The DOI matches its Crossref record; 680 of the 690 references it cites were found in a registry or an index, and 5 are not checked yet; 91 of the 275 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Photonic quantum information processing: a review
Open accessAbstract
Photonic quantum technologies represent a promising platform for several applications, ranging from long-distance communications to the simulation of complex phenomena. Indeed, the advantages offered by single photons do make them the candidate of choice for carrying quantum information in a broad variety of areas with a versatile approach. Furthermore, recent technological advances are now enabling first concrete applications of photonic quantum information processing. The goal of this manuscript is to provide the reader with a comprehensive review of the state of the art in this active field, with a due balance between theoretical, experimental and technological results. When more convenient, we will present significant achievements in tables or in schematic figures, in order to convey a global perspective of the several horizons that fall under the name of photonic quantum information.
Verified 2026-11-10 · 5 references not checked yet
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This review surveys photonic quantum information processing across single-photon encoding and technologies, quantum communication, and quantum simulation. It synthesizes theoretical, experimental, and technological milestones, using tables and schematic figures to map the field.
Key findings
- The review organizes the field into three chapters: single-photon encoding and photonic technologies, quantum communication, and photonic quantum simulation.
- In quantum communication, it reports a dense-coding channel capacity of (1.665 ± 0.018), beating the linear-optics/entanglement limit log₂3 ≈ 1.585 bits; teleportation of single-photon qubits over 1400 km to a satellite; and 2018 decoy-state QKD between a low-Earth-orbit satellite and ground stations separated by 7600 km.
- In quantum simulation/BosonSampling, it notes four 2013 experiments with n = 3 photons and classical simulation up to 30 photons in 2017; quantum repeaters are classified into three generations, with type III transferring blocks of ∼200 qubits.
- Photonic technologies reviewed include single-photon sources in the 750–1550 nm range, integrated circuits, and detectors; the paper states current sources fulfill only a limited number of ideal requirements.
Methods
- Design: narrative review, not primary research; it aims for a balance among theoretical, experimental, and technological results.
- Data/sample: literature and reported achievements, presented in tables or schematic figures; no new sample or dataset is generated.
- Analysis: classification and synthesis into three chapters; no systematic review protocol or meta-analysis is stated.
Limitations
- Stated: the field evolves rapidly, making it “challenging to stay up-to-date” during completion; the classification includes works that “easily overlap.”
- Evident: as a review, it reports no original experiments or data, and no systematic search or inclusion criteria are described.
- Evident: coverage is selective and organized by the authors’ three-chapter framework, so it cannot be exhaustive.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
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Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
91 of 275 cited sources checked · 7 supported · 8 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Accurate control over path-encoded qubits for universal manipulation is possible with relatively low technological requirements compared to other encoding schemes.
“Indeed, accurate control over these qubits for universal manipulation is possible with relatively low technological requirements when compared to other encoding schemes [37,122].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checked- cites [37] Kaiser, 2014, Opt. Commun. source
The Conclusion describes precise control of polarization-entangled states, not path-encoded qubits. A search for path encoding found discussion of interferometer paths in the polarization-entanglement preparation stage, but no claim about universal manipulation of path-encoded qubits or their technological requirements relative to other encodings. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [122] Goyal, 2013, Sci. Rep. source
The Discussion (page unavailable) says that preparing and manipulating the paper’s path-separated single-rail qubits is problematic compared with OAM-encoded qudits. It also says general deterministic single- and two-qubit gates are unavailable for single-rail qubits, contrary to the claimed ease of universal manipulation. The paper assigns the advantage of standard preparation and manipulation techniques to OAM-encoded qudits, not these qubits. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Interpretationreasoning
Alignment-free OAM states have unlocked advancements in free-space quantum key distribution and quantum communication with high bit exchange rates.
“These features have unlocked a number of advancements in free-space quantum key distribution and quantum communication [67,81,86,[96][97][98][99][100][101][102][103] with high bit exchange rates [104,105].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim4 of 5 sources checked- cites [67] Giovannini, 2011, Phys. Rev. A source
The Introduction (page unavailable) says that studying OAM-qubit resilience in free-space propagation is important for quantum communication, and the Conclusions (page unavailable) call OAM qubits a useful communication resource. The paper does not report that alignment-free states unlocked advances in free-space quantum key distribution or achieved high bit exchange rates. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [81] Forbes, 2016, Adv. Opt. Photonics source
- cites [86] Beltran, 2017, J. Opt. source
The Introduction describes OAM as useful for information encoding and says correlated OAM modes can increase information capacity. The Discussion also mentions possible use in communications. Neither passage establishes alignment-free operation, advances in free-space quantum key distribution, or high bit exchange rates. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [104] Leonhard, 2017, Phys. Rev. A source
The Introduction discusses OAM states in free-space quantum cryptography and reports prior quantum key distribution and entanglement distribution; the Conclusion suggests adaptive optics could improve OAM-based quantum communication. Neither section describes the states as alignment-free or establishes that they unlocked the claimed advancements. The high-bit-exchange-rate phrase has its own citations [104,105], so it is not attributed to this source by the printed sentence. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [105] Jabir, 2017, Sci. Rep. source
The Introduction describes polarization–OAM hybrid entanglement as useful for quantum information and identifies quantum communication and cryptography as applications of entanglement. It does not report alignment-free OAM states unlocking advances in free-space quantum key distribution or quantum communication. The high-bit-rate clause has separate citations in the citing sentence and is not attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
The cost, wavelength selectivity and difficulty of generating qudits with spiral wave plates limit their applicability.
“However, their cost, the selectivity in wavelength and the hardness to generate qudits still limit their applicability [49].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [49] Steinlechner, 2017, Nat. Commun. source
The Abstract discusses adaptive-optics challenges for orbital-angular-momentum encoding, and the Discussion describes a two-dimensional limit of the paper’s calcite-based measurements. Neither passage addresses spiral wave plates or their cost, wavelength selectivity, or difficulty generating qudits. Searches for those specific terms found no supporting passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.74)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Integrated manipulation of polarization qubits requires ad-hoc designs that represent additional challenges.
“Conversely, an integrated manipulation of polarization qubits requires ad-hoc designs that represent additional challenges, as demonstrated for instance by the fabrication of rotated waveplates in integrated femtosecond laser-written circuits [20,123].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [20] Bliokh, 2015, Nat. Photon. source
The section on anisotropic structures (p. 12) describes designed elements for controlling light’s polarization, but does not address integrated polarization-qubit manipulation or its fabrication challenges. Searches for integrated circuits, polarization qubits, and femtosecond laser-written waveplates found no passage establishing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.72)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [123] Ding, 2013, Nat. Commun. source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- Premisecitation
A q-plate allows manipulation of OAM depending on the input polarization state.
“Lastly, interesting possibilities are offered by the qplate (QP), a device built on liquid crystals, polymers or sub-wavelength gratings that allows to manipulate OAM depending on the input polarization state [46,51,54,[59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 3 sources checked- cites [46] Vallone, 2009, Phys. Rev. A source
The conclusion (page unavailable) mentions orbital angular momentum only as a possible degree of freedom for future work. The experimental-setup passage describes a quarter-wave plate, not a q-plate. Searches for q-plates and polarization-dependent OAM manipulation found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [51] Kwiat, 1997, J. Mod. Opt. source
- cites [54] Bierdz, 2013, New J. Phys. source
Section 4.3 (page unavailable) discusses a vortex phase plate and spatial light modulator changing OAM, not a q-plate. Section 2.1 (page unavailable) uses polarization optics to control the spectrometer’s pulse-energy distribution, but does not say that OAM manipulation depends on input polarization. Searches for q-plates and polarization-dependent OAM manipulation found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Time-bin encoding's resilience to noise acting on polarization makes it a good candidate for state teleportation, quantum communication and quantum key distribution, both free-space and in-fiber.
“Moreover, its resilience to noise acting on polarization, such as depolarizing media or decoherence and mode dispersion, makes time-bin a good candidate for applications in state teleportation [131][132][133], quantum communication and quantum key distribution, both free-space and in-fiber [134][135][136][137].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim7 of 7 sources checked- cites [131] Matthews, 2009, Nat. Photon. source
The paper describes path-encoded qubits in waveguides (p. 1) and broadly mentions enhanced communication security (p. 1). Its Discussion (p. 4) proposes quantum-information applications, but the passages found do not address time-bin encoding, resistance to polarization noise, or its suitability for teleportation and free-space or fiber communication. Searches for those terms found no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [132] Shadbolt, 2012, Nat. Photon. source
The introductory section mentions prior manipulation of time-bin qubits, and the References list a quantum key distribution experiment. Neither passage addresses time-bin encoding’s resilience to polarization noise or its suitability for teleportation and free-space or in-fiber communication; searches for those properties found no supporting passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.74)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [133] Carolan, 2015, Science source
The Universal Linear Optics section (pp. 1–2) discusses polarization and path encoding and photonic quantum gates, but not the claimed advantage of time-bin encoding. Searches for time-bin encoding, polarization-noise resilience, teleportation, and quantum key distribution found no passage in our copy addressing that claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [134] Corrielli, 2014, Nat. Commun. source
The Abstract describes polarization-encoded information and mentions quantum key distribution as a possible application of integrated waveplates. Neither the supplied passages nor searches for time-bin encoding, polarization noise, and free-space or fiber communication found a passage addressing time-bin resilience or the claimed applications of time-bin encoding. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [135] Silverstone, 2014, Nat. Photon. source
The paper’s on-chip interference section (page unavailable) discusses path- and colour-entangled photon pairs; its off-chip HOM measurements discuss matching photon polarisation, not time-bin encoding’s resilience to polarisation noise. Searches for time-bin encoding and quantum key distribution found no passage in our copy linking that resilience to teleportation, communication, or free-space and fibre applications. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [136] Jin, 2014, Phys. Rev. Lett. source
The chip-characterization passage (section “2 ' C”; page unavailable) describes controlling photon polarization and arrival time for a Hong–Ou–Mandel experiment, not time-bin encoding. Searches for time-bin resilience, polarization noise, teleportation, and free-space or fiber quantum communication found no passage addressing the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.77)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [137] Harris, 2014, Phys. Rev. X source
The Discussion and Outlook says the source could enable quantum-key-distribution devices based on time-energy entanglement. It does not say that time-bin encoding resists polarization noise or establish its suitability for free-space and fiber communication; the only explicit time-bin mention is the title of another work in the References. The teleportation citations attach to a different part of the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
In 2006 Chen et al. used single photons entangled in polarization and time to compensate for errors induced by a collective rotation of the polarization.
“while in 2006 Chen et al. used single photons, entangled in polarization and time, to compensate for errors induced by a collective rotation of the polarization [42].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [42] Rojas-Rojas, 2014, Phys. Rev. A source
The Introduction and Conclusion describe polarization-dependent propagation and localization in waveguide arrays, not a 2006 experiment by Chen et al. Searches for Chen, polarization–time entanglement, and compensation for collective polarization rotation found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
First demonstrations of quantum networks have been made in Austria, China, Japan, Switzerland, and USA.
