CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 20Strong Light-Matter InteractionsQuantum Electrodynamics and Casimir EffectBlack Holes and Theoretical Physics

Polariton Fluids as Quantum Field Theory Simulators on Tailored Curved Spacetimes

Open access
Falque, Kévin, Delhom, Adrià, Glorieux, Quentin, Giacobino, Elisabeth, Bramati, Alberto, Jacquet, Maxime J.·2025·Physical Review Letters
DOI 10.1103/t5dh-rx6w
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Quantum field theory (QFT) in curved spacetimes predicts the amplification of field excitations and the occurrence of classical and quantum correlations, as in the Hawking effect for example. This raises interest in experiments in which the curvature of spacetime can be controlled and amplification measured, as in fluids going from subsonic to supersonic speeds where acoustic excitations are effectively trapped inside an acoustic horizon. Quantum fluctuations of the acoustic field are predicted to yield entangled emission across the horizon, as in black holes. Here, we introduce such a QFT simulator in a one-dimensional polaritonic fluid of light. We demonstrate the unique tunability of our system by engineering smooth and steep horizons, which respectively have quasithermal, but weak, and strong Hawking radiation. We measure the spectrum on either side of the horizon and evidence the excitation of negative energy waves in fluids of light for the first time. Notably, we explicitly show that, beyond phononic excitations as in other systems, our simulator also supports excitations with a massive, relativistic dispersion. In the future, quantum optics techniques offer the possibility to measure entanglement in unexplored regimes, giving insight in this outstanding prediction of relativistic QFT.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1103/t5dh-rx6w

Cites

2 of 2 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • A spatially resolved experimental characterization of the Bogoliubov modes on the two sides of the horizon has shown the transition from sub- to super-sonic flow as the horizon is crossed, with supersonic flow signalled by the positive-norm branch of the Bogoliubov dispersion being pushed down to negative frequencies.

    “A spatiallyresolved experimental characterization of the Bogoliubov modes on the two sides of the horizon has been performed in [98], explicitly showing the transition from a sub-to a super-sonic flow as the horizon is crossed: in the experiment, a super-sonic flow is signalled by the positive-norm branch of the Bogoliubov dispersion being pushed down to negative frequencies.”

    From How to exploit driving and dissipation to stabilize and manipulate quantum many-body states (2025) · cites this paper as [98]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 84

  1. C. R. Almeida and M. J. Jacquet, Analogue gravity and the Hawking effect: historical perspective and literature review, Eur. Phys. J. H History for Physics: Contextualizing Modern Developments in the Foundations of Quantum Theory, 48, 15 (2023).
  2. M. J. Jacquet, S. Weinfurtner, and F. König, The next generation of analogue gravity experiments, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A 378, 20190239 (2020). · DOI
  3. C. Barceló, S. Liberati, and M. Visser, Analogue Gravity, Liv- ing Reviews in Relativity 14, 3 (2011). · DOI · Paper page
  4. M. Visser, Acoustic black holes: horizons, ergospheres and Hawking radiation, Classical and Quantum Gravity 15, 1767 (1998).
