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Experimental Realization of Teleporting an Unknown Pure Quantum State via Dual Classical and Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Channels
Open accessAbstract
We report on a quantum optical experimental implementation of teleportation of unknown pure quantum states. This realizes all of the nonlocal aspects of the original scheme proposed by Bennett et al. and is equivalent to it up to a local operation. We exhibit results for the teleportation of a linearly polarized state and of an elliptically polarized state. We show that the experimental results cannot be explained in terms of a classical channel alone. The Bell measurement in our experiment can distinguish between all four Bell states simultaneously allowing, in the ideal case, a 100% success rate of teleportation.
Overview
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TL;DR
The paper reports a quantum optical experiment that teleports unknown pure polarization states using two photons, with Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen entanglement encoded in k-vector/path and classical information sent from Alice to Bob. It demonstrates teleportation of linear and elliptical polarization states and shows the results cannot be explained by a classical channel alone.
Key findings
- The experiment realizes all nonlocal aspects of the original Bennett et al. teleportation scheme and is equivalent to it up to a local operation.
- For three equally spaced linear polarizations (0°, +120°, −120°), the measured average exceeded the classical teleportation limit of 3/4, violating it by 9 standard deviations.
- For a linear state at θ = 22.5°, the coincidence maxima displacements were 22.5°, 67.5°, 112.5°, and −22.5°, consistent with the expected teleportation relations.
- For an elliptically polarized state prepared with θ = 0 and a quarter wave plate at γ = 20°, the verification results showed the state after Bob’s quarter wave plate was vertically or horizontally polarized as required.
Methods
- Polarization-entangled photon pairs were created by type II degenerate parametric downconversion, pumped by a 200 mW UV cw argon laser at 351.1 nm, with downconverted photons at 702.2 nm; calcite crystals converted the polarization entanglement into k-vector/path entanglement.
- Alice performed a Bell-state measurement using a 50:50 beamsplitter, polarizers, and detectors; Bob verified the teleported state using polarization analysis with Fresnel rhomb devices, a polarizing beamsplitter, detectors, and quarter wave plates for the elliptical case.
- The analysis compared measured coincidence counts to the classical teleportation bound, averaging over the three equally spaced linear polarizations and the four possible Bell-state outcomes.
Limitations
- The paper states that the preparer must prepare the unknown state on one of the EPR photons, so the unknown state cannot come from outside; the scheme is equivalent to the original only up to a local operation.
- The paper states that the required unitary transformations were implemented passively by reorienting the verification apparatus; active implementation using fast Pockel cells and polarizing beamsplitters for 100% efficiency is left as future work.
- The paper notes that no experiment is perfect and that wide filters (Δλ = 20 nm) were used to keep count rates high enough to minimize phase drift, which is an evident trade-off in spectral selectivity.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We report on a quantum optical experimental implementation of teleportation of unknown pure quantum states.”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This represents a violation of the classical teleportation limit by 9 standard deviations.”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“indeed, in three photon schemes, where the Bell measurement is made on two photons, feasible schemes can have only a 50% rate of success even in the ideal case [3]”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [3] [3] H. Weinfurter, Europhys. Lett. 559 (1994); S. L. Braunstein and A. Mann, Phys. Rev. A 51 , R1727 (19955); K. Mattle, H. weinfurter, P. G. Kwiat and A. Zeilinger, PRL 76 , 4656 (1996).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, this approach does place a restriction on us in that the preparer must prepare his state on one of the EPR photons, and so the unknown state cannot come from outside.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By varying with respect to the vectors | φ c l 〉 and | Ω l 〉 we obtain T max l = 9 8 .”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this paper we have seen how a state which is unknown to Alice can be disassembled into purely classical and purely nonlocal EPR correlations, and then it can be reconstructed at a distant location.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Bob's photon can be transformed back to the original state α | v 〉 + β | h 〉 by applying an appropriate unitary transformation depending on the outcome of Alice's measurement.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [1] [1] C. Bennett, G. Brassard, C. Crepeau, R. Jozsa, A. Peres and W. Wootters, Phys. Rev. Lett. 70 , 1895 (1993).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We show that the experimental results cannot be explained in terms of a classical channel alone.”
- Also stated in: § Experimental Realization of Teleporting an Unknown Pure Quantum State via Dual Classical and Einstein-Podolski-Rosen Channels · boosted
“This represents a violation of the classical teleportation limit by 9 standard deviations.”
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Experimental Realization of Teleporting an Unknown Pure Quantum State via Dual Classical and Einstein-Podolski-Rosen Channels · boosted
- It may state two separate claims as one. 4
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
- Probably not a substantial claim. 2
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Note that the displacements of the maxima are 22.5 ◦ , 67.5 ◦ , 112.5 ◦ and -22.5 ◦ . These are consistent with equation (11) where α = sin( θ ) and β = cos( θ ).”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results, shown in fig. 3, demonstrate that the state after the quarter wave plate is vertically or horizontally polarised as required.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“This realizes all the nonlocal aspects of the original scheme proposed by Bennett et al. and is equivalent to it up to a local operation.”