“This challenge already counts first demonstrations in Austria [309], China [311,312], Japan [313,314], Switzerland [310] and USA [308,315] (see Table 4).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 5 sources checked- cites [309] Li, 2016, Opt. Express source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- cites [311] Akhlaghi, 2015, Nat. Commun. source
The Abstract discusses photonic quantum-information demonstrations, and the Discussion describes an integrated single-photon detector and its potential for quantum communication. Neither section reports first demonstrations of quantum networks in the named countries; searches for quantum-network demonstrations and those countries found no such passage. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [312] Cavalier, 2011, AIP Adv. source
- cites [313] Ferrari, 2015, Appl. Phys. Lett. source
- cites [314] Kahl, 2015, Sci. Rep. source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- Premisecitation
The use of QEC in place of HEP speeds up the process by avoiding the time delays due to non-adjacent-nodes signalling.
“however, the use of QEC in place of HEP speeds up the process by avoiding the time delays due to non-adjacentnodes signalling [416].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [416] Sangouard, 2011, Rev. Mod. Phys. source
The discussion of entanglement purification in section 1, “Storage Time” (page unavailable), says purification adds complexity and causes a slowdown. It does not say that replacing heralded entanglement purification with quantum error correction speeds up the process, or that the benefit comes from avoiding signalling delays between non-adjacent nodes. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
For disordered systems, dynamic disorders are associated with diffusive transport, where interference no longer affects the evolution and a classical-like spreading is found for a distance proportional to the square root of the evolution time.
“For disordered systems a further distinction can be made: dynamic disorders are associated to diffusive transports, where interference no longer affects the evolution and a classical-like spreading is found for a distance proportional to √ T , while static disorders lead to a complete halting in the process, a phenomenon known as Anderson localization [546,547]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [546] Kitagawa, 2012, Nat. Commun. source
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [547] Pitsios, 2017, Nat. Commun. source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- Premisecitation
Two-photon quantum correlations with bosonic-fermionic transitions occur in multi-photon quantum walks.
“highlighting for instance twophoton quantum correlations [532,538] with bosonicfermionic transitions [16,17]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim3 of 4 sources checked- cites [532] Buluta, 2009, Science source
- cites [538] Schreiber, 2011, Phys. Rev. Lett. source
The introduction (indexed under “Abstract”; page unavailable) reports a prior simultaneous two-particle quantum walk displaying intrinsic quantum correlations. It does not describe bosonic–fermionic transitions, and the paper’s own experiment kept multiphoton events negligible. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [16] Braunstein, 2014, Rev. Mod. Phys. source
The cited paper discusses bosonic commutation relations in “The quadratures of the quantized field” (p. 4) and photon-number correlations in “Continuous-variable entanglement” (p. 12). The passages found by searching for bosonic–fermionic transitions and multiphoton quantum walks do not address transitions between bosonic and fermionic behavior in quantum walks. (LLM, conf=0.73)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [17] Martínez-Herrero, 2010, Opt. Express source
Sections 3–5 discuss the angular-momentum decomposition of nonparaxial light beams, not multi-photon quantum walks. Searches for two-photon correlations and bosonic–fermionic transitions found no passage in our copy addressing the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Interpretationreasoning
Multiport photonic interferometers are good candidates for implementing quantum simulators or even general-purpose quantum computers.
“This feature has suggested multiport photonic interferometers as good candidates for the implementation of quantum simulators or even general-purpose quantum computers [586,591,592]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites [586] Crespi, 2013, Nat. Photon. source
The discussion on p. 1 says linear-optical interferometers can be universal for quantum computation if adaptive measurements are available, and p. 2 describes multimode chips as promising milestones toward that goal. The paper demonstrates boson sampling, but does not explicitly propose these interferometers as quantum simulators; general-purpose computing also depends on the stated measurement condition. (LLM, conf=0.79)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [591] Oszmaniec, 2018, Classical simulation of photonic linear optics with lost particles source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- cites [592] Shchesnovich, 2015, Phys. Rev. A source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- Premisecitation
Quantum repeaters can be grouped in three main classes according to the technique adopted for correcting propagation errors.
“In principle, QRs allow to improve the fidelity of transmission with QRs can be grouped in three main classes, according to the technique adopted for correcting propagation errors [401], as summarized schematically in Table 5.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [401] Zhang, 2006, Phys. Rev. A source
The passage on robust quantum communication (section labeled Abstract; page unavailable) names quantum error-correction codes and decoherence-free subspaces, but does not discuss quantum repeaters. Searches for repeater classes and error-correction classifications found no passage supporting the claimed three-class grouping. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Several investigations have studied the scalability of BosonSampling in imperfect conditions, including losses, partial distinguishability, and generic experimental errors.
“Since then, several investigations have been performed to study the scalability in imperfect conditions, such as in the presence of losses [570-573], partial distinguishability [574,575] and generic experimental errors [571,[576][577][578]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim3 of 7 sources checked- cites [570] Viciani, 2015, Phys. Rev. Lett. source
The discussion on p. 4 mentions Boson sampling only as a possible route to computational advantage for optical transport simulators. The scalability discussion on p. 1 concerns the authors’ cavity-network apparatus, not BosonSampling under losses, partial distinguishability, or generic experimental errors. Searches for those conditions found no passage addressing the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [571] Novo, 2016, Sci. Rep. source
The Abstract and Results discuss quantum transport in binary trees and hypercubes, including losses, disorder, and dephasing—not the scalability of BosonSampling. Searches for BosonSampling, partial distinguishability, and generic experimental errors found no passage addressing the attributed claim. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [572] Morandotti, 1999, Phys. Rev. Lett. source
- cites [573] Pertsch, 1999, Phys. Rev. Lett. source
- cites [574] Dreisow, 2009, Phys. Rev. Lett. source
- cites [575] Metcalf, 2013, Nat. Commun. source
The Abstract and Discussion say photon loss limits the scaling of integrated photonic circuits, and the Discussion connects the device’s multiphoton interference to boson sampling. The paper does not study BosonSampling scalability under partial distinguishability or generic experimental errors; its discussion of those imperfections concerns this device’s performance, not a scalability analysis. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [571,[576][577][578]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Among discrete-time quantum walks, the experimental investigation on the transition between fermionic and bosonic states was enabled by polarization-encoded symmetric (bosonic) or anti-symmetric (fermionic) wave functions.
“Among discrete-time QWs, for instance, we have discussed the experimental investigation on the transition between fermionic and bosonic states [16], enabled by polarization-encoded symmetric (bosonic) or anti-symmetric (fermionic) wave functions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [16] Braunstein, 2014, Rev. Mod. Phys. source
The passages in “F. Polarization and spin representations” (p. 10) discuss encoding continuous quantum information in optical polarization variables, not discrete-time quantum walks. Searches for fermionic and bosonic quantum walks and for polarization-encoded symmetric or antisymmetric wave functions found no passage addressing the claimed experiment. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
In 2011, Ma et al. used two polarization entangled photon pairs to study frustration in a tetramer, observing the transition between localized and resonating-valence-bond states at varying Heisenberg interaction strength.
“In 2011, Ma et al. used two polarization entangled photon pairs to study the process of frustration in a tetramer, a system with four spin-1/2 particles, observing the transition between localized and resonating-valence-bond states at varying Heisenberg interaction strength [632,633]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checked- cites [632] Aolita, 2015, Nat. Commun. source
The Results section (‘The certification test’) and Methods sections discuss fidelity bounds and certification measurements, not the tetramer experiment. Searches for Ma et al., frustration, resonating-valence-bond states, polarization-entangled photon pairs, and Heisenberg interactions found no passage in our copy addressing the claimed observation. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [633] Dittel, 2017, Quantum Sci. Technol. source
The Abstract discusses many-body interference on hypercubes, and section 4.2 discusses bosonic transformations on generalized hypercube graphs; neither addresses Ma et al.’s tetramer experiment. Searches for Ma et al., polarization-entangled photon pairs, frustration, and the localized-to-resonating-valence-bond transition found no passage about the claimed study. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Hybrid encoding between polarization and OAM can enhance sensitivity to angular rotations.
“Related to the capability of producing alignment-free states, hybrid encoding between polarization and OAM can be exploited to enhance the sensitivity to angular rotations [65,106].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
Polarization qubits are increasingly coupled to other degrees of freedom in hyperentangled states, which are efficient resources for quantum computation, communication and work extraction protocols.
“Moreover, polarization qubits are increasingly coupled to other degrees of freedom of single photons, such as orbital angular momentum [33,34,38,39], path [18,19,22,25,40,41], time-energy [42,43] and all together [44] in socalled hyper-entangled states [45], efficient resources for quantum computation, communication and work extraction protocols.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [45] Nagali, 2009, Phys. Rev. Lett. source
- Premisenone given
Photonic states have advantages over other platforms due to the lack of interaction with the external environment, which corresponds to long decoherence times.
“Photonic states present several advantages with respect to other platforms, due to the lack of interaction with the external environment that thus corresponds to long decoherence times.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisenone given
OAM states are a fundamental resource for several applications in quantum information.
“OAM states represent a fundamental resource for several applications in quantum information.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisenone given
Time-bin encoding is suitable for integrated photonic devices, where photons can be generated, manipulated and measured without external encoding devices.
“First, it is suitable for integrated photonic devices, where photons can be generated, manipulated and measured without the need for external encoding devices.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisereasoning
Polarization qubits are a common and practical way to encode quantum information for most applications, thanks to ease of generation and availability of effective manipulation tools.
“Polarization qubits represent a common and practical way to encode quantum information for most applications, thanks to the ease of generation (see Section 1.2.1) and to the availability of effective tools for manipulation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Photonic flying qubits encoded in OAM can be prepared in alignment-free states that are insensitive to rotation of the reference frame.
“Moreover, photonic 'flying' qubits encoded in OAM can be prepared in alignment-free states [67,95], being insensitive to rotation of the reference frame.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
Single photons carry quantized values of orbital angular momentum given by L = q.
“Correspondingly, single photons will carry quantized values of OAM given by L = q [46].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [46] Vallone, 2009, Phys. Rev. A source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- Premisecitation
The three pairs of polarization states form a set of mutually unbiased bases encoded in polarization.
“Together, the three pairs of states form a set of mutually unbiased bases encoded in polarization [15], at the core of several applications that we will overview in the following sections.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [15] Xiang, 2013, Rev. Mod. Phys. source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- Premisecitation
Spiral wave plates are an efficient tool to produce and manipulate OAM states.
“An efficient tool is provided by spiral wave plates [47,48], whose thickness increases in a transparent spiral structure so that light experiences a phase gradient during the propagation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
Q-plate applications include generation of intra-photon entanglement between polarization and OAM degrees of freedom.
“Applications offered by the QP [39,49,64,65,67] include the generation of intra-photon entanglement between polarization and OAM degrees of freedom by producing states of the form”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Interpretationreasoning
The long decoherence times of photonic states are particularly relevant in applications such as long-distance quantum communications.
“As we discuss in the next sections, this feature is particularly relevant in applications such as longdistance quantum communications.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Once generated and analyzed, OAM states can be manipulated with high degree of control to encode quantum information in the infinite OAM Hilbert space.
