Rescaling and refocusing smart cities research: from mega cities to smart villages
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to rethink the focus of the smart cities debate and to open it to policymaking and strategy considerations. To this end, the origins of what is termed normative bias in smart cities research are identified and a case made for a holistic, scalable and human-centred smart cities research agenda. Applicable across the micro, mezzo and macro levels of the context in which smart cities develop, this research agenda remains sensitive to the limitations and enablers inherent in these contexts. Policymaking and strategy consideration are incorporated in the agenda this paper advances, thus creating the prospect of bridging the normative and the empirical in smart cities research. Design/methodology/approach: This paper queries the smart cities debate and, by reference to megacities research, argues that the smart city remains an overly normatively laden concept frequently discussed in separation from the broader socio-political and economic contexts in which it is embedded. By focusing on what is termed the normative bias of smart cities research, this paper introduces the nested clusters model. By advocating the inclusion of policymaking and strategy considerations in the smart cities debate, a case is made for a holistic, scalable and human-centred smart cities agenda focused, on the one hand, on individuals and citizens inhabiting smart cities and, on the other hand, on interdependencies that unfold between a given smart city and the context in which it is embedded. Findings: This paper delineates the research focus and scope of the megacities and smart cities debates respectively. It locates the origins of normative bias inherent in smart cities research and, by making a case for holistic, scalable and human-centred smart cities research, suggests ways of bypassing that bias. It is argued that smart cities research has the potential of contributing to research on megacities (smart megacities and clusters), cities (smart cities) and villages (smart villages). The notions of policymaking and strategy, and ultimately of governance, are brought into the spotlight. Against this backdrop, it is argued that smart cities research needs to be based on real tangible experiences of individuals inhabiting rural and urban space and that it also needs to mirror and feed into policy-design and policymaking processes. Research limitations/implications: The paper stresses the need to explore the question of how the specific contexts in which cities/urban areas are located influence those cities/urban areas’ growth and development strategies. It also postulates new avenues of inter and multidisciplinary research geared toward building bridges between the normative and the empirical in the smart cities debate. More research is needed to advance these imperatives at the micro, mezzo and macro levels. Practical implications: By highlighting the connection, relatively under-represented in the literature, between the normative and the empirical in smart cities research, this paper encourages a more structured debate between academia and policymakers focused on the sustainable development of cities/urban areas. In doing so, it also advocates policies and strategies conducive to strengthening individuals’/citizens’ ability to benefit from and contribute to smart cities development, thereby making them sustainable. Social implications: This paper makes a case for pragmatic and demand-driven smart cities research, i.e. based on the frequently very basic needs of individuals and citizens inhabiting not only urban but also rural areas. It highlights the role of basic infrastructure as the key enabler/inhibitor of information and communication technology-enhanced services. The nested clusters model introduced in this paper suggests that an intimate connection exists between individuals’ well-being, their active civic engagement and smart cities sustainability. Originality/value: This paper delineates the relationship between megacities and smart cities research. It identifies the sources of what is termed normative bias in smart cities research. To address the implications of that bias, a nested clusters model for smart cities is introduced, i.e. a conceptual framework that allows us to redraw the debate on smart cities and establish a functional connection between the array of normatively laden ideas of what a smart city could be and what is feasible, and under which conditions at the policymaking level.
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ICT-oriented literature resorts to what is labelled 'normative bias' of smart city research.
“owing to the disciplinary origins of ICT-oriented literature which resorts to what is labelled 'normative bias' of smart city research [135]”
From On the sustainability of smart and smarter cities in the era of big data: an interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary literature review (2019) · cites this paper as [135]
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Bielska, A., Stańczuk-Gałwiaczek, M., Sobolewska–Mikulska, K., & Mroczkowski, R. (2021) · Land Use Policy · doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105366 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Lytras, M. D., & Visvizi, A. (2020) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102224 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationSustainable Smart City—Opening a Black Box
Treude, M. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13020769 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Innovation biographies can provide the required insights into the processes behind the Smart City and show whether the successful sustainable Smart City selected in the case study is more supply-oriented or demand-oriented, as demanded by Visvizi and Lytras [54].”
BackgroundSatoła, Ł., & Milewska, A. (2022) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en15145175 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“The smart city and smart village concepts, through the use of are designed to reduce the cost of service without lowering the standard residents and At present, the greatest potential for reducing these costs lies in solutions that reduce energy consumption. their lives [13].”
BackgroundEvaluation of smart village strategies and challenges
Renukappa, S., Suresh, S., Abdalla, W., Shetty, N., Yabbati, N., & Hiremath, R. B. (2022) · Smart and Sustainable Built Environment · doi:10.1108/sasbe-03-2022-0060 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Can Smart City Development Promote Residents’ Emotional Well-Being? Evidence From China
Yu, C., Ye, B., Lin, C., & Wu, Y. J. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.3004367 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“First, previous research mainly focused on relevant technologies and their practical applications for smart city development, with few studies exploring residents’ perceptions of smart city development [79], [27],”
BackgroundSmart Healthcare: emerging technologies, best practices, and sustainable policies
Lytras, M. D., Papadopoulou, P., & Sarirete, A. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819043-2.00001-0 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationA soft computing approach to violence detection in social media for smart cities
Pujol, F. A., Mora, H., & Pertegal, M. L. (2019) · Soft Computing · doi:10.1007/s00500-019-04310-x · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“An automated violence detection system has immediate applicability in smart cities to monitor citizens welfare (Visvizi et al. 2018; Visvizi and Lytras 2018).”
