How do we start? An approach to learning analytics adoption in higher education
Open accessAbstract
Purpose: The analysis of data collected from user interactions with educational and information technology has attracted much attention as a promising approach to advancing our understanding of the learning process. This promise motivated the emergence of the field of learning analytics and supported the education sector in moving toward data-informed strategic decision making. Yet, progress to date in embedding such data-informed processes has been limited. The purpose of this paper is to address a commonly posed question asked by educators, managers, administrators and researchers seeking to implement learning analytics – how do we start institutional adoption of learning analytics? Design/methodology/approach: A narrative review is performed to synthesize the existing literature on learning analytics adoption in higher education. The synthesis is based on the established models for the adoption of business analytics and finding two projects performed in Australia and Europe to develop and evaluate approaches to adoption of learning analytics in higher education. Findings: The paper first defines learning analytics and touches on lessons learned from some well-known case studies. The paper then reviews the current state of institutional adoption of learning analytics by examining evidence produced in several studies conducted worldwide. The paper next outlines an approach to learning analytics adoption that could aid system-wide institutional transformation. The approach also highlights critical challenges that require close attention in order for learning analytics to make a long-term impact on research and practice of learning and teaching. Originality/value: The paper proposed approach that can be used by senior leaders, practitioners and researchers interested in adoption of learning analytics in higher education. The proposed approach highlights the importance of the socio-technical nature of learning analytics and complexities pertinent to innovation adoption in higher education institutions.
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Professional development and training in LA can improve educators' capacity to use data-driven insights to support student learning.
“Studies suggest that professional development and training in LA can improve educators' capacity to use data-driven insights to support student learning (Bergdahl et al., 2020;Bond et al., 2020;Gašević et al., 2019).”
From Unpacking student engagement in higher education learning analytics: a systematic review (2024) · cites this paper as Gašević et al., 2019
The discussion on p. 348 identifies developing data literacy and institutional capacity as milestones for learning analytics adoption. Section 2.1 (p. 343) also describes analytics helping instructors identify students who need support. Neither passage says that professional development or training improves educators’ capacity to use those insights. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredLA must become more rigorous in adopting educational theory.
“Gašević et al. (2019) emphasised that LA must become more rigorous in adopting educational theory.”
From Unpacking student engagement in higher education learning analytics: a systematic review (2024) · cites this paper as Gašević et al. (2019)
There may be a gap between LA research and theory development.
“Indicating that there may be a gap between LA research and theory development, Gašević et al. (2019) emphasised that LA must become more rigorous in adopting educational theory.”
From Unpacking student engagement in higher education learning analytics: a systematic review (2024) · cites this paper as Gašević et al. (2019)
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“First, the design of the indicators is rarely grounded in learning theories (Chatti & Muslim, 2019; Gašević et al, 2015; 2017; 2019; Jivet et al., 2018; Kelly et al., 2015; Marzouk et al., 2016; Matcha et al., 2019; Molenaar et al., 2020; Sedrakyan et al., 2020), human-computer interaction (HCI)…”
Background“Trust us,” they said. Mapping the contours of trustworthiness in learning analytics
Slade, S., Prinsloo, P., & Khalil, M. (2023) · Information and Learning Sciences · doi:10.1108/ils-04-2023-0042 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
MMALA: Developing and Evaluating a Maturity Model for Adopting Learning Analytics
Freitas, E., de Souza, F. D. F., Garcia, V. C., Falcão, T. P., Marques, E. C., Gašević, D., & Mello, R. F. (2024) · Journal of Learning Analytics · doi:10.18608/jla.2024.8099 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Mahroeian, H., & Daniel, B. K. (2021) · International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education · doi:10.1007/s40593-020-00234-y · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Learning Analytics for Data-Driven Decision Making
Al-Zahrani, A. M., & Alasmari, T. M. (2023) · International Journal of Online Pedagogy and Course Design · doi:10.4018/ijopcd.331751 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Content-Focused Formative Feedback Combining Achievement, Qualitative and Learning Analytics Data
Martínez, M. C., Serra, R., Sundaramoorthy, P., Booij, T. B. N., Vertegaal, C. J. C., Bounik, Z., Hastenberg, K. A. P. V., & Bentum, M. (2023) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci13101014 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Over the last two decades, a vast amount of research has been conducted in developing personalized feedback for education using LA [29–32].”