“Once generated and analyzed, OAM states can be manipulated with high degree of control to encode quantum information in the infinite OAM Hilbert space spanned by l ∈ Z, i.e. in the qudits ψ = l α l |l [34,62,64,66,[75][76][77][78][79][80].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
Single photons can act as effective mediators between distant matter qubits, as reported with single trapped ytterbium ions, quantum dots, rare-earth-ion doped crystals, or diamond spin qubits.
“In this sense, single photons can also turn effective as mediators between distant matter qubits, as already reported with single trapped ytterbium ions [371], quantum dots [372], rare-earth-ion doped crystals [113] or diamond spin qubits [373].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [371] Yukawa, 2008, Phys. Rev. A source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- cites [372] Lee, 2011, Science source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- cites [113] Sit, 2017, Optica source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- Premisecitation
Entanglement distribution includes entanglement swapping as a fundamental routine in quantum repeaters.
“nowadays, entanglement distribution includes it as a fundamental routine in quantum repeaters (see Section 2.2.1) [319].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [319] Rath, 2015, Light Sci. Appl. source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- Interpretationreasoning
By modelling the noise in a given quantum channel, it is in principle possible to construct quantum states that are immune to all decoherence effects corresponding to that specific pattern.
“Thus, by modelling the noise in a given quantum channel, it is in principle possible to construct quantum states that are immune to all decoherence effects corresponding to that specific pattern.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Entanglement purification allows circumventing entanglement loss by extracting high-quality entangled pairs from an ensemble using only local transformations and classical communication.
“Entanglement purification allows to circumvent this issue by extracting high-quality entangled pairs from a given ensemble using only local transformations and classical communication [328].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [328] Sasaki, 2011, Opt. Express source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- Premisecitation
The current record for the longest teleportation distance is held by Ren et al., who teleported single-photon qubits from a ground observatory to a satellite 1400 km high in atmosphere.
“Today the current record for the longest distance is kept by Ren et al. who teleported single-photon qubits from a ground observatory to a satellite 1400 km high in atmosphere [351].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [351] Ishizaka, 2008, Phys. Rev. Lett. source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- Premisecitation
Recent developments have shown the capability to introduce active reconfigurable elements, allowing fabrication of multi-purpose devices.
“Furthermore, recent developments have shown the capability to introduce active reconfigurable elements, thus allowing the fabrication of multi-purpose devices [122,227,231].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisenone given
In photonic teleportation realizations where photons encode information through all stages, the state of the qubit was transferred from one photon to another.
“In the above realizations, where photons encode information through all the stages of the protocol, the state of the qubit was transferred from one photon to another.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationcitation
The process of transferring a qubit state from one photon to another is the core of future long-distance quantum communication as envisaged today.
“Though the sources of single photons and photon pairs are still spatially close, the process is indeed the core of future long-distance quantum communication as we envisage it today (see Section 2.2) [320,361].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisenone given
Continuous-variable teleportation schemes have practical advantages because Bell measurements can be realized with only passive linear-optical elements and homodyne detection with very high precision.
“Indeed, the main reasons behind the increasing interest toward continuous-variable schemes concern practical advantages, since Bell measurements can be realized by means of only passive linear-optical elements and homodyne detection with very high precision.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Entanglement between single-photon states and atomic ensembles represents an effective solution for matter-light interfaces as building blocks for quantum computation and communication.
“The past decade has seen a strong effort directed towards the development of matter-light interfaces as building blocks for quantum computation and communication, where entanglement between single-photon states and atomic ensembles represents an effective solution.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [362] Jin, 2010, Nat. Photon. source
- Premisecitation
Linear optical circuits do not have a unique platform and manufacturing technique.
“Notwithstanding, and differently from miniaturized electronic circuits, linear optical circuits do not have unique platform and manifacturing technique (see Table 3) [234]:”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [234] Laing, 2010, Appl. Phys. Lett. source
- Premisecitation
Femtosecond laser writing allows waveguides with low dependence on polarization due to the possibility of writing circular cross-sections and the low birefringence of silica.
“The possibility of writing circular cross-sections and the low birefringence of silica allow for waveguides with low dependance on polarization [16,36,123].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [16] Braunstein, 2014, Rev. Mod. Phys. source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- cites [36] Matsuda, 2012, Sci. Rep. source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- cites [123] Ding, 2013, Nat. Commun. source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- Premisecitation
Proof-of-principle demonstrations of synchronized independent sources for entanglement swapping and nonlocality tests have been reported in the last decade.
“To this aim, proof-of-principle demonstrations of this scheme have been reported in the last decade, where two synchronized independent sources generated entangled photon pairs for entanglement swapping and nonlocality tests [319].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [319] Rath, 2015, Light Sci. Appl. source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- Premisecitation
Quantum mechanics allows increasing the capacity of a quantum communication channel by transferring two bits of classical information with only one qubit.
“Quantum mechanics allows to increase the capacity of a quantum communication channel by transferring two bits of classical information with only one qubit [322].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [322] Elliott, 2005, Current status of the darpa quantum network, Proc. SPIE source
- Interpretationcitation
Entanglement swapping is a promising solution to increase the distance between nodes of a quantum network without decreasing the quality of transmission.
“Entanglement swapping is a promising solution to this issue [374] and, nowadays, entanglement distribution includes it as a fundamental routine in quantum repeaters (see Section 2.2.1) [319].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [374] Takeda, 2013, Nature source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- Premisereasoning
After a Bell measurement on B-C in entanglement swapping, Bob remains with an entangled pair A-D even though they did not share any entanglement or interaction.
“After the Bell measurement on B-C, and whatever outcome Alice receives, Bob remains with an entangled pair A-D even though they did not share any entanglement or interaction.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Ikuta et al. in 2011 proposed and demonstrated a solution for increasing the efficiency of DFS-based entanglement distribution over lossy channels.
“For instance, Ikuta et al. in 2011 proposed and demonstrated a solution for increasing the efficiency of DFS-based entanglement distribution over lossy channels [389].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [389] Pan, 1998, Phys. Rev. Lett. source
- Premisecitation
Teleportation schemes enable new approaches for universal quantum computation, in particular one-way quantum computers.
“Among all, teleportation schemes were shown to enable new approaches for universal quantum computation [336,337], in particular as one-way quantum computers [338].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisereasoning
In DFS protocols, qubits are encoded in states that do not experience decoherence in a given channel thanks to known symmetries of the subspace.
“In DFS protocols, qubits are encoded in states that do not experience decoherence in a given channel thanks to known symmetries of the subspace.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
In 2006 Zhang et al. reported a fault-tolerant implementation of QKD with polarization encoding, capable to account for bit-flip errors and collective rotation of the polarization state, without the need for a calibration of the reference frame.
“In the same year, Zhang et al. reported a faulttolerant implementation of quantum key distribution (see Section 2.2.3) with polarization encoding, capable to account for bit-flip errors and collective rotation of the polarization state, without the need for a calibration of the reference frame [387].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [387] Pfaff, 2014, Science source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- Premisecitation
Deterministic single-photon sources include trapped ions, colour centers and quantum dots with various materials.
“Deterministic sources include trapped ions [205], colour centers [203] and quantum dots (QD) [216] with GaAs [217], InGaAs [29,[191][192][193]199], InAsP NW [201,202] or InAs/GaAs [195][196][197][198].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
Achieving a never-failing Bell measurement is impossible using only linear-optical elements such as beam splitters, phase shifters, detectors and ancillary particles.
“One challenge for implementing dense conding is represented by the BM stage, since achieving a never-failing BM is impossible using only linearoptical elements such as beam splitters, phase shifters, detectors and ancillary particles [323].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [323] Peev, 2009, New J. Phys. source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- Premisecitation
The maximum channel capacity reported so far is (1.665 ± 0.018), beating the limit of log2 3 ∼ 1.585 bits obtainable by only linear optics and entanglement.
“So far, the maximum channel capacity (1.665 ± 0.018) has been reported in Ref. [327], beating the limit of log 2 3 ∼ 1.585 bits obtainable by means of only linear optics and entanglement, due to the impossibility of perfectly discriminating all four Bell states in this case.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [327] Fujiwara, 2016, Sci. Rep. source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- Premisecitation
Photonic states with n = 2 photons exhibit more complex interference patterns.
“the full landscape of phenomena gets enriched if we consider photonic states with n = 2 photons [16,17,51,128,146,516,518,532,533,537,538,540,541,544], thanks to the emergence of more complex interference patterns [516,544]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
A suitable combination of quantum coherence and environmental noise can provide an effective enhancement in quantum transport.
“Several analyses show that a suitable combination of quantum coherence and environmental noise can provide an effective enhancement in quantum transport [231,542,[549][550][551][552][553]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [231,542,[549][550][551][552][553]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Ewert et al. achieved similar results using only locally-prepared Bell states, instead of more demanding cluster states non-locally entangled between nodes of a segment.
“Recently, Ewert et al. achieved similar results using only locally-prepared Bell states, instead of more demanding cluster states non-locally entangled between nodes of a segment [424].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [424] Sangouard, 2009, Phys. Rev. A source
- Premisecitation
Starting from 2012, alternative all-photonic schemes without quantum memories were presented by Munro et al. and by Azuma et al. based on multi-photon cluster-states, loss-tolerant measurements and local high-speed active feedforward controls.
“However, starting from 2012, alternative all-photonic schemes without quantum memories were presented by Munro et al. [417] and by Azuma et al. [422,423] based on multi-photon cluster-states, loss-tolerant measurements and local high-speed active feedforward controls.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [417] Dür, 1999, Phys. Rev. A source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- cites [422] Childress, 2006, Phys. Rev. Lett. source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- cites [423] Simon, 2007, Phys. Rev. Lett. source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- Premisecitation
If a classical polynomial-time algorithm exists that can solve BosonSampling, it would imply the collapse of the polynomial hierarchy of complexity classes to the third level.
“Assuming two highly plausible conjectures [559], Aaronson and Arkhipov showed that, should a classical polynomial-time algorithm exist capable to solve BosonSampling, it would imply the collapse of the polynomial hierarchy of complexity classes to the third level”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [559] Lebugle, 2015, Nat. Commun. source
- The authors state this as an assumption: The two highly plausible conjectures used by Aaronson and Arkhipov hold.
- Premisereasoning
This resource deteriorates easily and exponentially fast with the length of transmission for several reasons.
“We have also described how this resource deteriorates easily and exponentially fast with the length of transmission for several reasons.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisereasoning
The overall rate for quantum communication based on the first-generation scheme decreases polynomially with the distance.
“The overall rate for quantum communication based on this scheme decreases polynomially with the distance; however, a good solution to this drawback could be multiplexing in one of the degrees of freedom (see Section 1.1) to increase the transmission rate.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Photon losses are the first cause of deterioration: even ultra-low loss optical fibers still unavoidably lead to an exponential decrease in the generation rate of entangled pairs.