- Also stated in: § Experimental Realization of Teleporting an Unknown Pure Quantum State via Dual Classical and Einstein-Podolski-Rosen Channels · hedged
“Nevertheless, the scheme to be described here realizes all the nonlocal aspects of the original teleportation scheme, and is equivalent to the original scheme upto a local operation (since, in principle, the unknown state of a particle from outside could be swapped onto the polarisation degree of freedom of Alice's EPR particle by a local unitary operation).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [1] [1] C. Bennett, G. Brassard, C. Crepeau, R. Jozsa, A. Peres and W. Wootters, Phys. Rev. Lett. 70 , 1895 (1993).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Experimental Realization of Teleporting an Unknown Pure Quantum State via Dual Classical and Einstein-Podolski-Rosen Channels · hedged
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In particular, as in the original scheme, we emphasize that if the preparer does not tell Alice what state he has prepared then there is no way Alice can find out what the state is.”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This avoids the difficulties associated with having three photons and, as will be seen below, makes the Bell measurement much more straight forward”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To beat the classical teleportation limit the average value of this quantity must exceed 3 / 4.”
- Also stated in: § Experimental Realization of Teleporting an Unknown Pure Quantum State via Dual Classical and Einstein-Podolski-Rosen Channels · plain
“In the appendix we show this classical teleportation protocol must satisfy”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Experimental Realization of Teleporting an Unknown Pure Quantum State via Dual Classical and Einstein-Podolski-Rosen Channels · plain
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Wide, rather than narrow, filters were used so that the count rate was high enough to allow measurements to be made in a few seconds in order that problems associated with phase drift were minimize.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“Next to the discrete-variable schemes of the first demonstrations, teleportation was also reported on squeezed entangled states [352][353][354][355][356][357][358], for which a review is available [359].”
From Photonic quantum information processing: a review (2019) · cites this paper as [354]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“A protocol of this kind has been proposed by Popescu (1995) and was experimentally realized in Rome (Boschi et al., 1998) with a teleportation fidelity of 0.85 (1).”
From Multiphoton entanglement and interferometry (2012) · cites this paper as Boschi et al., 1998
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“There is no possibility of varying the intrinsic degree of entanglement , ε [11], to produce non-maximally entangled states without compromising the purity of the state, i.e., introducing mixture [12].”
From Nonmaximally Entangled States: Production, Characterization, and Utilization (1999) · cites this paper as [11]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“For 150-mW pump power, this implies a coincidence rate of 21,000s -1 [22], a × 10 increase over the previous typeII source (which used a BBO crystal 2.5 times longer [12]).”
From Ultrabright source of polarization-entangled photons (1999) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“Such brightness is completely necessary for some applications (like quantum cryptography to a satellite), and very advantageous for others (like teleportation, which requires two pairs of entangled photons, and hence scales as the square of the source intensity).”
From Ultrabright source of polarization-entangled photons (1999) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“Entanglement swapping has also been tested with discrete [377,378] and continuous variables [354], or even with a hybrid approach [379].”
From Photonic quantum information processing: a review (2019) · cites this paper as [354]
Citations
Cites
Teleporting an unknown quantum state via dual classical and Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen channels
Bennett, C. H., Brassard, G., Crépeau, C., Jozsa, R., Peres, A., & Wootters, W. K. (1993) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.70.1895 · Cited by 13,703
New High-Intensity Source of Polarization-Entangled Photon Pairs
Kwiat, P. G., Mattle, K., Weinfurter, H., Zeilinger, A., Sergienko, A. V., & Shih, Y. (1995) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.75.4337 · Cited by 3,102
Quantum Theory: Concepts and Methods
Peres, A., & Ballentine, L. E. (1995) · American Journal of Physics · doi:10.1119/1.17946 · Cited by 2,561
Dense Coding in Experimental Quantum Communication
Mattle, K., Weinfurter, H., Kwiat, P. G., & Zeilinger, A. (1996) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.76.4656 · Cited by 1,342
Optimal Extraction of Information from Finite Quantum Ensembles
Massar, S., & Popescu, S. (1995) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.74.1259 · Cited by 777
Self-citationQuantum theory: Concepts and methods
Mermin, N. D. (1997) · Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics · doi:10.1016/s1355-2198(97)85538-4 · Cited by 636
Клышко, Д. Н. (2018) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.1201/9780203743508 · Cited by 439
Measurement of the Bell operator and quantum teleportation
Braunstein, S. L., & Mann, A. (1995) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.51.r1727 · Cited by 338
Клышко, Д. Н. (1988) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 332
Experimental Bell-State Analysis
Weinfurter, H. (1994) · Europhysics Letters (EPL) · doi:10.1209/0295-5075/25/8/001 · Cited by 221
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The Physical Implementation of Quantum Computation
DiVincenzo, D. P. (2000) · Fortschritte der Physik · doi:10.1002/1521-3978(200009)48:9/11
Metadata
- Authors
- Boschi, D., Branca, S., De Martini, F., Hardy, L., & Popescu, S.
- Affiliations
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (IT)
- Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences (GB)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Physical Review Letters
- Publisher
- American Physical Society (APS)
- Published
- 1998-02-09
- Volume
- 80
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1121-1125
- ISSN
- 0031-9007 (ISSN-L)
- 1079-7114
- OpenAlex
- W2113730801
- Semantic Scholar
- 1d5b60449613be61af38d9d2515cc90701a3bb31
- Cited by
- 1,777
- References
- 12
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 58 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 123 · 2022: 61 · 2021: 61 · 2020: 59 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 41 · 2016: 55 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 51 · 2013: 52 · 2012: 47
- FWCI
- 109.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- Physical Review Letters (publishedVersion)
- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Information and Cryptography
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Mechanics and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum optics and atomic interactions
- Keywords
- quantum teleportation, Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen states, Bell states, Bell measurement, classical channels, polarization state, linear polarization, elliptical polarization, quantum nonlocality
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