On the sustainability of smart and smarter cities in the era of big data: an interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary literature review

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Topical studies on big data technologies and their applications in the context of smart and smarter cities tend to deal largely with economic growth and quality of life in terms of service efficiency and betterment while overlooking and barely exploring the untapped potential of such applications for advancing sustainability.

“However, topical studies on big data technologies and their applications in the context of smart and smarter cities tend to deal largely with economic growth and the quality of life in terms of service efficiency and betterment while overlooking and barely exploring the untapped potential of such applications for advancing sustainability.”

May combine two claims.

The smart city concept is still without a universally agreed definition and remains difficult to pin down.

“Notwithstanding this prevalence worldwide, the smart city concept is still without a universally agreed definition.”

• Also stated in: § Smart cities · plain

  “The smart city continues to be a difficult concept to pin down or strictly delineate.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A common thread in most definitions of smart city is its characteristic features and technological components, which are usually observed in smart city proposals, projects, and initiatives irrespective of scale, scope, national context, and available resources.

“In this line of thinking, a common thread running in most of the definitions of smart city is its characteristic features and technological components, which are usually observed in smart city proposals, projects, and initiatives, irrespective of their scale, scope, national context, and”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The majority of definitions of smart cities tend to focus on integrated solutions for achieving sustainable utilisation of resources, efficient operation of infrastructures and facilities, high quality of life, and effective urban planning and governance.

“Yet, the majority of these definitions tend to focus on integrated solutions for achieving a sustainable utilisation of resources, efficient operation of infrastructures and facilities, high quality of life, and effective urban planning and governance.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

As a common thread running through most definitions of big data, the associated information assets are of high-volume, high-variety, and high-velocity, and thus require cost-effective, innovative forms of data processing, analysis, and management.

“However, as a common thread running through most of the definitions of big data, the associated information assets are, to reiterate, of highvolume, high-variety, and high-velocity, and thus require cost-effective, innovative forms of data processing, analysis, and management.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

There is no definite definition of big data.

“There is no definite definition of big data.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The concept of smarter cities has been associated with the orientation of smart cities towards achieving the goals of sustainability in the future.

“In addition, the concept of smarter cities has been associated with the orientation of smart cities towards achieving the goals of sustainability in the future.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The available definitions of smart cities have several commonalities and distinctions, converging on some dimensions and diverging on others apart from technological aspects, including economic, environmental, physical, political, social, cultural, institutional, organisational, and futuristic dimensions, and differing in the extent of different sustainability dimensions and their integration.

“In light of the above analytical account, the available definitions of smart cities have several commonalities as well as distinctions, i.e., converging on some dimensions and diverging on others apart from technological aspects, including economic, environmental, physical, political, social, cultural, institutional, organisational, and futuristic, in addition to the extent of different”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The recent years have witnessed a great interest in, and a proliferation of publications and scientific writings on, the topic of smart and smarter cities from diverse multi-perspectival approaches.

“Indeed, the recent years have witnessed a great interest in, and a proliferation of publications and scientific writings on, the topic of smart and smarter cities from diverse multi-perspectival approaches, reflecting the magnitude, breadth, depth, and heterogeneity of research within the field [20,25].”

• cites [20] Bibri SE. Smart sustainable cities of the future: the untapped potential of big data analytics and context aware computing for advancing sustainability. Germany, Berlin: Springer; 2018. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [25] Bibri SE, Krogstie J. Smart sustainable cities of the future: an extensive interdisciplinary literature review. Sustain Cities Soc. 2017;31:183–212. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Smart and smarter city research remains dominated by analytical perspectives and applicable insights from broadly conceived ICT of pervasive computing.

“Owing to its origins, smart and smarter city research remains dominated by analytical perspectives and applicable insights from broadly conceived ICT of pervasive computing.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

There is a growing consensus that big data analytics and its application will create and enable immense possibilities and fascinating opportunities in the near future.

“All in all, there is a growing consensus that big data analytics and its application will create and enable, in light of the projected advancements and innovations within related platforms, techniques, processes, and methods, immense possibilities and fascinating opportunities in the near future.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

In the field of smart and smarter cities, research in its various forms is inherently interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary and remarkably heterogeneous in terms of programs and endeavours.

“In the field of smart and smarter cities, research in its various forms is inherently interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary and remarkably heterogeneous in terms of programs and endeavours.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The field of smart and smarter cities merges broad streams of scholarship, which entail many research strands, and as the body of literature has evolved remarkably over the past 10 years or so, new social issues and concerns have been brought to the analysis, and new uses of technology and their ends have been proposed and criticised.

“In all, the field of smart and smarter cities merges broad streams of scholarship, which entail many research strands, and as the body of literature on smart and smarter cities has evolved remarkably over the past 10 years or so, new social issues and concerns have been brought to the analysis, and new uses of technology and their ends have been proposed and criticised, respectively.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Smart cities of today make an inadequate contribution to the goals of sustainable development and thus have poor sustainability performance.