“Photon losses are the first cause of deterioration: even though fiber attenuation at telecom wavelength can be partly reduced, even ultra-low loss optical fibers still unavoidably lead to an exponential decrease in the generation rate of entangled pairs.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
QEC with qubit-repetition codes and Calderbank-Shor-Steane codes were shown to be effective against imperfect quantum memories operation, photon losses and gate errors.
“Indeed, QEC with qubit-repetition codes and Calderbank-Shor-Steane codes [316] were shown to be effective against imperfect quantum memories operation, photon losses and gate errors [421].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
Multiparticle quantum walks with interactions allow for universal quantum computation.
“which gained increasing attention after the discovery that multiparticle quantum walks with interactions allow for universal quantum computation [514,558]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
Aaronson and Arkhipov proved in 2010 that n-photon states evolving in a discrete-time quantum walk can provide a first experimental evidence of superior quantum computational power.
“A milestone result in the intertwined developments of quantum walks and quantum computation is represented by the proof, by Aaronson and Arkhipov [559] in 2010, that nphoton states evolving in a discrete-time quantum walk can provide a first experimental evidence of a superior quantum computational power [560,561]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Interpretationcitation
Reconfigurable photonic circuits can provide a useful platform to characterize quantum transport, allowing study of the continuous transitions between different regimes.
“reconfigurable photonic circuits can provide a useful platform to characterize it, allowing to study the continuous transitions between different regimes [231]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [231] Politi, 2008, Science source
- Premisecitation
The computational complexity of BosonSampling is rooted in the hardness of evaluating the permanent in the scattering amplitudes.
“The computational complexity of the problem is rooted in the hardness [562] of evaluating the permanent in the scattering amplitudes [563]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
Static disorders lead to a complete halting of the transport process, known as Anderson localization, where the wave packet localizes on the initial sites of the lattice.
“static disorders lead to a complete halting in the process, a phenomenon known as Anderson localization [546,547] where the wave packet localizes on the initial sites of the lattice [518,530,534,548]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 6 sources checked- cites [546] Kitagawa, 2012, Nat. Commun. source
- cites [547] Pitsios, 2017, Nat. Commun. source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- cites [518] Inamori, 2002, Algorithmica source
- cites [530] Vallone, 2015, Phys. Rev. Lett. source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- cites [534] Aspuru-Guzik, 2012, Nat. Phys. source
- cites [548] Schwartz, 2007, Nature source
- Premisecitation
The first experimental demonstrations of verifiable blind quantum computing were performed using polarization qubits represented by multi-photon states generated via parametric down-conversion.
“We have shortly described in Section 2.2.2 the first experimental demonstrations of verifiable blind quantum computing, performed using polarization qubits represented by multi-photon states generated via parametric down-conversion [437,444,455,456]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked- cites [437] Azuma, 2015, Nat. Commun. source
- cites [444] Muralidharan, 2017, New J. Phys. source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- cites [455] Arrighi, 2006, Int. J. Quantum Inf. source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- cites [456] Broadbent, 2009, Universal blind quantum computation source
- Premisecitation
The first generation of QRs employs heralded entanglement generation and heralded entanglement purification to reduce the deterioration induced by losses from an exponential to a polynomial scaling.
“The first generation of QRs (I) employs heralded entanglement generation (HEG) and heralded entanglement purification (HEP) to reduce the deterioration induced by losses from an exponential to a polynomial scaling (see Section 2.1.1)[400,[402][403][404][405][406].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [400,[402][403][404][405][406]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisenone given
Entanglement swapping and purification can be combined to sequentially extend the distribution of entangled photon pairs until two nodes are connected.
“Entanglement swapping and purification can then be properly combined to sequentially extend the distribution of entangled photon pairs until two nodes are connected.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
In the second generation, teleportation with CNOT gates and entanglement swapping are still sequentially applied to extend the entanglement to distant nodes.
“Teleportation with CNOT gates and entanglement swapping are still sequentially applied to extend the entanglement to distant nodes; however, the use of QEC in place of HEP speeds up the process by avoiding the time delays due to non-adjacentnodes signalling [416].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
In the second generation, quantum memories are employed at each side of a QR to save the state of the entangled photon pairs while waiting for the classical signals to carry out teleportation.
“With this approach, quantum memories are employed at each side of a QR to save the state of the entangled photon pairs while waiting for the classical signals to carry out teleportation [112,113,137,158,334,[366][367][368]409,[417][418][419][420].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [112,113,137,158,334,[366][367][368]409,[417][418][419][420]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
In the last few years, several protocols for verifiable quantum computations have been proposed, focusing on schemes with either fewer experimental requirements or higher generality and security.
“last few years, several protocols for verifiable quantum computations have been proposed [435,443,447,493,[596][597][598][599][600][601][602][603], where the attention focused on schemes with either fewer experimental requirements or higher generality and security”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [435,443,447,493,[596][597][598][599][600][601][602][603]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
The maximum number of entanglement bits that can be distributed over a lossy channel with transmissivity T is log2(1-T) ebits per channel use.
“This is a fundamental limitation imposed by quantum mechanics: the maximum number of entanglement bits (ebits) that can be distributed over a lossy channel with transmissivity T is in fact equal tolog 2 (1 -T ) ebits per channel use [392].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [392] Weston, 2018, Sci. Adv. source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- Premisecitation
n = 2 photon states enable the possibility of simulating relevant physical processes.
“and enabling the possibility of simulating relevant physical processes [540,541]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
In 2017, new classical algorithms were proposed to solve BosonSampling for systems with dimensionality larger than that allowed by near-term technological advances.
“Nevertheless, in 2017 new classical algorithms have been proposed to solve Boson-Sampling for systems with dimensionality larger than that allowed by near-term technological advances [564,565,572,573,593,594]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 6 sources checked- cites [564] Segev, 2013, Nat. Photon. source
- cites [565] Abouraddy, 2012, Phys. Rev. A source
- cites [572] Morandotti, 1999, Phys. Rev. Lett. source
- cites [573] Pertsch, 1999, Phys. Rev. Lett. source
- cites [593] Tillmann, 2015, Phys. Rev. X source
- cites [594] Leverrier, 2015, Quantum Inf. Comput. source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- Premisecitation
Quantum repeaters, proposed in 1998 by Briegel et al., currently represent a strong candidate to circumvent these issues.
“Quantum repeaters (QR), proposed in 1998 by Briegel et al. [400], currently represent a strong candidate to circumvent these issues.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [400] Jiang, 2005, Opt. Express source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- Premisereasoning
By using these schemes it is possible to create entanglement between two nodes of a network to transfer quantum information.
“By using these schemes it is possible to create entanglement between two nodes of a network to transfer quantum information.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationcitation
BosonSampling, the simulation of many-boson statistics, is capable of providing concrete evidence of computational advantage.
“On the other hand, Aaronson and Arkhipov have shown [559] that BosonSampling, i.e. the simulation of many-boson statistics, is indeed capable to provide a concrete evidence of this computational advantage.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [559] Lebugle, 2015, Nat. Commun. source
- Premisereasoning
Because the operators act on single qubits, it was possible to perform quantum phase estimation separately on the polarization qubit of the quantum register, accessing the outcome via the control entangled photon.
“Since the operators act on single qubits, it was possible to perform QPE separately on the polarization qubit of the quantum register, accessing the outcome via the control entangled photon [630]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [630] Agresti, 2017, Pattern recognition techniques for boson sampling validation
- Premisenone given
With an appropriate choice of basis, the Hamiltonian matrix reduces to two 2x2 blocks plus two 1x1 blocks, allowing a map between subspaces and single-qubit states.
“In this case, with an appropriate choice of the basis, the Hamiltonian matrix reduces to two 2×2 blocks (plus two 1×1 blocks), allowing a map between subspaces and single qubit states.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
In BosonSampling, checking the indistinguishability of the input photons is crucial to ensure the correctness of the overall operation.
“In the latter case, as for analogous experiments involving multi-photon interference in linear-optical multiport interferometers, it is crucial to check the indistinguishability of the input photons to ensure the correctness of the overall operation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
When modelling the quantum nature of highly correlated many-body systems, the only solution to counteract the exponential increase in computational resources, the curse of dimensionality, is to exploit other quantum systems for information processing.
“Notwithstanding, when modelling the quantum nature of highly correlated many-body systems, it became clear that the only solution to counteract the exponential increase in computational resources, the so-called curse of dimensionality, was to exploit other quantum systems for information processing [623]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [623] Bell, 2014, Nat. Commun. source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- Interpretationreasoning
Photonic technologies provide an effective platform for quantum simulation, thanks to the low decoherence, speed, and controllability of single photons.
“Photonic technologies provide an effective platform for quantum simulation, thanks to the single photons' low decoherence, speed and controllability that we discussed in the previous chapters.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
In 2015, Huh et al. found the first application of BosonSampling for quantum simulation to evaluate molecular vibronic spectra.
“Within this framework, in 2015 Huh et al. found the first application of BosonSampling for quantum simulation to evaluate molecular vibronic spectra [586,591,592].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [586] Crespi, 2013, Nat. Photon. source
- cites [591] Oszmaniec, 2018, Classical simulation of photonic linear optics with lost particles source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- cites [592] Shchesnovich, 2015, Phys. Rev. A source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 43
- Probably not a substantial claim. 34
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationProbabilistic single-photon sources include parametric down-conversion in bulk crystals, semiconductors, microresonators and optical waveguides, and four-wave mixing in optical waveguides, few-mode fibers and microdisks.
“Among probabilistic sources we mention (a) parametric down-conversion (PDC) in bulk crystals [204], semiconductors [166,215], microresonators [183, 185] and optical waveguides [32, 172-175, 177-182, 209, 210, 212-214] and (b) four-wave mixing (FWM) in optical waveguides [184,189,211], few-mode fibers [186] and microdisks [187].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim3 of 5 sources checked- cites [204] Portalupi, 2015, Nano Lett. source
- cites [166] Hayat, 2012, Opt. Express source
The Introduction (page unavailable) identifies cavity parametric down-conversion as a way to obtain single-photon states, supporting the PDC portion of the claim. The paper does not substantiate the listed range of source platforms or the four-wave-mixing examples; it focuses on temporal encoding of PDC-generated photons. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [215] Khoshnegar, 2017, Nat. Commun. source
The citation is attached to parametric down-conversion in semiconductors. The paper’s Abstract instead describes its semiconductor quantum-dot molecule as producing photon triplets by triple cascade recombination, and contrasts that approach with SPDC-based schemes. It does not present the quantum-dot molecule as a parametric down-conversion source. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [183] Huntington, 2004, Phys. Rev. A source
- cites [185] Tian, 2016, J. Phys. Soc. Japan source
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationTeleportation has also been reported on squeezed entangled states.