  5. M. J. Jacquet, T. Boulier, F. Claude, A. Maítre, E. Cancel- lieri, C. Adrados, A. Amo, S. Pigeon, Q. Glorieux, A. Bra- mati, and E. Giacobino, Polariton fluids for analogue gravity physics, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: 378, 20190225 (2020). · DOI
  6. T. G. Philbin, C. Kuklewicz, S. Robertson, S. Hill, F. König, and U. Leonhardt, Fiber-Optical Analog of the Event Horizon, Science 319, 1367 (2008). · DOI
  7. S. Weinfurtner, E. W. Tedford, M. C. J. Penrice, W. G. Un- ruh, and G. A. Lawrence, Measurement of Stimulated Hawking Emission in an Analogue System, Physical Review Letters 106, 021302 (2011). · DOI
  8. L.-P. Euvé, F. Michel, R. Parentani, T. G. Philbin, and G. Rousseaux, Observation of noise correlated by the Hawk- ing effect in a water tank, Physical Review Letters 117, 121301 (2016). · DOI
  9. J. R. Muñoz de Nova, K. Golubkov, V. I. Kolobov, and J. Stein- hauer, Observation of thermal Hawking radiation and its tem- perature in an analogue black hole, Nature 569, 688 (2019). · DOI
  10. J. Drori, Y. Rosenberg, D. Bermudez, Y. Silberberg, and U. Leonhardt, Observation of Stimulated Hawking Radiation in an Optical Analogue, Physical Review Letters 122, 010404 (2019). · DOI
  11. Y.-H. Shi, R.-Q. Yang, Z. Xiang, Z.-Y. Ge, H. Li, Y.-Y. Wang, K. Huang, Y. Tian, X. Song, D. Zheng, K. Xu, R.-G. Cai, and H. Fan, Quantum simulation of Hawking radiation and curved spacetime with a superconducting on-chip black hole, Nature Communications 14, 3263 (2023). · DOI
  12. H. Tamura, S. Khlebnikov, C.-A. Chen, and C.-L. Hung, Ob- servation of self-oscillating supersonic flow across an acoustic horizon in two dimensions, arxiv:2304.10667 (2024). · arXiv
  13. T. Torres, S. Patrick, A. Coutant, M. Richartz, E. W. Tedford, and S. Weinfurtner, Rotational superradiant scattering in a vor- tex flow, Nature Physics 13, 833 (2017). · DOI
  14. T. Torres, S. Patrick, M. Richartz, and S. Weinfurtner, Quasinor- mal Mode Oscillations in an Analogue Black Hole Experiment, Physical Review Letters 125, 011301 (2020). · DOI
  15. S. Patrick, H. Goodhew, C. Gooding, and S. Weinfurtner, Back- reaction in an Analogue Black Hole Experiment, Physical Re- view Letters 126, 041105 (2021). · DOI
  16. M.-C. Braidotti, R. Prizia, C. Maitland, F. Marino, A. Prain, I. Starshynov, N. Westerberg, E. M. Wright, and D. Faccio, Measurement of Penrose Superradiance in a Photon Superfluid, Physical Review Letters 128, 013901 (2022). · DOI
  17. P. Svancara, P. Smaniotto, L. Solidoro, J. F. MacDonald, S. Patrick, R. Gregory, C. F. Barenghi, and S. Weinfurtner, Ro- tating curved spacetime signatures from a giant quantum vortex, Nature 628, 66 (2024). · DOI
  18. J.-C. Jaskula, G. B. Partridge, M. Bonneau, R. Lopes, J. Ru- audel, D. Boiron, and C. I. Westbrook, Acoustic Analog to the Dynamical Casimir Effect in a Bose-Einstein Condensate, Physical Review Letters 109, 220401 (2012). · DOI
  19. L. W. Clark, A. Gaj, L. Feng, and C. Chin, Collective emis- sion of matter-wave jets from driven Bose-Einstein conden- sates, Nature 551, 356 (2017). · DOI
  20. S. Eckel, A. Kumar, T. Jacobson, I. Spielman, and G. Campbell, A Rapidly Expanding Bose-Einstein Condensate: An Expand- ing Universe in the Lab, Physical Review X 8, 021021 (2018). · DOI
  21. C. Viermann, M. Sparn, N. Liebster, M. Hans, E. Kath, A. Parra-Lopez, M. Tolosa-Simeon, N. Sánchez-Kuntz, T. Haas, H. Strobel, S. Floerchinger, and M. K. Oberthaler, Quantum field simulator for dynamics in curved spacetime, Na- ture 611, 260 (2022). · DOI
  22. M. Tajik, M. Gluza, N. Sebe, P. Schüttelkopf, F. Cataldini, J. Sabino, F. Møller, S.-C. Ji, S. Erne, G. Guarnieri, S. Sotiri- adis, J. Eisert, and J. Schmiedmayer, Experimental observation of curved light-cones in a quantum field simulator, Proceed- ings of the National Academy of Sciences 120, e2301287120 (2023). · DOI