BackgroundLeadership and Governance Tools for Village Sustainable Development in China
Liu, Y., & Yang, W. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11205553 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Last not the least, as the case study was carried out in 2013, there has already been some new development of rural villages, such as “sustainable villages” and “smart villages” [64,65].”
BackgroundKapoor, N., Ahmad, N. V., Nayak, S. K., Singh, S. P., Ilavarasan, P. V., & Ramamoorthy, P. (2021) · International Journal of Information Management Data Insights · doi:10.1016/j.jjimei.2021.100041 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Smart Cities and Households’ Recyclable Waste Management: The Case of Jeddah
Saeedi, K., Visvizi, A., Alahmadi, D. H., & Babour, A. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15086776 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationEnhancement of Ant Colony Optimization for QoS-Aware Web Service Selection
Alayed, H., Dahan, F., Alfakih, T. M., Mathkour, H. I., & Arafah, M. A. (2019) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2019.2927769 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Bot prediction on social networks of Twitter in altmetrics using deep graph convolutional networks
Aljohani, N. R., Fayoumi, A. G., & Hassan, S. (2020) · Soft Computing · doi:10.1007/s00500-020-04689-y · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“However, this critical infrastructure ensures to filer incorrect information spread through paid campaigns or bot-user accounts on social media channels (Lytras and Mathkour 2017; Visvizi and Lytras 2018).”
Backgroundde Pablos, P. O., & Lytras, M. D. (2018) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su10062073 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationSmart City Development in Taiwan: From the Perspective of the Information Security Policy
Wu, Y. C., Sun, R., & Wu, Y. J. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12072916 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“The system purpose is to predict trends in information security attacks and increase response speed to information security incidents [8], both of which are dependent on the guidance of and compliance with complete ISP [9].”
BackgroundVisvizi, A., Abdel-Razek, S. A., Wosiek, R., & Malik, R. (2021) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en14238193 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationBig Data and Their Social Impact: Preliminary Study
Lytras, M. D., & Visvizi, A. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11185067 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationGao, J., Huang, X., & Zhang, L. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11236574 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Reinterpreting governance in smart cities: An ecosystem-based view
Polese, F., Troisi, O., Grimaldi, M., & Loia, F. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-85151-0.00006-3 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Lytras, M. D., Visvizi, A., Torres-Ruiz, M. J., Damiani, E., & Jin, P. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.2988125 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationSmart Services in Smart Cities: Insights from Science Mapping Analysis
Malik, R., Visvizi, A., Troisi, O., & Grimaldi, M. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14116506 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationConnecting the Smart Village: A Switch towards Smart and Sustainable Rural-Urban Linkages in Spain
Fernández, C. G., & Peek, D. (2023) · Land · doi:10.3390/land12040822 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Mapping the Knowledge Structure and Research Evolution of Urban Rail Transit Safety Studies
Liu, H., Xie, Y., Liu, Y., Nie, R., & Li, X. (2019) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2019.2961434 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“For example, in recent years, some researchers are studying the smart city services and thinking traffic safety related to smart city [91]–[93], but the keywords have not been in the timeline view because of the small number of literature.”
BackgroundRobles, C. F., & Galindo-Pérez-de-Azpillaga, L. (2021) · Technology in Society · doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101459 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Inclusiveness, safety, resilience, and sustainability in the smart city context
Pérez‐delHoyo, R., Visvizi, A., & Mora, H. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-85151-0.00002-6 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationZhou, S., Zhang, X., Liu, J., Zhang, K., & Zhao, Y. (2020) · Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management · doi:10.1108/jstpm-05-2019-0051 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Smart Villages Revisited: Conceptual Background and New Challenges at the Local Level
Wolski, O., & Wójcik, M. (2019) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-78769-845-120191004 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Ayub, M., Ghazanfar, M. A., Mehmood, Z., Alyoubi, K. H., & Alfakeeh, A. S. (2019) · Soft Computing · doi:10.1007/s00500-019-04588-x · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Building privacy-aware smart city is a hot issue (Zhang et al. 2019; Lytras et al. 2018; Visvizi et al. 2018; Visvizi and Lytras 2018; Lytras and Visvizi 2018), and trust-based recommender systems can play their role only when information is presented to a user that comes from trust-worthy sources…”
BackgroundA support vector machine–based voice disorders detection using human voice signal
Leung, P. H., Chui, K. T., Lo, K., & de Pablos, P. O. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822060-3.00014-0 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Mechanisms for Innovative-Driven Solutions in European Smart Cities
Manika, S. (2020) · Smart Cities · doi:10.3390/smartcities3020028 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Therefore, unemployment, social innovation, adoption of strategies that contribute to smart city development [48], urban shrinkage or resilience, and SME competitiveness are some of the key challenges Greek cities are looking into [49].”