“Next to the discrete-variable schemes of the first demonstrations, teleportation was also reported on squeezed entangled states [352][353][354][355][356][357][358], for which a review is available [359].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim5 of 7 sources checked- cites [352] Raussendorf, 2001, Phys. Rev. Lett. source
- cites [353] Bouwmeester, 1997, Nature source
The Next Steps (p. 6) identifies this experiment as transferring a photon's polarization state using polarization-entangled photon pairs, not squeezed entangled states. The Results (p. 5) likewise report teleportation of photon polarization states. The cited paper therefore describes a different kind of demonstration from the one attributed to it here. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [354] Boschi, 1998, Phys. Rev. Lett. source
The experimental description (page unavailable) says the EPR pair for teleportation is provided by photon path (k-vector) entanglement. The paper reports teleporting linearly and elliptically polarised states, not teleportation on squeezed entangled states. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [355] Furusawa, 1998, Science source
- cites [356] Jennewein, 2001, Phys. Rev. Lett. source
The paper describes teleportation by entanglement swapping, but specifies that its experiment uses polarization-entangled photon pairs in Bell states (p. 2). That is a discrete-variable scheme, not teleportation on squeezed entangled states. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [357] Pan, 2002, Phys. Rev. Lett. source
The paper reports high-fidelity teleportation through entanglement swapping (p. 1), so it supports the general point that teleportation was reported. But its experiment uses polarization-entangled photon pairs and Bell-state measurements (pp. 1, 3), not squeezed entangled states; that defining part of the attributed claim is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [358] Lombardi, 2002, Phys. Rev. Lett. source
The experiment described in the paper (section labeled Abstract; page unavailable) teleports entangled states in a vacuum–one-photon qubit, not squeezed entangled states. It explicitly describes the states used as simple single-photon states prepared with a beam splitter. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationSingle-photon qubits have been teleported on atomic ensembles such as Caesium atoms, 87Rb atoms, a pair of trapped calcium ions, or diamond.
“Single-photon qubits have been teleported on atomic ensembles [363,364] such as Caesium atoms [365] or 87 Rb atoms [366][367][368], on a pair of trapped calcium ions [369] or diamond [370].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim6 of 6 sources checked- cites [363] Ma, 2012, Nature source
The Experiment section describes teleporting a single-photon state across a 143 km free-space optical link. It does not report teleportation onto caesium or rubidium atoms, trapped calcium ions, or diamond; the receiving system uses another photon. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [364] Yin, 2012, Nature source
The 'Teleportation through one-link channel' section describes teleporting a photon's polarization state to another photon across a free-space optical link, not onto an atomic ensemble. The separate citations for caesium, rubidium, trapped ions and diamond are not attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [365] Ren, 2017, Nature source
The figure caption reports teleportation of single-photon qubits from a ground observatory to a satellite. The paper does not report teleportation onto caesium or rubidium ensembles, trapped calcium ions, or diamond, so it supports the general teleportation point but not the listed destinations. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [366] Zhang, 2003, Phys. Rev. A source
The Introduction and Conclusion describe this paper’s experiment as continuous-variable teleportation of optical fields, using squeezed beams and coherent-state inputs. That is contrary to attributing to it teleportation of single-photon qubits on atomic ensembles, trapped calcium ions, or diamond. The passages provide section labels but no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [367] Bowen, 2003, Phys. Rev. A source
Our copy describes teleportation of optical-field quadratures and modulation sidebands of a bright beam (Abstract; page unavailable). Searches for atomic ensembles, caesium, rubidium, calcium ions, diamond, and single-photon qubits found no passage reporting the claimed teleportations. The paper’s different experimental system does not establish that those teleportations did not occur. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [368] Takei, 2005, Phys. Rev. Lett. source
The paper’s Abstract reports teleportation of a coherent optical state and mentions earlier experiments with photonic qubits and atomic qubits separately. Neither that passage nor the additional passages searched for Caesium, 87Rb, trapped calcium ions, diamond, and atomic ensembles addresses teleporting single-photon qubits onto any of the listed systems. (LLM, conf=0.74)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationThe number of OAM modes is potentially unbounded and therefore challenging to characterize.
“While, in fact, polarization encoding requires to resolve only two components, which can be done easily by means of waveplates and polarizing beam splitters, the number of OAM modes is potentially unbounded and as such challenging to characterize [68].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [68] Nape, 2017, Phys. Rev. A source
The Results section says OAM offers an infinitely large Hilbert space, supporting the claim that the number of modes is potentially unbounded. The paper does not say that this makes OAM modes challenging to characterize; its detection scheme addresses a selected two-mode subspace. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationTime-bin encoding has been proposed as a suitable scheme for quantum walks and photonic BosonSampling.
“Besides quantum communication, timebin encoding has been proposed as a suitable scheme also for quantum walks [146-148] and for photonic BosonSampling [149, 150] (see Section 3.2).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim5 of 5 sources checked- cites [146] Marcikic, 2004, Phys. Rev. Lett. source
The paper describes time-bin encoding for quantum communication and reports transmission of entangled photons over optical fiber (pp. 1, 4). Searches for quantum walks and photonic BosonSampling found no passage proposing time-bin encoding for either application. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [147] Tang, 2016, Chin. Phys. Lett. source
The paper’s main text describes a time-bin phase-encoding scheme for measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution. Searches for quantum walks and photonic BosonSampling found no passage addressing either proposed application, so our copy does not verify the claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [148] Gündoǧan, 2015, Phys. Rev. Lett. source
The paper discusses storing time-bin qubits and describes them as a resource for quantum communication and processing (Abstract section; page unavailable). Searches for quantum walks and photonic BosonSampling found no passage proposing time-bin encoding for either application, so our copy does not verify the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.74)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [149] Donohue, 2013, Phys. Rev. Lett. source
The BosonSampling part of the citing sentence is the relevant attribution; quantum walks have separate citations. Our copy’s Introduction discusses time-bin encoding for communication and fundamental experiments, and its supplementary section discusses higher-dimensional time-bin states, but neither addresses BosonSampling. Searches for “BosonSampling” and “boson sampling” found no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.73)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [150] Marcikic, 2002, Phys. Rev. A source
Section II describes time-bin qubits, and the Introduction discusses their use in long-distance quantum communication. Searches for quantum walks and photonic BosonSampling found no passage proposing time-bin encoding for either application; page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationOAM has enabled optimal quantum cloning of OAM-encoded qubits and photonic quantum walks in OAM states, with theoretical analyses and experimental demonstrations.
“At a fundamental level, OAM has enabled researches on optimal quantum cloning of OAM-encoded qubits [66,81] and photonic quantum walks in the orbital angular momentum states, with theoretical analyses [82,83] and experimental demonstrations [51,54,60].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim4 of 7 sources checked- cites [66] Zhang, 2010, Phys. Rev. A source
- cites [81] Forbes, 2016, Adv. Opt. Photonics source
- cites [82] Zhao, 2017, Opt. Lett. source
- cites [83] Piccirillo, 2015, Nat. Commun. source
The Results (Experimental demonstration; page unavailable) describe measurements of the moments of OAM superpositions, not cloning or photonic quantum walks. The Discussion (page unavailable) identifies the demonstration as a classical-optics experiment. Searches for quantum walks and cloning found no passage addressing the research attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [51] Kwiat, 1997, J. Mod. Opt. source
- cites [54] Bierdz, 2013, New J. Phys. source
The Introduction describes OAM applications, and the Experimental implementation and Conclusions describe a time-mapping OAM spectrometer. None addresses optimal cloning of OAM-encoded qubits or photonic quantum walks; searches for those topics found no relevant passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [60] Cardano, 2016, Nat. Commun. source
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationSeveral approaches for single-photon sources have been developed in the last decades.
“Several approaches for single-photon sources have been developed in the last decades (see Table 2) [172][173][174][175].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim4 of 4 sources checked- cites [172] Menicucci, 2010, Phys. Rev. Lett. source
The passages labeled Abstract discuss approaches to producing continuous-variable cluster states, not single-photon sources. Searches for single-photon sources and generation found no passage addressing the cited claim; the paper’s mention of photon counting concerns detection, not source development. No page numbers are supplied in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [173] Menicucci, 2011, Phys. Rev. A source
The Introduction discusses several methods for constructing continuous-variable cluster states, not approaches for single-photon sources. The Discussion likewise concerns cluster-state generation; searches for “single-photon sources” and “single photon source generation” found no passage addressing the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [174] Yokoyama, 2013, Nat. Photon. source
The main text discusses approaches to generating continuous-variable cluster states and notes probabilistic photon-pair generation, but it does not discuss the development of several approaches to single-photon sources. A search for single-photon sources and single-photon generation found no passage addressing that claim; no page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [175] Chen, 2014, Phys. Rev. Lett. source
The paper’s Abstract describes generating multipartite entanglement in optical frequency-comb modes, not approaches for single-photon sources. Searches for “single-photon sources” and “single photon source generation heralded photons” found no passage in our copy addressing the cited claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationPolarization encoding has played an important role in many quantum information investigations, ranging from quantum simulation to quantum computation and communication.
“Polarization encoding has always played an important role in a significant number of investigations in quantum information, ranging from quantum simulation [16,17] to quantum computation [18][19][20][21][22] and communication [23,24].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim8 of 9 sources checked- cites [16] Braunstein, 2014, Rev. Mod. Phys. source
- cites [17] Martínez-Herrero, 2010, Opt. Express source
The Introduction and Conclusions discuss polarization as a component of light-beam angular momentum, not polarization encoding in quantum information. Searches for quantum computation and for quantum simulation, computation, and communication found no passage addressing those applications. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [18] Kok, 2010 source
- cites [19] Bliokh, 2015, Phys. Rep. source
Section 3.3 (p. 33) identifies quantum information as a potential application of polarization-related spin-direction locking. It does not establish that polarization encoding has played an important role across quantum simulation, computation, and communication; the passage describes a potential application, not that broader history. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [20] Bliokh, 2015, Nat. Photon. source
The introduction (p. 1) identifies polarization as a photon degree of freedom, and the Concluding remarks (p. 17) say spin degrees of freedom promise applications in optical communications and quantum information processing. The paper does not establish that polarization encoding has already played an important role across quantum simulation, computation, and communication; it frames the applications chiefly as prospective and does not address simulation. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [21] Hou, 2015, Opt. Express source
The Introduction describes applications of mutually unbiased bases in quantum key distribution and quantum state estimation, and §2.1 describes measurements on polarization qubits in optical experiments. This supports the broad point that polarization is important in quantum-information work, but the paper does not establish the claimed range extending to quantum simulation and computation. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [22] Sansoni, 2012, Phys. Rev. Lett. source
- cites [23] Matthews, 2013, Sci. Rep. source
- cites [24] Walther, 2005, Nature source
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationA spectrum analyzer is capable of measuring the instantaneous power and phase distributions of OAM components.
