Detection-Loophole-Free Test of Quantum Nonlocality, and Applications
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We present a source of entangled photons that violates a Bell inequality free of the "fair-sampling" assumption, by over 7 standard deviations. This violation is the first reported experiment with photons to close the detection loophole, and we demonstrate enough "efficiency" overhead to eventually perform a fully loophole-free test of local realism. The entanglement quality is verified by maximally violating additional Bell tests, testing the upper limit of quantum correlations. Finally, we use the source to generate "device-independent" private quantum random numbers at rates over 4 orders of magnitude beyond previous experiments.
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As the CHSH inequality is minimally violated in an optically realised system, the randomness output is also very small (with min-entropy of Hmin=7.2×10^-5 in each run), and the randomness generation rate is 0.4 bits per s.
“As the CHSH inequality is minimally violated in an optically realised system, 64,65 the randomness output is also very small (with min-entropy of H min =7.2 × 10 -5 in each run), and the randomness generation rate is 0.4 bits per s.”
From Quantum random number generation (2016) · cites this paper as [65]
The main text (p. 5) reports a small CH violation, min-entropy of 7.2×10^-5, and a randomness generation rate of 0.4 bits/s. But it attributes the randomness result to a CH violation, not a minimally violated CHSH inequality; on p. 4, it reports a CHSH violation close to the quantum maximum. The paper describes the min-entropy as per bit of output data (p. 4), rather than per run. (LLM, conf=0.90)
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- Authors
- Christensen, B. G., McCusker, K. T., Altepeter, J. B., Calkins, B., Gerrits, T., Lita, A. E., Miller, A., Shalm, L. K., Zhang, Y., Nam, S. W., Brunner, N., Lim, C. C. W., Gisin, N., & Kwiat, P. G.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (US)
- University of Geneva (CH)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Physical Review Letters
- Publisher
- American Physical Society (APS)
- Published
- 2013-09-26
- Volume
- 111
- Issue
- 13
- Pages
- 130406-130406
- ISSN
- 0031-9007 (ISSN-L)
- 1079-7114
- OpenAlex
- W2006166792
- Cited by
- 477
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 54 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 44 · 2015: 70 · 2014: 46 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 62.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- Locations
- Physical Review Letters (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Science
- Funders
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-11-CHRI-0007)
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/J007838/1)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Quantum Information and Cryptography
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Mechanics and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Statistical and Nonlinear Physics › Noncommutative and Quantum Gravity Theories
- Keywords
- quantum nonlocality, Bell inequality violation, detection loophole, fair sampling assumption, entangled photon sources, local realism, quantum correlations
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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