Violation of Bell Inequalities by Photons More Than 10 km Apart
Open accessAbstract
A Franson-type test of Bell inequalities by photons 10.9 km apart is presented. Energy-time entangled photon pairs are measured using two-channel analyzers, leading to a violation of the inequalities by 16 standard deviations without subtracting accidental coincidences. Subtracting them, a two-photon interference visibility of $95.5%$ is observed, demonstrating that distances up to 10 km have no significant effect on entanglement. This sets quantum cryptography with photon pairs as a practical competitor to the schemes based on weak pulses.
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Bell experiments were also performed using fiber-based entangled photon sources, from which two photons were distributed over a distance of more than 10 km apart.
“The Bell experiments were also performed using fiber-based entangled photon sources, from which two photons were distributed over a distance of more than 10 km apart, see, e.g., (Tittel et al., 1998;Zbinden et al., 2001).”
From Multiphoton entanglement and interferometry (2012) · cites this paper as Tittel et al., 1998
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- Authors
- Tittel, W., Brendel, J., Zbinden, H., & Gisin, N.
- Affiliations
- University of Geneva (CH)
- Venue
- Physical Review Letters
- Publisher
- American Physical Society (APS)
- Published
- 1998-10-26
- Volume
- 81
- Issue
- 17
- Pages
- 3563-3566
- ISSN
- 0031-9007 (ISSN-L)
- 1079-7114
- OpenAlex
- W2076311580
- Cited by
- 963
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 80 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 75 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 41 · 2012: 50
- FWCI
- 37.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Physical Review Letters (publishedVersion)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Quantum Information and Cryptography
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Mechanics and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Semiconductor Quantum Structures and Devices
- Keywords
- Bell inequality violation, Franson interferometer, entangled photon pairs, energy-time entanglement, long-distance entanglement, accidental coincidences, two-photon interference visibility, quantum cryptography, photon pair sources
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