“In this direction, a spectrum analyzer is a device capable to measure the instantaneous power and phase distributions of OAM components [48,52,[69][70][71][72][73][74].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim3 of 3 sources checked- cites [48] Chen, 2006, Phys. Rev. Lett. source
The indexed passages (labeled Abstract; page not provided) describe polarization-based quantum key distribution and measurements of photon states. Searches for an OAM spectrum analyzer and for measurements of OAM-mode power and phase found no passage addressing the claimed capability. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [52] Cardano, 2012, Appl. Opt. source
The Experiment section (page unavailable) describes CCD-based polarization tomography and reconstruction of a beam’s polarization pattern, not an OAM spectrum analyzer. Searches for instantaneous power and phase measurements of OAM components found no passage in our copy addressing that capability. (LLM, conf=0.77)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [69] D’Errico, 2017, Optica source
The Results and Discussion section (page unavailable) explains how interference images yield the complex coefficients of OAM components, supporting measurement of their power and phase. It says full decomposition requires four images and interferometric stability; it does not establish that the distributions are measured instantaneously. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisereasoningPath-encoded qubits and qudits are perfectly fit for photonic integrated circuits because waveguide arrays inherently implement spatial separation and coupling between modes is easily accomplished with directional couplers.
“Path-encoded qubits, as well as qudits [119], are perfectly fit for photonic integrated circuits, since waveguide arrays inherently implement a spatial separation and coupling between modes is easily accomplished with directional couplers.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [119] Garcia-Escartin, 2012, Phys. Rev. A source
Section IV (Information Encoding; page unavailable) distinguishes path from the polarization degree of freedom used to encode the paper’s qubits. Searches for qudits, photonic integrated circuits, waveguide arrays, and directional couplers found no passage addressing the cited claim. Section VIII discusses limitations of OAM-based networks, not the suitability of path-encoded states for integrated circuits. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationTwo methods can be adopted to circumvent noisy channels: increasing resilience to losses and noise with two-way classical communications, or decreasing their influence by encoding information in decoherence-free subspaces.
“Two methods can be adopted to circumvent the issue of noisy channels: to increase the resilience of a protocol to losses and noise [380][381][382] (two-way classical communications), or to decrease their influence by encoding information in immune states (decoherence-free subspaces, DFS), for both quantum computation [383] and quantum communication tasks [384].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim4 of 5 sources checked- cites [380] Chen, 2008, Nat. Phys. source
The main text says the teleportation fidelity is insensitive to photon losses, supporting the loss-resilience part of the clause to which this paper is cited. The Figure 1 description says Bell-state measurement results are sent from Alice to Bob over a classical channel; it does not describe two-way classical communication as the source of resilience, or establish resilience to channel noise generally. The decoherence-free-subspace method is cited separately in the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [381] Nölleke, 2013, Phys. Rev. Lett. source
The Abstract describes teleportation as an alternative to direct transfer over lossy channels, and the Efficiency of the protocol section says successful transfers are heralded. This supports the loss-resilience part of the cited clause, but our copy does not establish the claimed use of two-way classical communication or general resilience to channel noise. The DFS clause is cited to other sources, not this paper. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [382] Bao, 2012, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA source
The Experimental details (page unavailable) describe heralded state preparation, a trigger for successful teleportation, and classical measurement results sent to node B. These support the use of classical signaling in a heralded protocol, but the paper does not establish the cited claim that two-way classical communication increases resilience to channel losses and noise. The decoherence-free-subspace alternative is attributed to other citations, not this paper. (LLM, conf=0.79)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [383] Riebe, 2004, Nature source
- cites [384] Hou, 2016, Nat. Commun. source
The citation appears to support using decoherence-free subspaces for quantum communication. The Results (Photon-to-phonon teleportation scheme; Experimental realization of teleportation) describe teleportation and measured noise, but do not describe encoding information in decoherence-free subspaces to protect it from noisy channels. Searches for decoherence-free subspaces and protected encoding found no passage addressing that method. (LLM, conf=0.74)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationChen et al.'s scheme was alignment-free, with no need for a shared reference frame, and insensitive to phase fluctuations in the interferometer.
“Importantly, their scheme was also alignmentfree, i.e. with no need for a shared reference frame, and dense coding quantum teleportation entanglement swapping entanglement purification decoherence-free subspaces insensitive to phase fluctuations in the interferometer.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [42] Rojas-Rojas, 2014, Phys. Rev. A source
The Introduction and Experimental Results discuss polarization-dependent propagation in waveguide arrays; the Conclusion describes a compact polarizing beam splitter. Searches for an alignment-free scheme, a shared reference frame, and interferometer phase fluctuations found no passage addressing the attributed claim about Chen et al. (LLM, conf=0.74)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationYamamoto et al.'s work had the capability to extend the scheme to multipartite states and applicability with single-mode fibers.
“Other significant features reported in their work were the capability to extend the scheme to multipartite states, thanks precisely to the state-independence, and its applicability also with single-mode fibers.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [388] Khalique, 2014, Phys. Rev. A source
The Introduction and Conclusions describe Khalique and Sanders’s entanglement-swapping model, not features of Yamamoto et al.’s work. Searches for Yamamoto, multipartite states, state-independence, and single-mode fibers found no passage in our copy addressing the attributed capabilities. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationOn the above platforms, photonic circuits can be implemented according to linear-optical interferometric schemes capable of arbitrary unitary evolutions, or designs optimized for Fourier and Hadamard transformations.
“On the above platforms, photonic circuits can be implemented [243,244] according to linear-optical interferometric schemes capable to perform arbitrary unitary evolutions [245,246], or designs optimized for Fourier and Hadamard transformations [241, 244].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim4 of 5 sources checked- cites [243] Ding, 2017, npj Quantum Inf. source
The Experimental results section (page unavailable) describes a silicon photonic circuit using cascaded Mach–Zehnder interferometers and phase shifters to prepare and measure quantum states. This supports the citation as an example of an implemented interferometric circuit, but our copy does not identify its design as optimized for Fourier or Hadamard transformations. The arbitrary-unitary claim is attached to different citations. (LLM, conf=0.80)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [244] Harris, 2017, Nat. Photon. source
The processor description (p. 3) supports citing this paper as an example of an implemented photonic interferometric circuit: it reports 88 Mach–Zehnder interferometers and programmable phase shifters. The Discussion (p. 6) discusses arbitrary unitary operators as a possibility using embedded circuits, but our copy does not report a design optimized for Fourier or Hadamard transformations, the other part of the sentence citing this source. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [245] Taballione, 2018, 8×8 programmable quantum photonic processor based on silicon nitride waveguides source
- cites [246] Tanzilli, 2012, Laser Photonics Rev. source
Section VI (page not provided) describes integrated photonic circuits and says a spatial Hadamard gate can be realized with a 50/50 directional coupler. The cited paper does not substantiate the Fourier-transform design attributed to it. The arbitrary-unitary claim is attached to different citations in the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [241] Poot, 2016, Opt. Express source
The Introduction and Section 8 describe integrated SiN photonic circuits and characterize a linear-optical CNOT circuit, supporting the citation for implementing photonic circuits. The paper does not describe designs optimized for Fourier or Hadamard transformations, which the citing sentence also attributes to this source. Its Section 4 statement that beam splitters and phase shifters can generate any unitary operation is relevant background, but the citing sentence assigns that point to different references. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationExploiting hyperentangled photons has led to complete Bell measurement demonstrations in orbital angular momentum/polarization, momentum/polarization and time/polarization.
“A solution to this issue consists in exploiting hyperentangled photons [44], leading to complete BM demonstrations in orbital angular momentum/polarization [324], momentum/polarization [325] and time/polarization [326,327].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim3 of 3 sources checked- cites [44] Fickler, 2012, Science source
The OAM/polarization demonstration is the part of the citing sentence associated with this source; the momentum/polarization and time/polarization demonstrations have separate citations. The paper reports transferring polarization entanglement to OAM and verifying it with an entanglement witness (Abstract; Additional information), but the passages searched for complete Bell-state measurement do not describe such a demonstration. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [324] Stucki, 2011, New J. Phys. source
The citation to this paper is attached to the time/polarization Bell-measurement demonstration. Section 2.4 describes a plug-and-play quantum key distribution system, not hyperentangled photons or a complete Bell measurement. Searches for those terms and for time/polarization found no passage addressing the attributed demonstration. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [325] Xu, 2009, Chin. Sci. Bull. source
Citation [44] is attached to exploiting hyperentangled photons as a solution; the separate demonstration claims have other citations. Our copy’s Technical introduction (§1.1; page unavailable) describes a Faraday–Michelson interferometer for phase-coded quantum key distribution, not hyperentangled photons or complete Bell measurements. Searches for those terms found no passage addressing the attributed solution. (LLM, conf=0.77)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationIn 2014, Bell et al. reported the experimental demonstration of a graph-state quantum secret sharing protocol, whose implementation was subsequently verified using the scheme in Ref. [604].
“To this aim, in 2014 Bell et al. reported the experimental demonstration of a graph-state quantum secret sharing protocol [605], whose implementation was subsequently verified using the scheme in Ref. [604]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [605] Hamilton, 2017, Phys. Rev. Lett. source
The citation to this paper, [604], is attached to the claim that a scheme verified the secret-sharing implementation, not to Bell et al.’s demonstration [605]. The Abstract and Conclusions describe Gaussian Boson Sampling, and searches for graph-state secret sharing and verification found no passage in our copy addressing that claim. Page numbers were not available. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [604] Peropadre, 2016, Phys. Rev. Lett. source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationTwo approaches exist to circumvent these issues: reducing the transmission loss using free-space communication and decoherence-free subspaces, or employing quantum repeaters.
“Notwithstanding, two approaches exist to circumvent these issues: reducing the transmission loss using free-space communication [43,96,105,348,350,351,393-399] and decoherencefree subspaces [42,116,385,386,[388][389][390][391], or employing quantum repeaters.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 10 sources checked- cites [43] Bonneau, 2012, Phys. Rev. Lett. source
The discussion of telecom networks (p. 2) and the conclusion on reducing losses in integrated circuits (p. 5) do not address free-space communication, decoherence-free subspaces, or quantum repeaters as ways to overcome transmission loss. Searches for those approaches and for transmission loss found no supporting passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [96] Goyal, 2014, Sci. Rep. source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- cites [105] Jabir, 2017, Sci. Rep. source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- cites [348] Kalb, 2017, Science source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- cites [350] Gottesman, 1999, Nature source
The paper’s discussion of teleportation and fault-tolerant quantum gates (p. 1) does not address the proposed ways to reduce transmission loss. Searches for free-space communication, decoherence-free subspaces, and quantum repeaters found no passage in our copy that evaluates those approaches. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [351] Ishizaka, 2008, Phys. Rev. Lett. source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- cites [393] Takeda, 2015, Phys. Rev. Lett. source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- cites [394] Gottesman, 2003, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- cites [395] Xiang, 2010, Nat. Photon. source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- cites [396] Kocsis, 2013, Nat. Phys. source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationIn 2013, four experimental demonstrations of BosonSampling with n = 3 photons were reported.
“Soon after its introduction, in 2013 four experimental demonstrations with n = 3 photons were re-ported [240, 567-569]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 4 sources checked- cites [240] Flamini, 2015, Light Sci. Appl. source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- cites [567] Rebentrost, 2009, New J. Phys. source
The Abstract and section 4 discuss environment-assisted quantum transport, not BosonSampling experiments. Searches for BosonSampling and three-photon demonstrations found no passage addressing the reported 2013 experiments. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [568] Caruso, 2009, J. Chem. Phys. source
The paper’s ‘B. Entanglement dynamics’ section discusses excitations in a light-harvesting complex, while ‘A. Destructive interference suppression’ uses a single-photon interferometer as an illustration. Searches for BosonSampling and four three-photon demonstrations in 2013 found no passage addressing the claim; no page numbers were available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [569] Caruso, 2011, Phys. Rev. A source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationThe computational complexity for exact classical BosonSampling was given in 2017 by Clifford and Clifford, and state-of-the-art sampling time is equal, within a factor of 2, to computing the permanent of one single scattering matrix.