BackgroundMacfadyen, L. P. (2022) · Solar eBooks · doi:10.18608/hla22.017 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Educational Technology in Higher Education
Orr, L. (2024) · Advances in information quality and management · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-7366-5.ch083 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Knobbout, J., & van der Stappen, E. (2020) · International Journal of Learning Analytics and Artificial Intelligence for Education (iJAI) · doi:10.3991/ijai.v2i1.12793 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“As a result, the institutional adoption of learning analytics and embedding in educational systems remains quite immature [9]–[11].”
BackgroundAnalíticas de aprendizaje para la toma de decisiones pedagógicas en educación superior
Lobos, K., Mella-Norambuena, J., Bruna, C., & Fernández, C. (2022) · Formación universitaria · doi:10.4067/s0718-50062022000400033 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Sheikh, R. A., Masmali, F. H., Alhazemi, A. A., Onn, C. W., & Khan, S. M. F. A. (2025) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-025-13647-w · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“This underscores a pivotal area of research concern: comprehending and enhancing stakeholders’ inclination to utilize LA services, thereby facilitating the seamless integration of LA tools within educational settings(Gasevic et al., 2019).”
Zheng, L., Fan, Y., Gao, L., & Huang, Z. (2023) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2023.2255231 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Learning analytics technologies play a crucial role in the task of monitoring and predicting learning processes as well as the task of promoting data-informed decision-making (Gasevic et al., 2019).”
Alzahrani, A. S., Tsai, Y., Kovanović, V., Moreno-Marcos, P. M., Jivet, I., Aljohani, N. R., & Gašević, D. (2022) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-93859-8_26 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationKnobbout, J., van der Stappen, E., Versendaal, J., & van de Wetering, R. (2023) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app13053236 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Tzimas, D. E., & Demetriadis, S. (2025) · TechTrends · doi:10.1007/s11528-025-01045-5 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Human‑Centered LA LA emphasis appears to be on analytics rather than learning, according to Viberg et al. (2018), and a transformation from a technocratic perspective to an educational one is required (Gasevic et al., 2019).”
Lourenço, A. A., Navarro-Loli, J. S., & Domínguez-Lara, S. (2025) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su17146429 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Barros, B., Conejo, R., Ruiz-Sepúlveda, A., & Triguero‐Ruiz, F. (2021) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app11199328 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“There are many studies in classrooms [17], massive online open courses (MOOCs) [18,19] or entire universities [20].”
BackgroundActivity and Dropout Tracking in Moodle Using UBUMonitor Application
Ji, Y., Sánchez, R. M., Pardo, C., Nozal, C. L., & Juez-Gil, M. (2022) · IEEE Revista Iberoamericana de Tecnologias del Aprendizaje · doi:10.1109/rita.2022.3191279 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“To avoid any problems caused by this factor, which is common in institutionally managed LMSs [12], [13], our solution involves a desktop application that the teacher can install on his or her computer.”
BackgroundBandono, A., Mukhlis, M., Susilo, A., & Prabowo, A. R. (2023) · International Journal of Learning Teaching and Educational Research · doi:10.26803/ijlter.22.10.12 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Furthermore, it is necessary to evaluate the adoption of learning analysis literature by conducting a systematic literature review on collaborative learning (Gasevic, 2019).”
BackgroundA systematic analysis of learning analytics using multi-source data in the context of Spain
Muñoz‐Merino, P. J., Moreno-Marcos, P. M., Rubio‐Fernández, A., Tsai, Y., Gašević, D., & Kloos, C. D. (2022) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2022.2039767 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“This matches with the idea that ‘ learning analytics must be considered in a broader context of interconnected organizational, social, and political structures that form modern educational institutions ’ (Ga š evi ć et al. 2019, 350).”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe Role of Learning Analytics in Higher Education: A Strategy towards Sustainability
Mittal, P., Chakraborty, P., Srivastava, M., & Garg, S. (2021) · International Conference on Computational Performance Evaluation (ComPE) · doi:10.1109/compe53109.2021.9752233 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Perspectives de l'OCDE sur l'éducation numérique 2021
OCDE (2022) · Digital education outlook · doi:10.1787/d5fe6bd0-fr · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Artificial Intelligence in Higher Education
Poëllhuber, B., Roy, N., & Lepage, A. (2024) · Chapman & Hall/CRC eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781003320791-17 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Intelligent Learning Management Systems
Vaerenbergh, S. V., & Pérez-Suay, A. (2022) · Advances in higher education and professional development book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-9247-2.ch009 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Learning Analytics in Higher Education: A Decade in Systematic Literature Review
Salas-Martínez, Á., & Martinell, A. R. (2024) · Programming and Computer Software · doi:10.1134/s0361768824700701 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“In sum-mary, this study builds on established models for the adoption of business analytics, showcases two projects conducted in Australia, to develop and evaluate approaches for LA adoption in HEI [3].”