“The inadequate contribution of smart cities of today to the goals of sustainable development and thus their poor sustainability performance”

• cites [2] Ahvenniemi H, Huovila A, Pinto-Seppä I, Airaksinen M. What are the differences between sustainable and smart cities? Cities. 2017;60:234–45. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [6] Angelidou M, Artemis P, Nicos K, Christina K, Tsarchopoulos P, Anastasia P. Enhancing sustainable urban development through smart city applications. J Sci Technol Policy Manag. 2017;9:1–25.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [20] Bibri SE. Smart sustainable cities of the future: the untapped potential of big data analytics and context aware computing for advancing sustainability. Germany, Berlin: Springer; 2018. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [25] Bibri SE, Krogstie J. Smart sustainable cities of the future: an extensive interdisciplinary literature review. Sustain Cities Soc. 2017;31:183–212. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [28] Bifulco F, Tregua M, Amitrano CC, D’Auria A. ICT and sustainability in smart cities management. Int J Pub Sec Manag. 2016;29(2):132–47. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [55] Höjer M, Wangel S. Smart sustainable cities: definition and challenges. In: Hilty L, Aebischer B, editors. ICT innovations for sustainability. Berlin: Springer; 2015. p. 333–49. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [56] Hollands RG. Will the real smart city please stand up? City Anal Urban Trends Cult Theory Policy Action. 2008;12(3):303–20.Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Most of the related novel applications are still under development, and thus a lot more can be done in this direction prior to their deployment.

“Especially, most of the related novel applications are still under development, and thus, a lot more can be done in this direction prior to their deployment.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

It is not until very recently that smart sustainable/sustainable smart urban development as an intellectual discourse did elicit and attract great attention among urban scholars, practitioners, and policymakers, as well as ICT experts and computer scientists working within the area of applied urban science or urban informatics, especially in the subfield of big data and its relation to urban

“It is not until very recently that smart sustainable/sustainable smart urban development as an intellectual discourse did elicit and attract great attention among urban scholars, practitioners, and policymakers, as well as ICT experts and computer scientists working within the area of applied urban science or urban informatics, especially in the subfield of big data and its relation to urban”

May combine two claims.

The academic discourse on sustainable smart urban development within the relevant literature is still scant and heavily weak on empirical grounding, yet rapidly burgeoning.

“While there is a growing interest in this flourishing field of research, the academic discourse on sustainable smart urban development within the relevant literature is still scant and also heavily weak on empirical grounding-yet rapidly burgeoning [25].”

• cites [25] Bibri SE, Krogstie J. Smart sustainable cities of the future: an extensive interdisciplinary literature review. Sustain Cities Soc. 2017;31:183–212. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Smarter cities typically rely on the fulfilment of the prevalent ICT visions of pervasive computing, namely Ubiquitous Computing, Ambient Intelligence, Sentient Computing, and the Internet of Things.

“Smarter cities typically rely on the fulfilment of the prevalent ICT visions of pervasive computing, namely Ubiquitous Computing, Ambient Intelligence, Sentient Computing, and the Internet of Things.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The core enabling technologies of smart and smarter cities have become relatively financially affordable, technically advanced, and widely deployed across urban environments.

“Explicitly, when this concept has become widespread and mature, and concurrently, most of the core enabling technologies (sensor technology, cloud computing, fog computing, distributed computing, data processing platforms, wireless communication networks, etc.) of smart and smarter cities have become relatively financially affordable, technically advanced, and widely deployed across urban”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

A few studies exploring the subject of sustainable smart cities have been published in the mainstream journals.

“Indeed, a few studies exploring the subject of sustainable smart cities have been published in the mainstream journals.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The orientation of these cities towards sustainability through embracing sustainable development goals within technologically and ecologically advanced nations is a new research endeavour that aims to leverage the informational landscape of smart cities in the transition towards sustainability.

“Of importance to note is that the orientation of these cities towards sustainability through embracing and incorporating the goals of sustainable development as part of national urban development initiatives and projects within technologically and ecologically advanced nations is considered as a new research endeavour that aims to leverage the informational landscape of smart cities in the needed”

• cites [20] Bibri SE. Smart sustainable cities of the future: the untapped potential of big data analytics and context aware computing for advancing sustainability. Germany, Berlin: Springer; 2018. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Smarter cities are mainly striving for smart targets instead of sustainability goals, just like current smart cities.

“Such cities are mainly striving for smart targets instead of sustainability goals [25], just like current smart cities [2,93].”