  23. A. Zenesini, A. Berti, R. Cominotti, C. Rogora, I. G. Moss, T. P. Billam, I. Carusotto, G. Lamporesi, A. Recati, and G. Ferrari, False vacuum decay via bubble formation in ferromagnetic su- perfluids, Nature Physics 20, 558 (2024). · DOI
  24. I. Agullo, A. J. Brady, and D. Kranas, Event horizons are tun- able factories of quantum entanglement, International Journal of Modern Physics D 31, 2242008 (2022). · DOI
  25. L. Parker, Particle Creation in Expanding Universes, Physical Review Letters 21, 562 (1968). · DOI · Paper page
  26. S. W. Hawking, Black hole explosions?, Nature 248, 30 (1974). · DOI · Paper page
  27. S. W. Hawking, Particle creation by black holes, Communica- tions in Mathematical Physics 43, 199 (1975). · DOI · Paper page
  28. R. Parentani, From vacuum fluctuations across an event horizon to long distance correlations, Phys. Rev. D 82, 025008 (2010). · DOI
  29. M. Jacquet, L. Giacomelli, Q. Valnais, M. Joly, F. Claude, E. Giacobino, Q. Glorieux, I. Carusotto, and A. Bramati, Quan- tum Vacuum Excitation of a Quasinormal Mode in an Analog Model of Black Hole Spacetime, Physical Review Letters 130, 111501 (2023). · DOI
  30. A. Fabbri and C. Mayoral, Steplike discontinuities in Bose- Einstein condensates and Hawking radiation: The hy- drodynamic limit, Physical Review D 83, 10.1103/Phys- RevD.83.124016 (2011). · DOI
  31. J. Macher and R. Parentani, Black/white hole radiation from dispersive theories, Physical Review D 79, 124008 (2009). · DOI
  32. A. Recati, N. Pavloff, and I. Carusotto, Bogoliubov theory of acoustic hawking radiation in bose-einstein condensates, Phys. Rev. A 80, 043603 (2009). · DOI
  33. S. Finazzi and R. Parentani, Hawking radiation in dispersive theories, the two regimes, Phys. Rev. D 85, 124027 (2012). · DOI
  34. W. G. Unruh, Sonic analogue of black holes and the effects of high frequencies on black hole evaporation, Physical Review D 51, 2827 (1995). · DOI
  35. R. Brout, S. Massar, R. Parentani, and P. Spindel, Hawking ra- diation without trans-Planckian frequencies, Physical Review D 52, 4559 (1995). · DOI
  36. S. Corley and T. Jacobson, Hawking spectrum and high fre- quency dispersion, Physical Review D 54, 1568 (1996). · DOI
  37. F. Michel, J.-F. Coupechoux, and R. Parentani, Phonon spec- trum and correlations in a transonic flow of an atomic Bose gas, Physical Review D 94, 084027 (2016). · DOI
  38. M. Isoard and N. Pavloff, Departing from Thermality of Ana- logue Hawking Radiation in a Bose-Einstein Condensate, Phys- ical Review Letters 124, 060401 (2020). · DOI
  39. M. J. Jacquet and F. König, The influence of spacetime curva- ture on quantum emission in optical analogues to gravity, Sci- Post Physics Core 3, 005 (2020). · DOI
  40. F. Claude, M. Jacquet, R. Usciati, I. Carusotto, E. Giacobino, A. Bramati, and Q. Glorieux, High-Resolution Coherent Probe Spectroscopy of a Polariton Quantum Fluid, Physical Review Letters 129, 103601 (2022). · DOI · Paper page
  41. F. Claude, M. J. Jacquet, I. Carusotto, Q. Glorieux, E. Gia- cobino, and A. Bramati, Spectrum of collective excitations of a quantum fluid of polaritons, Physical Review B 107, 174507 (2023). · DOI
  42. I. Carusotto and C. Ciuti, Quantum fluids of light, Reviews of Modern Physics 85, 299 (2013). · DOI
  43. A. Baas, J. P. Karr, H. Eleuch, and E. Giacobino, Optical bista- bility in semiconductor microcavities, Phys. Rev. A 69, 023809 (2004). · DOI
  44. P. Leboeuf, N. Pavloff, and S. Sinha, Solitonic transmission of bose-einstein matter waves, Phys. Rev. A 68, 063608 (2003). · DOI