InfluentialLipsou, E., Keravnos, N., & Eteokleous, N. (2026) · Artificial Intelligence in Education · doi:10.1108/aiie-08-2025-0240 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Schmidt, A., Cechinel, C., Queiroga, E. M., Primo, T. T., Ramos, V. F. C., Bordin, A. S., Mello, R. F., & Muñoz, R. (2025) · IEEE Revista Iberoamericana de Tecnologias del Aprendizaje · doi:10.1109/rita.2025.3540161 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“In response to this trend, higher education institutions have made substantial investments in institutional programs aimed at the adoption and implementation of learning analytics [2].”
Human-centered Approaches to Data-informed Feedback
Tsai, Y., & Martínez‐Maldonado, R. (2022) · Solar eBooks · doi:10.18608/hla22.021 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationvan Leeuwen, A., Goudriaan, M., & Aksu, Ü. (2024) · Computers and Education Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2024.100304 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Learning Loss Recovery Dashboard: A Proposed Design to Mitigate Learning Loss Post Schools Closure
Aldosemani, T. I., & Khateeb, A. A. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14105944 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Now there is a need for more attention on learning and LA, with student outcomes at the center and the focus of improvement endeavors [17].”
BackgroundScheffel, M., Tsai, Y., Gašević, D., & Drachsler, H. (2022) · Solar eBooks · doi:10.18608/hla22.023 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationAlcock, S., Rienties, B., Aristeidou, M., & Mostéfaoui, S. K. (2024) · International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge (LAK) · doi:10.1145/3636555.3636886 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“To be truly useful, learner-facing LAD must present appropriate data to support learning within the given context [17], and do so in a transparent, trustworthy and effective way.”
BackgroundDamar, M. (2022) · Üniversite Araştırmaları Dergisi · doi:10.32329/uad.1067442 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Studying Cohort Influence on Student Performance Prediction in Multi-cohort University Courses
Vemuri, P., Poelmans, S., Pandya, H., & Snoeck, M. (2022) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_59 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Desmistificando a adoção de Learning Analytics: um guia conciso sobre ferramentas e instrumentos
Freitas, E., Falcão, T. P., & Mello, R. F. (2020) · doi:10.5753/sbc.5627.6.4 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Muitas IES atualmente ainda enfrentam dificuldades para implantar um processo de Learning Analytics (Gašević et al., 2019), pois isso implica em uma integração ao planejamento estratégico da IES, aceitação e engajamento dos stakeholders, infraestrutura tecnológica, expertise na área, política…”
InfluentialApplication of Learning Analytics in Higher Education Institutions: A Systematic Literature Review
Salas-Martínez, Á., & Martinell, A. R. (2023) · International Conference in Software Engineering Research and Innovation (CONISOFT) · doi:10.1109/conisoft58849.2023.00024 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“…field of study, defined by the Society for Learning Analytics Research (SoLAR) where it is defined as being responsible for measuring, collecting, analyzing and communicating data about learners and their contexts in order to understand and optimize learning and the environments in which it occurs[1].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAjani, O. A. (2025) · Indonesian Journal of Innovation and Applied Sciences (IJIAS) · doi:10.47540/ijias.v5i2.1644 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Investigating the Use of Learning Analytics at South Africa’s Higher Education Institutions
Molokeng, P. M., & Belle, J.-P. V. (2022) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-93677-8_6 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Exploring Faculty Perceptions and Implementation of Learning Analytics in Higher Education
Uukkivi, A., Labanova, O., Lellep, K., & Maksimova, N. (2024) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-51979-6_43 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A learning analytics case study: On class sizes in undergraduate writing courses
Levine, R. A., Rivera, P. E., He, L., Fan, J., & Ludvick, M. J. B. (2022) · Stat · doi:10.1002/sta4.527 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“In recent years, San Diego State University (SDSU) has established a collaborative team of student success leaders to work with and learn from data scientists and statisticians to improve data-informed decision-making on campus.”
