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Phase-Programmable Gaussian Boson Sampling Using Stimulated Squeezed Light
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We report phase-programmable Gaussian boson sampling (GBS) which produces up to 113 photon detection events out of a 144-mode photonic circuit. A new high-brightness and scalable quantum light source is developed, exploring the idea of stimulated emission of squeezed photons, which has simultaneously near-unity purity and efficiency. This GBS is programmable by tuning the phase of the input squeezed states. The obtained samples are efficiently validated by inferring from computationally friendly subsystems, which rules out hypotheses including distinguishable photons and thermal states. We show that our GBS experiment passes a nonclassicality test based on inequality constraints, and we reveal nontrivial genuine high-order correlations in the GBS samples, which are evidence of robustness against possible classical simulation schemes. This photonic quantum computer, Jiuzhang 2.0, yields a Hilbert space dimension up to ∼10^{43}, and a sampling rate ∼10^{24} faster than using brute-force simulation on classical supercomputers.
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“There are then two ways around this no-go result: one can either give up programmability and build an ultralow loss fixed static interferometer, as implemented in refs. 1,2, or give up universality while maintaining a high degree of multimode entanglement using long-ranged gates.”
From Quantum computational advantage with a programmable photonic processor (2022) · cites this paper as [2]
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“Thus, the fact that significant third- and fourth-order cumulants are observed in refs. 1,2 is simply a reflection of the fact that most of their inputs are vacuum and that their experiment lacks photon-number resolution.”
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“This is not the case for other architectures in which one either has to give up programmability1,2 or suffer steep losses that, in the asymptotic limit of many modes, render the sampling task roughly simulable as the loss scales exponentially with the system size31.”
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“we estimate that Fugaku would require 1.5 h, on average, to generate one sample from the experiment in ref. 2”
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“or 8,500 years for the 50 million generated in their experiment.”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Zhong, H.-S., Deng, Y.-H., Qin, J., Wang, H., Chen, M.-C., Peng, L.-C., Luo, Y.-H., Wu, D., Gong, S.-Q., Su, H., Hu, Y., Hu, P., Yang, X.-Y., Zhang, W.-J., Li, H., Li, Y., Jiang, X., Gan, L., Yang, G., You, L., Wang, Z., Li, L., Liu, N.-L., Renema, J. J., Lu, C.-Y., & Pan, J.-W.
- Affiliations
- University of Science and Technology of China (CN)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (CN)
- University of Twente (NL)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Physical Review Letters
- Publisher
- American Physical Society (APS)
- Published
- 2021-10-25
- Volume
- 127
- Issue
- 18
- Pages
- 180502-180502
- ISSN
- 0031-9007 (ISSN-L)
- 1079-7114
- OpenAlex
- W3176603110
- Cited by
- 434
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 45 · 2025: 87 · 2024: 91 · 2023: 113 · 2022: 85 · 2021: 13
- FWCI
- 26.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Physical Review Letters (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Twente Research Information (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Twente Research Information (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- University of Twente Research Information (submittedVersion)
- University of Twente Research Information (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (cc-by)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China
- National Key Research and Development Program of China (2019YFA0308700)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (2019SHZDZX01)
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
- Anhui Initiative in Quantum Information Technologies
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Information and Cryptography
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Mechanics and Applications
- Keywords
- Gaussian boson sampling, photonic quantum computing, quantum advantage, Hilbert space dimension
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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