“The computational complexity for exact classical BosonSampling was given in the same year in Ref.[565] by Clifford and Clifford (CC): state-ofthe-art sampling time is equal, within a factor of 2, to computing the permanent of one single scattering matrix[566]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [565] Abouraddy, 2012, Phys. Rev. A source
- cites [566] Lahini, 2008, Phys. Rev. Lett. source
The cited paper’s experimental setup (p. 1) concerns light propagation in disordered optical waveguide lattices. Searches for BosonSampling, classical sampling time, matrix permanents, and Clifford and Clifford found no passage addressing the factor-of-two comparison attributed to citation [566]. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationnone givenCurrent single-photon sources can fulfill only a limited number of the ideal requirements while keeping very high performances for specific applications.
“Current sources can fullfil only a limited number of the above requirements, while keeping very high performances for specific applications.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationPhotons are an effective system to process quantum information because they propagate fast, do not interact with the environment, and can be easily manipulated.
“Photons naturally fit this quantum revolution [5] as an effective system to process information: they propagate fast, do not interact with the environment and can be easily manipulated.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [5] Ladd, 2010, Nature source
It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisenone givenIn the tuning condition, a q-plate flips the qubit polarization in the circular basis and shifts the OAM by ∆l = ±2q.
“In the so-called tuning condition, a qplate implements the transformations QP L / R |l = L / R |l ± 2q , i.e. it flips the qubit polarization in the circular basis and shifts the OAM of a quantity ∆l = ±2q.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisereasoningIn the paraxial limit, spin angular momentum interacts with anisotropic transparent systems such as birefringent crystals, which are widely employed for polarization manipulation.
“Indeed, in the limit of paraxial waves of Eq.( 1), the SAM component interacts with anisotropic transparent systems such as birefringent crystals, which are consequently widely employed for polarization manipulation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationThe ease and versatility of spatial light modulators can be exploited in applications ranging from optical communication to holography-based optical tweezers.
“The ease and versatility of SLMs can be exploited in many applications ranging from optical communication [55,56] to holography-based optical tweezers [57,58].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked- cites [55] D’Ambrosio, 2016, Photonic high dimensional systems and their applications in fundamental quantum mechanics, quantum information and quantum communication
- cites [56] Willner, 2015, Adv. Opt. Photon. source
- cites [57] Cardano, 2015, Sci. Adv. source
- cites [58] Gruneisen, 2011, New J. Phys. source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationPhotons are by far the most suitable physical system to implement flying qubits to deliver information because they experience negligible decoherence through free space or optical fibers, allow high spatial control, and linear-optical technology is accessible and advanced.
“Photons are by far the most suitable physical system to implement flying qubits to deliver information: they experience negligible decoherence through free space or optical fibers, they allow a high spatial control, and the technology for linear-optical devices to manipulate qubits is accessible and at an advanced stage [316,317].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationIn 2005 Jiang et al. reported a test of DFS against collective noise on polarization and phase with four two-qubit states from PDC.
“More recently, in 2005 Jiang et al. reported a test of DFS against collective noise on polarization and phase with four two-qubit states again from PDC [386]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [386] Gao, 2013, Nat. Commun. source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
InterpretationreasoningPhotons offer a convenient solution for an implementation of entanglement swapping.
“Similarly to teleportation, photons offer a convenient solution for an implementation of the scheme.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationIn 2004, a single-mode discrete teleportation scheme using a quantum dot single-photon source was demonstrated.
“In 2004, for instance, a single-mode discrete teleportation scheme using a quantum dot single-photon source has been demonstrated [345].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [345] Sheng, 2015, Sci. Rep. source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisenone givenSi-based devices have a very high refractive index that allows reduced-size circuits and is suitable for nonlinear processes.
“Si-based devices present a very high refractive index that allows for reduced-size circuits and that is suitable for nonlinear processes.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationEntanglement swapping has been tested with discrete variables, continuous variables, and a hybrid approach.
“Entanglement swapping has also been tested with discrete [377,378] and continuous variables [354], or even with a hybrid approach [379].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked- cites [377] Krauter, 2013, Nat. Phys. source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- cites [378] Barrett, 2004, Nature source
- cites [354] Boschi, 1998, Phys. Rev. Lett. source
- cites [379] Sherson, 2006, Nature source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisereasoningDue to the very low energy of a single photon, a photon-number-resolving detector requires high gain and low noise to discriminate the correct number.
“Due to the very low energy of a single photon (∼ 10 -19 J), a PNR detector requires high gain and low noise to be able to discriminate the correct number.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisenone givenEntanglement purification is a key ingredient in quantum computation, quantum error correction, quantum cryptography and quantum teleportation.
“Entanglement purification is a key ingredient also in quantum computation, such as for quantum errorcorrection protocols, in quantum cryptography and quantum teleportation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone givenA reliable and practical quantum communication requires the capability of storing information for subsequent uses.
“One further requirement for a reliable and practical quantum communication is the capability of storing information for subsequent uses.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Premisenone givenAlthough the probability of success is 50% lower than with CNOT gates, the quality of optical elements allows purification with much higher precision and control.
“While the probability of success is 50% lower than the one with CNOT gates, the quality of these optical elements allow for a purification with much higher precision and control.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationSi-based platforms are advanced platforms whose development benefits from electronics technologies.
“Si-based platforms, including silicon (Si), silicon nitride (SiN) and silicon carbide (SiC), are advanced platforms whose development benefits from the know-how given by electronics technologies [235].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [235] Crespi, 2011, Nat. Commun. source
It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisenone givenSi-based single-photon avalanche photodiodes exhibit good performances with visible light but suffer in the infrared window due to incompatibility between good IR absorption and low noise.
“Si-based SPADs exhibit good performances with visible light but still suffer in the infrared window, due to the incompatibility between good IR absorption and low-noise.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationA simpler entanglement purification solution based only on polarizing beam splitters was introduced and verified experimentally.
“The original approach was based on CNOT operations [328]; few years later a simpler solution was introduced [329] and verified experimentally [330] based on only polarizing beam splitters.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [329] Hughes, Network-centric quantum communications with application to critical infrastructure protection
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [330] Nielsen, 2010 source
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationA hybrid approach to bridge the gap between discrete and continuous variables has been recently proposed and tested.
“To bridge the gap between discrete and continuous variables, a hybrid approach has been recently proposed and tested [360].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [360] Xia, 2017, Quantum Sci. Technol. source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationnone givenFuture implementations of quantum repeaters in optical networks will require active synchronization of the single-photon sources involved in the exchange of information between nodes.
“Future implementations of quantum repeaters in optical networks will require active synchronization of the single-photon sources involved in the exchange of information between the various nodes.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationThe first experimental demonstration of DFS communication was reported in 2000 by Kwiat et al., where a controllable collective decoherence was induced on an entangled photon pair from spontaneous parametric down-conversion and one specific entangled state was observed to be immune to decoherence.
“The first experimental demonstration of DFS communication was reported in 2000 by Kwiat et al. [385], where the authors induced a controllable collective decoherence on an entangled photon pair generated by spontaneous parametric down-conversion (PDC) and observing that, as predicted, one specific entangled state was immune to decoherence.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [385] Olmschenk, 2009, Science source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisereasoningLimitations of the silica-on-silicon technique are the need for a mask and restriction to one polarization due to birefringence induced by rectangular cross-sections.
“Limitations of the SoS technique are the need for a mask and the restriction to one polarization, due to the birefringence induced by the rectangular cross-sections.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Premisenone givenLimitations of Si-based devices are low mode-matching with optical fibers and relatively high propagation losses.
“Limitations are the low mode-matching with optical fibers and the relatively high propagation losses.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationUV writing does not require masks, reducing fabrication complexity, and allows arbitrary 3D geometries.
“This technique does not require the adoption of masks, thus reducing the complexity of fabrication, and allows for arbitrary 3D geometries.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisenone givenIntegrated optical circuits are built upon architectures of directional couplers, with additional geometries to account for deformation-induced phase shifts.
“Integrated optical circuits are built upon architectures of directional couplers, with additional geometries to account for deformationinduced phase shifts.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationFirst demonstrations of entanglement swapping were in 1998 by Pan et al., 2001 by Jennewein et al., and 2002 by Sciarrino et al., all based on parametric down-conversion sources.
“First demonstrations of entanglement swapping go back to 1998 by Pan et al. [375], to 2001 by Jennewein et al. and to 2002 by Sciarrino et al., all based on parametric down-conversion sources.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [375] Kimble, 2008, Nature source
Probably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationnone givenFuture quantum networks engineered to deliver quantum information between distant nodes on the globe are the sought-after goal underlying most of the investigations described.
“Future quantum networks, engineered to deliver quantum information between distant nodes on the globe, are the sought-after goal underlying most of the investigations described above (see Fig. 4).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationEntanglement is an essential physical resource for quantum communication protocols and must be protected during transfer.
“Entanglement is an essential physical resource to this aim [318] and, as such, it is necessary to protect it during the transfer.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [318] Shainline, 2017, Opt. Express source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisenone givenFused silica is widely adopted for integration due to low propagation losses, low birefringence, operation from visible to infrared, good coupling efficiency with single mode fibers and low temperature dependence.
“One widely adopted material for the integration remains fused silica thanks to its numerous benefits: low propagation losses, low birefringence, operation from visible to infrared, good coupling efficiency with single mode fibers and low temperature dependence.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisenone givenDetecting photons with high probability and reliability is a key requirement for most tasks, often representing a bottleneck for overall efficiency.
“Detecting photons with high probability and reliability is a key requirement for most tasks, often representing a bottleneck for the overall efficiency of an apparatus.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationIkuta et al.'s work used backward propagation of coherent light in combination with single-photon states, and violation of the CHSH inequality to prove nonlocality in the transmission.
“Additional features of their work were the use of backward propagation of coherent light in combination with single-photon states, and the violation of the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt inequality [316] to prove nonlocality in the transmission.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
InterpretationreasoningMultiplexing in one of the degrees of freedom could increase the transmission rate.
“however, a good solution to this drawback could be multiplexing in one of the degrees of freedom (see Section 1.1) to increase the transmission rate.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationLattices subject to external gradient forces exhibit Bloch oscillations, a characteristic periodic oscillation between spreading and localization of the wave packet, which have been observed experimentally in photonic platforms.
“lattices subject to external gradient forces exhibit a characteristic periodic oscillation between spreading and localization of the wave packet, the so-called Bloch oscillations, which have been observed experimentally in photonic platforms [524,541,[554][555][556]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [524,541,[554][555][556]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationThe scalability of parametric down-conversion sources and the relevance of non-ideal detector efficiencies have been addressed and investigated experimentally in 2015 with the Scattershot implementation.