  45. N. N. Bogolyubov, On the theory of superfluidity, J. Phys. (USSR) 11, 23 (1947).
  46. M. Jacquet, M. Joly, F. Claude, L. Giacomelli, Q. Glorieux, A. Bramati, I. Carusotto, and E. Giacobino, Analogue quantum simulation of the Hawking effect in a polariton superfluid, The European Physical Journal D 76, 152 (2022). · DOI
  47. F. D. Porro, S. Liberati, and M. Schneider, Tunneling method for hawking quanta in analogue gravity, arXiv:2406.14603 (2024). · arXiv
  48. H. S. Nguyen, D. Gerace, I. Carusotto, D. Sanvitto, E. Galopin, A. Lemaître, I. Sagnes, J. Bloch, and A. Amo, Acoustic black hole in a stationary hydrodynamic flow of microcavity polari- tons, Physycal Review Letters 114, 036402 (2015). · DOI · Paper page
  49. T. Boulier, M. J. Jacquet, A. Maître, G. Lerario, F. Claude, S. Pi- geon, Q. Glorieux, A. Amo, J. Bloch, A. Bramati, and E. Gia- cobino, Microcavity Polaritons for Quantum Simulation, Ad- vanced Quantum Technologies 3, 2000052 (2020). · DOI
  50. R. Balbinot, A. Fabbri, S. Fagnocchi, A. Recati, and I. Caru- sotto, Nonlocal density correlations as a signature of Hawk- ing radiation from acoustic black holes, Physical Review A 78, 021603 (2008). · DOI
  51. P.-E. Larré, A. Recati, I. Carusotto, and N. Pavloff, Quantum fluctuations around black hole horizons in Bose-Einstein con- densates, Physical Review A 85 (2012).
  52. R. Brout, S. Massar, R. Parentani, and P. Spindel, A primer for black hole quantum physics, Physics Reports 260, 329 (1995). · DOI
  53. F. Michel and R. Parentani, Non-linear effects in time- dependent transonic flows: An analysis of analogue black hole stability, Physical Review A 91, 053603 (2015). · DOI
  54. A. Fabbri and R. Balbinot, Ramp-up of hawking radiation in bose-einstein-condensate analog black holes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 126, 111301 (2021). · DOI
  55. C. Barcelo, S. Liberati, S. Sonego, and M. Visser, Hawking-like radiation does not require a trapped region, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 171301 (2006), arXiv:gr-qc/0607008. · DOI
  56. C. Barcelo, S. Liberati, S. Sonego, and M. Visser, Hawking- like radiation from evolving black holes and compact horizon- less objects, Journal of High Energy Physics 02, 003 (2011), arXiv:1011.5911 [gr-qc]. · DOI
  57. V. Cardoso and P. Pani, Tests for the existence of black holes through gravitational wave echoes, Nature Astron. 1, 586 (2017), arXiv:1709.01525 [gr-qc]. · DOI
  58. C. Barcelo, S. Liberati, S. Sonego, and M. Visser, Minimal con- ditions for the existence of a Hawking-like flux, Phys. Rev. D 83, 041501 (2011), arXiv:1011.5593 [gr-qc]. · DOI
  59. D. Sanvitto, S. Pigeon, A. Amo, D. Ballarini, M. De Giorgi, I. Carusotto, R. Hivet, F. Pisanello, V. G. Sala, P. S. S. Guimaraes, R. Houdré, E. Giacobino, C. Ciuti, A. Bramati, and G. Gigli, All-optical control of the quantum flow of a polariton condensate, Nature Photonics 5, 610 (2011). · DOI
  60. E. Wertz, A. Amo, D. D. Solnyshkov, L. Ferrier, T. C. H. Liew, D. Sanvitto, P. Senellart, I. Sagnes, A. Lemaître, A. V. Ka- vokin, G. Malpuech, and J. Bloch, Propagation and amplifica- tion dynamics of 1d polariton condensates, Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 216404 (2012). · DOI
