CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 1,232Leadership and Management in OrganizationsEmployee Performance and LeadershipJob Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 42 of the 46 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Transformational versus servant leadership: a difference in leader focus

Gregory Stone, A., Russell, Robert F., Patterson, Kathleen·2004·Leadership & Organization Development Journal
DOI 10.1108/01437730410538671
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

This article examines transformational leadership and servant leadership to determine what similarities and differences exist between the two leadership concepts. The authors posit that the primary difference between transformational leadership and servant leadership is the focus of the leader. The transformational leader's focus is directed toward the organization, and his or her behavior builds follower commitment toward organizational objectives, while the servant leader's focus is on the followers, and the achievement of organizational objectives is a subordinate outcome. The extent to which the leader is able to shift the primary focus of leadership from the organization to the follower is the distinguishing factor in classifying leaders as either transformational or servant leaders. This article also looks at the next stage of developmental issues in servant leadership, such as the challenges facing empirical investigation and measurement, and the changes that are occurring in current thinking about the servant leadership approach. Ultimately, the case is made that although different, both transformational leadership and servant leadership offer the conceptual framework for dynamic leadership.

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1108/01437730410538671

Cites

42 of 42 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

Show all 46 references

Research works printed but not linked: 12

  1. Bass, B.M. (1985a), Leadership and Performance beyond Expectations, The Free Press, New York, NY.
  2. Bass, B.M. and Avolio, B.J. (1990), Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire, Consulting Psychologist Press, Palo Alto, CA.
  3. Bass, B.M. and Avolio, B.J. (1994), “Introduction”, in Bass, B.M. and Avolio, B.J. (Eds), Improving Organizational Effectiveness through Transformational Leadership, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA.
  4. Braham, J. (1999), “The spiritual side”, Industry Week, Vol. 248 No. 3, pp. 48‐56.
  5. Burns, J.M. (1998), “Transactional and transforming leadership”, in Hickman, G.R. (Ed.), Leading Organizations, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA, pp. 133‐4.
  6. Etzioni, A. (1961), A Comparative Analysis of Complex Organizations, Free Press, New York, NY.
  7. Greenleaf, R.K. (1969), “Leadership and the individual: the Dartmouth lectures”, in Frick, D.M. and Spears, L.C. (Eds), On Becoming a Servant Leader, Jossey‐Bass Publishers, San Francisco, CA, pp. 284‐338.
  8. Harvey, M. (2001), “The hidden force: a critique of normative approaches to business leadership”, SAM Advanced Management Journal, Vol. 66 No. 4, pp. 36‐48.
  9. Horsman, J.H. (2001), “Perspectives of servant leadership and spirit in organizations”, Dissertation Abstracts Online, 8936785.
  10. Lubin, K.A. (2001), “Visionary leader behaviors and their congruency with servant leadership characteristics”, Dissertation Abstracts Online, 3022943.
  11. Russell, R.F. (2000), “Exploring the values and attributes of servant leaders”, Doctoral dissertation, 5359435.
  12. Tice, L. (1996), “Traits of limitless leaders”, Association Management, Vol. 48, p. 16.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Items 101–200 of 1,232

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Gregory Stone, A., Russell, R. F., & Patterson, K.
Affiliations
  • Emory and Henry College (US)
  • Regent University (US)
Venue
Leadership & Organization Development Journal
Publisher
Emerald
Published
2004-06-01
Volume
25
Issue
4
Pages
349-361
ISSN
0143-7739 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1108/01437730410538671
OpenAlex
W2169205424
Semantic Scholar
34bdf0f7db71489ddbef82754df7f79fe2d144d5
Cited by
1,208
References
46
Citations by year
2026: 25 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 95 · 2022: 83 · 2021: 90 · 2020: 96 · 2019: 88 · 2018: 90 · 2017: 74 · 2016: 75 · 2015: 64 · 2014: 70 · 2013: 63 · 2012: 55
FWCI
37.42
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.emerald.com/insight/site-policies (tdm)
Locations
Leadership & Organization Development Journal (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Leadership and Management in Organizations
  • Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Employee Performance and Leadership
  • Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior
Keywords
transformational leadership, servant leadership, follower commitment, organizational goals, leader-follower relationships, dynamic leadership, leadership assessment

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review