Learning Analytics for Smart Classrooms
Llurba, C., Palau, R., & Recalde, J. M. (2023) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-9220-5.ch103 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Lessons in Readiness: Self-determination and student agency in careers, employability, and success
Employability, K. D. C. &., & Daubney, K. (2024) · doi:10.30688/janzssa.2024-1-04 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Tzimas, D. E., & Demetriadis, S. (2026) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci16050789 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
ADAPTIVE RELEASE LEARNING PATHS TO MOTIVATE ACTIVE LEARNING AND ENGAGEMENT IN STUDENTS
Vemuri, P., & Poelmans, M. S. A. S. (2021) · Cognition and Exploratory Learning in Digital Age · doi:10.33965/celda2021_202108c035 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“The primary datasets were extracted from the foundation technologies (Gasevic et al., 2019) of an HE institution: the Toledo-Blackboard LMS used at KU Leuven; and the student information systems (SIS).”
BackgroundMethodStützer, C. M., Gaaw, S., Herbst, S., & Pengel, N. (2023) · Hochschulbildung: Lehre und Forschung · doi:10.14361/9783839457696-003 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Obtención de un modelo de Learning Analytics con información de un LMS
Chávez, L. N., Franco, M. I. C., & Máynez, G. R. (2021) · RECIE Revista Electrónica Científica de Investigación Educativa · doi:10.33010/recie.v5i2.1314 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
LALA Canvas: A Model for Guiding Group Discussions in Early Stages of Learning Analytics Adoption
Hilliger, I., & Pérez‐Sanagustín, M. (2023) · Advances in analytics for learning and teaching · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-27646-0_6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Adoption of learning analytics
Ifenthaler, D. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818630-5.02052-2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Zamecnik, A., Joksimovíc, S., Kovanović, V., Großmann, G., Ladjal, D., & Pardo, A. (2023) · International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge (LAK) · doi:10.1145/3576050.3576069
“While feedback labels have not been extensively explored inWIL or collaborative learning contexts, there are benefits to adopting learning analytics to support research and practice in these environments [10, 32].”
BackgroundSelf-citationStützer, C. M., Gaaw, S., Herbst, S., & Pengel, N. (2023) · transcript Verlag eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783839457696-003
Introducing Practicable Learning Analytics
Grönlund, Å., & Viberg, O. (2023) · Advances in analytics for learning and teaching · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-27646-0_1
Assessing the Readiness of Students in Adopting Learning Analytics in Higher Education
Sheikh, R. A., & Das, A. S. (2023) · Journal of Namibian Studies History Politics Culture · doi:10.59670/jns.v33i.1013
“The rapid development of learning analytics continually defines the key areas of higher education [1], [24].”
BackgroundWhat Challenges Are Holding Us Back From Adopting Learning Analytics?
Knobbout, J., & van Teylingen, T. (2023) · Advances in educational technologies and instructional design book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-9527-8.ch003
موسى, ع. (2024) · Mağallaẗ Al-Baḥṯ Al-Tarbawī/Mağallaẗ Al-Baḥṯ Al-Tarbawī · doi:10.21608/ncerd.2024.239295.1042
Perspectivas sobre la educación en línea en tiempos de COVID-19
Navarro, G. A. V. (2024) · Universidad de Guadalajara eBooks · doi:10.32870/607.581.1680
Salas-Martínez, Á., Martinell, A. R., & Ramos, S. M. (2024) · International Conference in Software Engineering Research and Innovation (CONISOFT) · doi:10.1109/conisoft63288.2024.00052
“…[3] and even validating the effects of using learning dashboards [4] have been identified, while for the predictive approach, priority is given to identifying the risk of academic failure [5], identifying and predicting dropout [6], emphasizing communication between students and tutors [7].”
Susilo, A. K., Pandjaitan, M. B., Faisol, A., & Pudiastuti, E. P. (2025) · Journal of Defense Resources Management · doi:10.64404/jodrm.2025.1.03
Dhakal, R., Heske, K., & Davis, B. (2025) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-6960-0.ch011
- Authors
- Gasevic, D., Tsai, Y.-S., Dawson, S., & Pardo, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Edinburgh (GB)
- University of South Australia (AU)
- Venue
- The International Journal of Information and Learning Technology
- Publisher
- Emerald
- Published
- 2019-08-05
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 342-353
- ISSN
- 2056-4880 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2950279021
- Cited by
- 103
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 12.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- research.monash.edu
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Information and Learning Technology (publishedVersion)
- Monash University Research Portal (Monash University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Science Applications › Online Learning and Analytics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Management Information Systems › Big Data and Business Intelligence
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Educational and Technological Research
- Keywords
- learning analytics, institutional adoption, higher education, data-informed decision making, innovation adoption, institutional change, socio-technical systems, educational technology, learning and teaching practices
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