξ= 1). It is quite significant that other approaches (different from the one based on Noncommutative Geometry and Quantum Groups) [57][18] have provided evidence for the possibility that the phenomenon of deformed dispersion relation goes linearly w…”
Astronomical tests of the Einstein equivalence principle
Preuss, O. (2002) · Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics · Cited by 7
Chiral bosonization for non-commutative fieldsPreprint
Das, A., Gamboa-Rios, J., Méndez, F., & López-Sarrion, J. (2004) · Cited by 7
Carpet-3 300 TeV photon event as an evidence for Lorentz violation
Song, H. C., & Ma, B.-Q. (2025) · Physics Letters B · doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2025.139959 · Cited by 6
“…an energy scale of E LV ∼ 3 × 10 17 GeV as derived in [12, 13]. implies This energy scale a suppression of LV effects at energies below ∼ 10 17 GeV, which is consistent with the theoretical predictions of quantum spacetime foam models [10, 11, 19– 24] and/or loop quantum gravity models [25–27].”
Lorentz-preserving fields in Lorentz-violating theories
Ganguly, O., Gangopadhyay, D., & Majumdar, P. (2011) · Europhysics Letters (EPL) · doi:10.1209/0295-5075/96/61001 · Cited by 6
Lorentz Violation, Möller Scattering, and Finite Temperature
Santos, A. F., & Khanna, F. C. (2018) · Advances in High Energy Physics · doi:10.1155/2018/4596129 · Cited by 6
Testing Lorentz Violation with IceCube Neutrinos
Zhang, H., & Yang, L. (2022) · Universe · doi:10.3390/universe8050260 · Cited by 6
“Theories such as strings [6], spacetime foam [7], and loop quantum gravity [8] could provide the solutions to the violation at extremely high energy of about 1019 GeV, far beyond the capabilities of observation.”
BackgroundGravitational time advancement effect in Bumblebee gravity for Earth bound systems
Tuleganova, G. Y., Karimov, R. K., Izmailov, R. N., Potapov, A. A., Bhadra, A., & Nandi, K. K. (2023) · The European Physical Journal Plus · doi:10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-03713-y · Cited by 6
“The idea of LSB as a novel way to probe for QG effects at low energy was first envisaged in the context of string theory [21–24], non-commutative field theories [25] or loop quantum gravity [26, 27].”
Nilsson, A., & Poncin-Lafitte, C. L. (2024) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.109.024035 · Cited by 6
“dynamics [42], and more (see for example [7, 43, 44]).”
BackgroundHayrapetyan, A., Tumasyan, A., Adam, W., Andrejkovic, J. W., Bergauer, T., Chatterjee, S., Damanakis, K., Dragicevic, M., Hussain, P. S., Jeitler, M., et al. (2024) · Physics Letters B · doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2024.138979 · Cited by 6
“Models of quantum gravity, e.g., string theory [1] and loop quantum gravity [2], can, however, predict breaking of Lorentz invariance at a high mass scale.”
BackgroundHendi, S. H., & Talezadeh, M. S. (2016) · General Relativity and Gravitation · doi:10.1007/s10714-016-2176-5 · Cited by 7
Modified dispersion relations, inflation, and scale invariance
Bianco, S., Friedhoff, V. N., & Wilson-Ewing, E. (2018) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.97.046006 · Cited by 6
Entropy spectrum of charged BTZ black holes in massive gravity’s rainbow
Panah, B. E., Panahiyan, S., & Hendi, S. H. (2018) · Progress of Theoretical and Experimental Physics · doi:10.1093/ptep/pty143 · Cited by 6
Entropy spectrum of charged BTZ black holes in massive gravity’s rainbow
Panah, B. E., Panahiyan, S., & Hendi, S. H. (2019) · GSI Repository (German Federal Government) · Cited by 6
Lorentz Symmetry and High-Energy Neutrino Astronomy
Argüelles, C. A., & Katori, T. (2021) · Universe · doi:10.3390/universe7120490 · Cited by 6
“LV has shown to occur in beyond-the-Standard-Model (BSM) theories such as string theory [2], non-commutative field theory [3], loop quantum gravity [4], Hořava-Lifshitz gravity [5], etc.”
MethodShort-range forces due to Lorentz-symmetry violation
Bailey, Q. G., James, J., Slone, J. R., & O'Neal-Ault, K. (2023) · Classical and Quantum Gravity · doi:10.1088/1361-6382/acb0ab · Cited by 9
“In particular, miniscule but potentially detectable violations of fundamental symmetries underlying General Relativity (GR) can arise in a plethora of ways [9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15].”
