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Randomness versus Nonlocality and Entanglement
Open accessAbstract
The outcomes obtained in Bell tests involving two-outcome measurements on two subsystems can, in principle, generate up to 2 bits of randomness. However, the maximal violation of the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt inequality guarantees the generation of only 1.23 bits of randomness. We prove here that quantum correlations with arbitrarily little nonlocality and states with arbitrarily little entanglement can be used to certify that close to the maximum of 2 bits of randomness are produced. Our results show that nonlocality, entanglement, and randomness are inequivalent quantities. They also imply that device-independent quantum key distribution with an optimal key generation rate is possible by using almost-local correlations and that device-independent randomness generation with an optimal rate is possible with almost-local correlations and with almost-unentangled states.
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“Although non-locality or entanglement certi fi es the randomness, the three quantities, non-locality, entanglement and randomness, are not equivalent. 68”
From Quantum random number generation (2016) · cites this paper as [68]
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“Maximum randomness generation does not require maximum non-local correlation or a maximum entangled state.”
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“It is shown that 2 bits of randomness can be certi fi ed with little involvement of non-locality and entanglement. 68”
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Citations
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Metadata
- Authors
- Acín, A., Massar, S., & Pironio, S.
- Affiliations
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ES)
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (BE)
- Venue
- Physical Review Letters
- Publisher
- American Physical Society (APS)
- Published
- 2012-03-09
- Volume
- 108
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 100402-100402
- ISSN
- 0031-9007 (ISSN-L)
- 1079-7114
- OpenAlex
- W1985083346
- Cited by
- 324
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 55 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 15.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- Physical Review Letters (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Dépôt institutionnel de l'Université libre de Bruxelles (Université Libre de Bruxelles) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Information and Cryptography
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Mechanics and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Random lasers and scattering media
- Keywords
- randomness generation, nonlocality, entanglement, Bell tests, CHSH inequality, device-independent quantum key distribution, device-independent randomness generation, quantum correlations
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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