  61. M. De Giorgi, D. Ballarini, P. Cazzato, G. Deligeorgis, S. I. Tsintzos, Z. Hatzopoulos, P. G. Savvidis, G. Gigli, F. P. Laussy, and D. Sanvitto, Relaxation oscillations in the formation of a polariton condensate, Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 113602 (2014). · DOI
  62. V. Cardoso, E. Franzin, and P. Pani, Is the gravitational-wave ringdown a probe of the event horizon?, Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 171101 (2016), [Erratum: Phys.Rev.Lett. 117, 089902 (2016)], arXiv:1602.07309 [gr-qc]. · DOI
  63. B. P. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific, Virgo), Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger, Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 061102 (2016), arXiv:1602.03837 [gr-qc]. · DOI
  64. R. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific, KAGRA, VIRGO), Obser- vation of Gravitational Waves from Two Neutron Star-Black Hole Coalescences, Astrophys. J. Lett. 915, L5 (2021), arXiv:2106.15163 [astro-ph.HE]. · DOI
  65. G. Agazie et al. (NANOGrav), The NANOGrav 15 yr Data Set: Evidence for a Gravitational-wave Background, Astrophys. J. Lett. 951, L8 (2023), arXiv:2306.16213 [astro-ph.HE]. · DOI
  66. P. A. Seoane et al. (LISA), Astrophysics with the Laser In- terferometer Space Antenna, Living Rev. Rel. 26, 2 (2023), arXiv:2203.06016 [gr-qc]. · DOI
  67. K. G. Arun et al. (LISA), New horizons for fundamental physics with LISA, Living Rev. Rel. 25, 4 (2022), arXiv:2205.01597 [gr-qc]. · DOI
  68. M. Maggiore, C. V. D. Broeck, N. Bartolo, E. Belgacem, D. Bertacca, M. A. Bizouard, M. Branchesi, S. Clesse, S. Foffa, J. García-Bellido, S. Grimm, J. Harms, T. Hinderer, S. Matar- rese, C. Palomba, M. Peloso, A. Ricciardone, and M. Sakellar- iadou, Science case for the einstein telescope, Journal of Cos- mology and Astroparticle Physics 2020 (03), 050. · DOI
  69. L. Barack et al., Black holes, gravitational waves and funda- mental physics: a roadmap, Class. Quant. Grav. 36, 143001 (2019), arXiv:1806.05195 [gr-qc]. · DOI
  70. K. Akiyama et al. (Event Horizon Telescope), First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. The Shadow of the Su- permassive Black Hole, Astrophys. J. Lett. 875, L1 (2019), arXiv:1906.11238 [astro-ph.GA]. · DOI · Paper page
  71. K. Akiyama et al. (Event Horizon Telescope), First Sagittar- ius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole in the Center of the Milky Way, Astrophys. J. Lett. 930, L12 (2022), arXiv:2311.08680 [astro- ph.HE]. · DOI
  72. D. Psaltis et al. (Event Horizon Telescope), Gravitational Test Beyond the First Post-Newtonian Order with the Shadow of the M87 Black Hole, Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 141104 (2020), arXiv:2010.01055 [gr-qc]. · DOI
  73. V. Perlick and O. Y. Tsupko, Calculating black hole shad- ows: Review of analytical studies, Phys. Rept. 947, 1 (2022), arXiv:2105.07101 [gr-qc]. · DOI
  74. S. Vagnozzi et al., Horizon-scale tests of gravity theories and fundamental physics from the Event Horizon Telescope im- age of Sagittarius A, Class. Quant. Grav. 40, 165007 (2023), arXiv:2205.07787 [gr-qc]. · DOI
  75. R. Brito, V. Cardoso, and P. Pani, Superradiance: New Fron- tiers in Black Hole Physics, Lect. Notes Phys. 906, pp.1 (2015), arXiv:1501.06570 [gr-qc]. · DOI