BackgroundGkika, E. C., Anagnostopoulos, T., Ntanos, S., & Kyriakopoulos, G. L. (2020) · Journal of Open Innovation Technology Market and Complexity · doi:10.3390/joitmc6020041 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“In addition, the aforementioned framework should be proven effective to conceive of and build synergies, and to apply in the city/urban space context a wide variation of targeted approaches and techniques [90].”
BackgroundRural development and digital technologies: a collaborative framework for policy-making
Monda, A., Feola, R., Parente, R., Vesci, M., & Botti, A. (2023) · Transforming Government People Process and Policy · doi:10.1108/tg-12-2022-0162 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Wang, Y., Zhang, W., & Chu, J. (2023) · Journal of the Knowledge Economy · doi:10.1007/s13132-023-01472-w · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“It is important to actively mobilize citizens’ enthusiasm for participation and give full play to the role of citizen participation in the construction of smart cities (Fu & Zhang, 2017; Visvizi & Lytras, 2018).”
Future Development of Taiwan’s Smart Cities from an Information Security Perspective
Wu, S. M., Guo, D., Wu, Y. J., & Wu, Y. C. (2018) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su10124520 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Identification of operational demand in law enforcement agencies
Basílio, M. P., Pereira, V., & Brum, G. (2019) · Data Technologies and Applications · doi:10.1108/dta-12-2018-0109 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Sciarrone, F., & Temperini, M. (2020) · Soft Computing - A Fusion of Foundations, Methodologies and Applications · doi:10.1007/s00500-020-04696-z · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“It has been observed that a “normative bias” does occur in research on smart services for social ecosystems (Lytras and Visvizi 2018; Visvizi and Lytras 2018).”
BackgroundMouazen, A. M., & Hernández‐Lara, A. B. (2020) · Digital Policy Regulation and Governance · doi:10.1108/dprg-04-2020-0051 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Perspectives on Smart Villages from a Bibliometric Approach
Rahoveanu, M. M. T., Serban, V., Zugravu, A. G., Rahoveanu, A. T., Cristea, D. S., Nechita, P., & Simionescu, C. S. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su141710723 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“In addition, the empirical works [26] from this group present a new global model for smart, green ecological villages in tropical countries.”
BackgroundManaging Safety and Security in the Smart City: Covid-19, Emergencies and Smart Surveillance
Troisi, O., Kashef, M., & Visvizi, A. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-93585-6_5 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationBig Data Research for Social Science and Social Impact
Lytras, M. D., & Visvizi, A. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12010180 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“The focus of this edited volume is on the intersection of advanced information systems and social sciences research [3,4].”
BackgroundSelf-citationWey, W.-M., & Peng, T.-C. (2021) · Journal of Urban Planning and Development · doi:10.1061/(asce)up.1943-5444.0000704 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Fundamental Directions of the Development of the Smart Cities Concept and Solutions in Poland
Brzeziński, Ł., & Wyrwicka, M. K. (2022) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en15218213 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Li, W., & Hilmola, O. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11072070 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Subway Passenger Flow Forecasting With Multi-Station and External Factors
Danfeng, Y., & Wang, J. (2019) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2019.2914239 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Is DNS Ready for Ubiquitous Internet of Things?
Yan, Z., Li, H., Zeadally, S., Zeng, Y., & Geng, G. (2019) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2019.2901801 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Sustainable Smart City Technologies and Their Impact on Users’ Energy Consumption Behaviour
Ramli, H., Azizi, Z. M., & Thurairajah, N. (2024) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en17040771 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Wang, J., Wang, C., & Zhang, W. (2018) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app8091693 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Smart healthcare applications are one part of a smart city, which involve domain and data understanding for physician- and patient-centric healthcare, data preprocessing, and modeling using natural language processing and (big) data analytic techniques, and model evaluation and knowledge deployment through information…”
BackgroundSmart Villages: Relevance, Approaches, Policymaking Implications
Visvizi, A., Lytras, M. D., & Mudri, G. (2019) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-78769-845-120191002 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Visvizi, A., & Lytras, M. D.
- Affiliations
- The American College of Greece (GR)
- Venue
- Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management
- Publisher
- Emerald
- Published
- 2018-05-30
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 134-145
- ISSN
- 2053-4620 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2805837290
- Cited by
- 261
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 69 · 2018: 11
- FWCI
- 30.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Media Technology › Smart Cities and Technologies
- Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Urban Planning and Governance
- Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Sustainable Urban and Rural Development
- Keywords
- smart cities, normative bias, smart village, urban governance, policy making, research agenda, urban development strategy, rural-urban interdependence, scale of analysis, multidisciplinary research
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