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Cited by 571Cosmology and Gravitation TheoriesComputability, Logic, AI AlgorithmsBlack Holes and Theoretical Physics

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 36 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Computational Capacity of the Universe

Open access
Lloyd, Seth·2002·Physical Review Letters
DOI 10.1103/physrevlett.88.237901
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Abstract

All physical systems register and process information. The laws of physics determine the amount of information that a physical system can register (number of bits) and the number of elementary logic operations that a system can perform (number of ops). The Universe is a physical system. The amount of information that the Universe can register and the number of elementary operations that it can have performed over its history are calculated. The Universe can have performed ${10}^{120}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{ops}$ on ${10}^{90}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{bits}$ ( ${10}^{120}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{bits}$ including gravitational degrees of freedom).

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Research works printed but not linked: 3

  1. N. Margolus, 1996, PhysComp96, Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Physics and Computation,
  2. N. Margolus, 1998, Physica (Amsterdam), 120D, 188
  3. D. G. Cory, PhysComp96, Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Physics and Computation

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Metadata

Authors
Lloyd, S.
Affiliations
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
Corresponding author
Lloyd, Seth
ORCID
Lloyd, Seth
Venue
Physical Review Letters
Publisher
American Physical Society (APS)
Published
2002-05-24
Volume
88
Issue
23
Pages
237901-237901
ISSN
  • 0031-9007 (ISSN-L)
  • 1079-7114
DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.88.237901
OpenAlex
W1993466133
Cited by
571
References
35
Citations by year
2026: 39 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 16
FWCI
8.07
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
link.aps.org/licenses/aps-default-license (vor)
Locations
  • Physical Review Letters (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
  • CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) (submittedVersion)
  • arXiv (Cornell University)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computational Theory and Mathematics › Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Black Holes and Theoretical Physics
Keywords
gravitational degrees of freedom

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