  76. V. Cardoso, L. C. B. Crispino, C. F. B. Macedo, H. Okawa, and P. Pani, Light rings as observational evidence for event hori- zons: long-lived modes, ergoregions and nonlinear instabili- ties of ultracompact objects, Phys. Rev. D 90, 044069 (2014), arXiv:1406.5510 [gr-qc]. · DOI
  77. P. V. P. Cunha, E. Berti, and C. A. R. Herdeiro, Light-Ring Sta- bility for Ultracompact Objects, Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 251102 (2017), arXiv:1708.04211 [gr-qc]. · DOI
  78. E. Maggio, P. Pani, and V. Ferrari, Exotic Compact Objects and How to Quench their Ergoregion Instability, Phys. Rev. D 96, 104047 (2017), arXiv:1703.03696 [gr-qc]. · DOI
  79. E. Maggio, V. Cardoso, S. R. Dolan, and P. Pani, Ergoregion in- stability of exotic compact objects: electromagnetic and gravi- tational perturbations and the role of absorption, Phys. Rev. D 99, 064007 (2019), arXiv:1807.08840 [gr-qc]. · DOI
  80. Z. Zhong, V. Cardoso, and E. Maggio, Instability of ultracom- pact horizonless spacetimes, Phys. Rev. D 107, 044035 (2023), arXiv:2211.16526 [gr-qc]. · DOI
  81. L. Giacomelli and I. Carusotto, Ergoregion instabilities in ro- tating two-dimensional bose-einstein condensates: Perspectives on the stability of quantized vortices, Phys. Rev. Research 2, 033139 (2020). · DOI
  82. S. Patrick, A. Geelmuyden, S. Erne, C. F. Barenghi, and S. We- infurtner, Quantum vortex instability and black hole superradi- ance, Physical Review Research 4, 033117 (2022). · DOI
  83. T. Torres, S. Patrick, and R. Gregory, Imperfect draining vortex as analog extreme compact object, Phys. Rev. D 106, 045026 (2022), arXiv:2204.10139 [gr-qc]. · DOI
  84. P. Stepanov, I. Amelio, J.-G. Rousset, J. Bloch, A. Lemaître, A. Amo, A. Minguzzi, I. Carusotto, and M. Richard, Disper- sion relation of the collective excitations in a resonantly driven polariton fluid, Nature Communications 10, 1 (2019). · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Falque, K., Delhom, A., Glorieux, Q., Giacobino, E., Bramati, A., & Jacquet, M. J.
Affiliations
  • Laboratoire Kastler Brossel (FR)
  • Louisiana State University (US)
ORCID
Venue
Physical Review Letters
Publisher
American Physical Society (APS)
Published
2025-07-08
Volume
135
Issue
2
Pages
023401-023401
ISSN
  • 0031-9007 (ISSN-L)
  • 1079-7114
DOI
10.1103/t5dh-rx6w
OpenAlex
W4410590249
Cited by
20
References
2
Citations by year
2026: 14 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2
FWCI
6.94
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Physical Review Letters (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • HAL (submittedVersion)
  • arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • arXiv (Cornell University)
Funders
  • Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
  • National Science Foundation (PHY-2110273, PHY-1903799, PHY-2206557)
  • Louisiana Board of Regents (LEQSF(2023-25)-RD-A-04)
  • Institut Universitaire de France
  • DIM SIRTEQ
  • Hearne Institute for Theoretical Physics
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Strong Light-Matter Interactions
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Electrodynamics and Casimir Effect
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Black Holes and Theoretical Physics
Keywords
quantum field theory in curved spacetime, Hawking radiation, sound horizon, quantum simulators, negative energy waves, relativistic dispersion

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review