Clear and present questions: formulating questions for evidence based practice
Abstract
Purpose The paper seeks to provide an overview and update of thinking in relation to the theory and practice of formulation of answerable research questions within evidence based information practice. Design/methodology/approach The paper reviews the healthcare and information literature on question formulation, augmented by structured and purposive internet searches. Findings Although a few key authors have published extensively on all aspects of the evidence‐based information practice process, including question formulation, there is little in the way of empirical research. Research limitations/implications In the absence of an empirical research base from within the specific domain of information practice, this conceptual paper extrapolates findings from healthcare research to general librarianship. Practical implications This article models the process of question formulation using a proposed conceptual framework (SPICE) and encourages practitioners to identify their own practice‐based questions. Originality/value This is the first article specifically to address question formulation for a general (i.e. non‐health) library audience.
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- Authors
- Booth, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Sheffield (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Booth, Andrew
- ORCID
- Booth, Andrew
- Venue
- Library Hi Tech
- Publisher
- Emerald
- Published
- 2006-07-01
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 355-368
- ISSN
- 0737-8831 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2112145696
- Cited by
- 344
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 42 · 2023: 50 · 2022: 45 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 18.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Library Hi Tech (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Library and Information Sciences › Library Science and Information Literacy
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Sciences Research and Education
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Library Science and Information
- Keywords
- question generation, research question formulation, information practices, conceptual framework
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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