“Furthermore, the scalability of parametric down-conversion sources and the relevance of non-ideal detectors' efficiencies have been addressed in Ref. [579] and investigated experimentally in 2015 with the Scattershot implementation [580,581]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationRecently, the implementation of a lossy BosonSampling experiment has been reported.
“Recently the implementation of a lossy BosonSampling experiment has been reported [595]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [595] Rohde, 2012, Phys. Rev. A source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisenone givenIn the first generation, the idea is to create entanglement between adjacent nodes and to use teleportation to exchange information.
“The idea here is to create entanglement between adjacent nodes and to use teleportation to exchange information.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationSince 2015, alternative BosonSampling schemes have been proposed, including driven BosonSampling, microwave-photon BosonSampling, squeezed-state BosonSampling, a Gaussian-measurement scheme, and a time-bin loop-based scheme.
“Since 2015, a number of alternative schemes have been proposed: driven BosonSampling, where the input photons are generated within the interferometer [585], BosonSampling with microwave photons [586] or squeezed states [587,588], one using Gaussian measurements and the symmetry of the evolution under time reversal [589,590], and one time-bin loop-based [150]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checkedIt may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationIn 2016, McCutcheon et al. verified multipartite entanglement for photonic quantum networks, adopting two single-photon sources similar to Ref. [605] to produce three- and four-photon polarization encoded states.
“In 2016, further improvements led McCutcheon et al. to a verification of multipartite entanglement for photonic quantum networks, adopting two single-photon sources similar to Ref. [605] to produce three-and four-photon polarization encoded states [606]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedIt may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationErrors can occur all along the transmission due to imperfect gates or measurements, without the possibility of duplicating quantum states deterministically and with conditions much more sensitive than in the classical case.
“In addition, errors can occurr all along the transmission due to imperfect gates or measurements, without the possibility of duplicating quantum states deterministically [316] and with conditions much more sensitive than in the classical case.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [316] Schuck, 2016, Nat. Commun. source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Premisenone givenThe key resource for fulfillment of quantum networks is quantum entanglement, at the core of quantum dense coding, teleportation, entanglement purification, and entanglement swapping.
“The key resource for its fulfillment is pro- blind quantum computing free-space QKD quantum repeater fiber-based QKD vided by quantum entanglement, at the core of quantum dense coding, teleportation, entanglement purification and entanglement swapping.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationThe second generation of QRs employs HEG to reduce deterioration induced by losses and quantum error correction to correct gate errors.
“The second generation of QRs (II) employs (i) HEG to reduce the deterioration induced by losses and (ii) quantum error correction (QEC) to correct gate errors [414,415].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationBosonSampling is equivalent to short-time evolutions of n excitations in an XY model of 2n spins.
“recently BosonSampling was shown to be equivalent to short-time evolutions of n excitations in a XY model of 2n spins [586]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [586] Crespi, 2013, Nat. Photon. source
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationFurther results with continuous-time quantum walks include observation of two-photon quantum correlations, the quantum Rabi model, Floquet topological insulators, growth of entanglement in spin chains, Majorana dynamics, Fano interference, and Bloch oscillations.
“Further results were reported also with continuous-time QWs, with the observation of two-photon quantum correlations [17,532,535,538], quantum Rabi model [35], floquet topological insulators [536], growth of entanglement in spin chains [529], Majorana dynamics [539], Fano interference [540] and Bloch oscillations [541].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 6 sources checked- cites [17] Martínez-Herrero, 2010, Opt. Express source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- cites [532] Buluta, 2009, Science source
- cites [535] Gräfe, 2016, J. Opt. source
- cites [538] Schreiber, 2011, Phys. Rev. Lett. source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- cites [35] Müller, 2014, Nat. Photon. source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- cites [536] Venegas-Andraca, 2012, Chapter: Quantum walks: a comprehensive review source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationTopological transitions have been the focus of a recent study carried out with orbital angular momentum encoding.
“Topological transitions have been also the focus of a recent study carried out with orbital angular momentum encoding [54].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [54] Bierdz, 2013, New J. Phys. source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationAnalytical solutions for quantum many-body problems are available only for the simplest systems, making simulations necessary and heavily based on classical techniques such as Born-Oppenheimer or Hartree-Fock approximations, density-functional theory, or machine learning.
“Indeed, analytical solutions for quantum many-body problems are available only for the simplest systems, thus making simulations necessary and heavily based on classical techniques such as the Born-Oppenheimer or Hartree-Fock approximations, the density-functional theory or even machine learning [622]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [622] Pappa, 2012, Phys. Rev. Lett. source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationThe hydrogen-molecule simulation approach consisted in encoding the state of the molecule on single-photon polarization qubits, simulating its evolution in the Born-Oppenheimer approximation, and estimating the energy of its eigenstates using the quantum phase estimation algorithm.
“The approach adopted in the latter work consisted in encoding the state of the molecule on single-photon polarization qubits, simulating its evolution in the Born-Oppenheimer approximation and estimating the energy E of its eigenstates |ψ using the quantum phase estimation (QPE) algorithm [624], since e iEt/ |ψ = e i2πφ |ψ .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [624] McCutcheon, 2016, Nat. Commun. source
- cites [630] Agresti, 2017, Pattern recognition techniques for boson sampling validation
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationCurrently there exist several protocols to validate BosonSampling, most of which have already been successfully demonstrated experimentally.
“Currently there exist several protocols to validate BosonSampling, most of which have already been successfully demonstrated experimentally [122,149,241,474,516,581,582,595,[609][610][611][612][613]]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [122,149,241,474,516,581,582,595,[609][610][611][612][613]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationA new quantum approach based on variational methods and phase estimation was introduced and experimentally tested to approximate eigenvalues for ground and excited states.
“Very recently, a new quantum approach based on variational methods and phase estimation was introduced [634], and experimentally tested, to approximate eigenvalues for ground and excited states.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [634] Dittel, 2018, Phys. Rev. Lett. source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationThe belief in the quantum approach was supported in the 1990s by the first efficient quantum algorithms, which were rapidly followed by breakthrough discoveries applicable to quantum chemistry.
“The belief in this quantum approach was indeed supported in the 90's by the first efficient quantum algorithms [316], which were rapidly followed by breakthrough discoveries applicable to quantum chemistry [3,624]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedIt may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationFirst experimental demonstrations in bulk optics were reported in 2009 for the simulation of anyons and for the calculation of the energy spectrum of a hydrogen molecule.
“First experimental demonstrations in bulk optics were reported in 2009 for the simulation of anyons, fractional-statistics particles responsible for the fractional quantum Hall effect [628,629] and for the calculation of the energy spectrum of a hydrogen molecule [630]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [628] Viggianiello, 2017, Optimal photonic indistinguishability tests in multimode networks source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- cites [629] Bentivegna, 2014, Int. J. Quantum Inf. source
- cites [630] Agresti, 2017, Pattern recognition techniques for boson sampling validation
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationAn efficient certification protocol for photonic state preparation was introduced theoretically, allowing discrimination of relevant classes of Fock states and Gaussian/non-Gaussian pure states.
“An efficient certification protocol for photonic state preparation was also introduced theoretically [614], allowing to discriminate relevant classes of Fock states and Gaussian/non-Gaussian pure states.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [614] Morimae, 2014, Phys. Rev. Lett. source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
The authors state this as an assumption.
The two highly plausible conjectures used by Aaronson and Arkhipov hold.
“Assuming two highly plausible conjectures [559], Aaronson and Arkhipov showed that, should a classical polynomial-time algorithm exist capable to solve BosonSampling, it would imply the collapse of the polynomial hierarchy of complexity classes to the third level, a possibility of huge consequences widely believed to be unlikely.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Table 2 includes wavelengths outside its stated range
MinorThe caption specifies a range ending at 1550 nm, but the table includes a source with wavelengths of 1551, 1611 and 1625 nm.
“Table 2 . Platforms reported in the last three years for singlephoton sources in the range 750-1550 nm.”
“| | [178] | PPLN | 1551+1611+1625 |”
A stated unitary maps both basis states to the same state
MinorThe displayed transformation maps both |0 and |1 to phase multiples of |0, so it cannot be unitary. It also cannot leave the stated two-qubit superposition unchanged up to a global phase.
“U (t) |0 = e -ıω0t |0 and U (t) |1 = e -ıω1t |0 .”
“U (t) |ψ + = e -ı(ω0+ω1)t |ψ +”
Table 6 places reference 470 in 2016 rather than 2017
MinorReference 470 is listed under 2016 in Table 6, but its bibliography entry gives 2017.
“2016 [460] Renes2004 protocol 0 [461] BBM92 protocol 50 [462] WDM GPOM 24 [463] QDS 90 [464] MDI DS 36 [465] MDI DS 404 [466] Phase-encoded passive-DS 10 [467] DP-QPSK DS 100 [468] HD DS DO 43 [469] HD 0 [470] HD MCF DS 0.3”
“470. Cañas G, Vera N, Cariñe J, González P, Cardenas J, Connolly P W R, Przysiezna A, Gómez E S, Figueroa M, Vallone G, Villoresi P, Ferreira da Silva T, Xavier G B and Lima G 2017 Phys. Rev. A 96 022317”
Table 3 places reference 229 in 2016 rather than 2017
MinorReference 229 appears in the table's 2016 group, while its bibliography entry gives 2017.
“| 2016 [24] | Si | Attenuated laser | 3 | 1550 | 4 (a,b) | BB84 protocol | | [25] | SoI | 2 | 4+2 (d) | 1550 | 5 | Entanglement distribution | | [228] | SiN | 2 | 6 | 1550 | n.r. | CNOT | | [229] | SoI | Attenuated laser | 3 | 1550 | 5 (c) | QKD protocol |”
“229. Sibson P, Kennard J E, Stanisic S, Erven C, O'Brien J L and Thompson M G 2017 Optica 4 172-177”
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“information processing [9], and satellite-based quantum communications [10,11].”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Flamini, F., Spagnolo, N., & Sciarrino, F.
- Affiliations
- Sapienza University of Rome (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Flamini, Fulvio
- Spagnolo, Nicolò
- Sciarrino, Fabio
- Venue
- Reports on Progress in Physics
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 2018-11-13
- Volume
- 82
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 016001
- ISSN
- 0034-4885 (ISSN-L)
- 1361-6633
- OpenAlex
- W2793137815
- Cited by
- 770
- References
- 690
- Citations by year
- 2026: 97 · 2025: 111 · 2024: 124 · 2023: 98 · 2022: 93 · 2021: 116 · 2020: 75 · 2019: 50 · 2018: 6
- FWCI
- 29.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Reports on Progress in Physics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- FP7 Ideas: European Research Council (307783)
- H2020 Future and Emerging Technologies (641039)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Information and Cryptography
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum optics and atomic interactions
- Keywords
- photonic quantum information processing, single photons, quantum information, quantum communication, quantum simulation, quantum computing, quantum optics
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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