Note on uncertainty relations in doubly special relativity and gravity’s rainbow
Son, E. J., & Kim, W. (2015) · Modern Physics Letters A · doi:10.1142/s0217732315501783 · Cited by 6
UNSPEAKABLES AND THE EPISTEMOLOGICAL PATH TOWARD QUANTUM GRAVITY
Sudarsky, D. (2008) · International Journal of Modern Physics D · doi:10.1142/s0218271808012103 · Cited by 6
Fundamental times, lengths and physical constants: Some unknown contributions by Ettore Majorana
Esposito, S., & Salesi, G. (2010) · Annalen der Physik · doi:10.1002/andp.201010454 · Cited by 8
OPTIS – A Satellite test of Special and General Relativity
Dittus, H., Lämmerzahl, C., Peters, A., & Schiller, S. (2007) · Advances in Space Research · doi:10.1016/j.asr.2007.02.074 · Cited by 6
“Loop gravity and string theory predict modifications of the Maxwell equations (Gambini and Pullin, 1999; Ellis et al., 1999; Alfaro et al., 2001) which would lead to an anisotropic speed of light and to a dispersion in vacuum, thus violating the”
BackgroundMethodAlfaro, J., Morales-Técotl, H. A., Reyes, M., & Urrutia, L. F. (2003) · Journal of Physics A Mathematical and General · doi:10.1088/0305-4470/36/48/012 · Cited by 6
Coupling matter to loop quantum gravity
Sahlmann, H. (2005) · Max Planck Digital Library · Cited by 6
Continuous distribution of frequencies and deformed dispersion relations
Camacho, A. (2005) · Classical and Quantum Gravity · doi:10.1088/0264-9381/22/11/012 · Cited by 6
Deformed dispersion relations and the Hanbury–Brown–Twiss Effect
Camacho, A. (2005) · General Relativity and Gravitation · doi:10.1007/s10714-005-0124-x · Cited by 6
Reality and causality in quantum gravity modified electrodynamics
Martínez, S. A., Montemayor, R., & Urrutia, L. F. (2006) · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields · doi:10.1103/physrevd.74.065020 · Cited by 6
Zhang, B.-Y., Zhu, T., Yan, J.-M., Zhang, J.-F., & Zhang, X. (2025) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.111.104012 · Cited by 12
“Theoretical attempts to integrate quantum physics with gravity, including string theory [12, 13], loop quantum gravity [14], and brane-world scenarios [15], etc., might lead to potential violations of these symmetries.”
Hidden symmetries in deformed very special relativity
Dimakis, N. (2021) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.103.l071701 · Cited by 5
Revisiting linear stability of black hole odd-parity perturbations in Einstein-Aether gravity
Shinji Mukohyama, A., Tsujikawa, S., & Wang, A. (2024) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.110.044024 · Cited by 5
Spontaneous symmetry breaking in Lorentz violating background
Masood, S., Shah, M. B., & Ganai, P. A. (2017) · International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics · doi:10.1142/s0219887818500214 · Cited by 5
Monte Carlo simulation of GRB data to test Lorentz-invariance violation
Song, H. C., & Ma, B.-Q. (2025) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.111.103015 · Cited by 5
“Numerous quantum gravity frame-works—including string theory [1–8], loop quantum gravity [9–11], and doubly-special relativity [12–14]—predict deviations from Lorentz symmetry near the Planck energy scale, E P ≡ c 5 /G ≃ 1 .”
Polymer quantization, stability and higher-order time derivative terms
Cumsille, P., Reyes, C. M., Ossandón, S., & Reyes, C. (2016) · International Journal of Modern Physics A · doi:10.1142/s0217751x16500408 · Cited by 6
Matter in Loop Quantum Gravity
Date, G. (2012) · Symmetry Integrability and Geometry Methods and Applications · doi:10.3842/sigma.2012.010 · Cited by 9
Quantum mechanics and local Lorentz symmetry violation
Jizba, P., & Scardigli, F. (2012) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/361/1/012026 · Cited by 9
Cheng, K. S., & Harko, T. (2004) · Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1016/j.astropartphys.2004.07.004 · Cited by 5
TIME, CLOCKS AND FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS
Lämmerzahl, C., & Dittus, H. (2007) · International Journal of Modern Physics D · doi:10.1142/s0218271807011504 · Cited by 5
Plane gravitational waves in real connection variables
Hinterleitner, F., & Major, S. (2011) · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields · doi:10.1103/physrevd.83.044034 · Cited by 5
Metadata
- Authors
- Gambini, R., & Pullin, J.
- Venue
- Physical Review D
- Publisher
- American Physical Society (APS)
- Published
- 1999-05-21
- Volume
- 59
- Issue
- 12
- ISSN
- 0556-2821 (ISSN-L)
- 1089-4918
- OpenAlex
- W2594004064
- Semantic Scholar
- 6d77e7089d7b5cc0af79c78c61702a7873eda39c
- Cited by
- 960
- References
- 14
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 54 · 2015: 39 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 33 · 2012: 41
- FWCI
- 19.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Civil War Book Review (submittedVersion)
- CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Noncommutative and Quantum Gravity Theories
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Relativity and Gravitational Theory
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
- Keywords
- quantum spacetime, loop quantum gravity, light propagation, modified dispersion relations, modified Maxwell's equations, gamma-ray bursts, discrete spacetime, cosmological constraints
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