• cites [25] Bibri SE, Krogstie J. Smart sustainable cities of the future: an extensive interdisciplinary literature review. Sustain Cities Soc. 2017;31:183–212. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [2] Ahvenniemi H, Huovila A, Pinto-Seppä I, Airaksinen M. What are the differences between sustainable and smart cities? Cities. 2017;60:234–45. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [93] Marsal-Llacuna ML, Colomer-Llinàs J, Meléndez-Frigola J. Lessons in urban monitoring taken from sustainable and livable cities to better address the smart cities initiative. Technol Forecast Social Change. 2015;90(2):611–22. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The bulk of work on smarter cities has tended to deal largely with the advancement of ICT of pervasive computing and its potential only in terms of optimising economic efficiency, as well as improving quality of life in regard to better, faster, and more efficient services.

“In more detail, notwithstanding the relative increase of research on smarter cities-pushed particularly by big data analytics and its application across various urban domains-the bulk of work has tended to deal largely with the advancement of ICT of pervasive computing and its potential only in terms of the use of its novel applications to optimise economic efficiency in terms of productivity,”

May combine two claims.

Big data technology and its diverse applications span many urban domains with regard to improving operational functioning, monitoring and optimising infrastructures, reducing resource consumption, providing efficient services, and streamlining planning, all in line with sustainable development.

“This relates particularly to big data technology and its diverse applications and services, which span many urban domains with regard to improving operational functioning, monitoring and optimising infrastructures and facilities, reducing resource consumption, providing efficient and faster services to citizens to enhance the quality of their life, and streamlining planning and decision-making”

• cites [20] Bibri SE. Smart sustainable cities of the future: the untapped potential of big data analytics and context aware computing for advancing sustainability. Germany, Berlin: Springer; 2018. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Smart cities have gained traction among many national governments and international policymakers as a promising response to the challenges of sustainable development.

“Consequently, smart cities have gained traction among particularly many national governments and international policymakers as a promising response to the challenges of sustainable development in an increasingly technologised and computerised, yet unsustainable, urbanised world [20].”

• cites [20] Bibri SE. Smart sustainable cities of the future: the untapped potential of big data analytics and context aware computing for advancing sustainability. Germany, Berlin: Springer; 2018. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Big data analytics is a rapidly expanding research area merging computer science, data science, and complexity sciences, and becoming a ubiquitous term in understanding and solving complex challenges in many fields.

“Therefore, big data analytics is a rapidly expanding research area merging computer science, data science, and complexity sciences [16,20], and becoming a ubiquitous term in understanding and solving complex challenges and problems in such fields as sustainable urban development, engineering, economics, education, healthcare, medicine, and telecommunication.”

• cites [16] Batty M, Axhausen KW, Giannotti F, Pozdnoukhov A, Bazzani A, Wachowicz M, Ouzounis G, Portugali Y. Smart cities of the future. Eur Phys J. 2012;214:481–518.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [20] Bibri SE. Smart sustainable cities of the future: the untapped potential of big data analytics and context aware computing for advancing sustainability. Germany, Berlin: Springer; 2018. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Transport apps have the potential to address or respond to the equity and inclusion challenges of social sustainability by employing universal design in general-use apps, including cost-conscious features and providing language options, as well as by specifically developing smartphone apps for persons with disabilities.

“This study reveals that transport apps have the potential to address or respond to the equity and inclusion challenges of social sustainability by employing universal design in general-use apps, including cost-conscious features and providing language options, as well as by specifically developing smartphone apps for persons with disabilities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

There are significant scientific and intellectual challenges as well as open issues that need to be addressed and overcome for building smart cities of the future or smarter cities based on big data computing and underpinning technologies, and for accomplishing desired outcomes related to sustainability and urbanisation.

“there still are significant scientific and intellectual challenges as well as open issues that need to be addressed and overcome for building such cities based on big data computing and underpinning technologies, and then for accomplishing the desired outcomes related to sustainability and urbanisation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The literature and research on the uses of big data analytics and its application in relation to sustainable development remains scant in the context of smart and smarter cities.

“Yet, the literature and thus research on the uses of big data analytics and its application in relation to sustainable development remains scant in the context of smart and smarter cities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The volume of data generated about cities is growing exponentially and diversifying, providing rich, heterogeneous streams of information about urban environments and citizens.

“As cities are routinely embedded with all kinds of ICT forms, including infrastructure, platforms, systems, devices, sensors and actuators, and networks, the volume of data generated about them is growing exponentially and diversifying, providing rich, heterogenous streams of information about urban environments and citizens.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The reviewed literature does not mention the role of big data analytics in the functioning of transport apps or how they relate to it.

“there is no mention of the role of big data analytics in the functioning of such apps, or how they relate to it at all”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

There is a growing consensus among urban scholars and applied urban science experts that big data analytics and its application will be a determining or salient factor in the operational functioning, management, planning, design, and development of smart cities of the future or smarter cities.

“While there is a growing consensus among urban scholars and applied urban science experts that big data analytics and its application will be a determining or salient factor in the operational functioning, management, planning, design, and development of smart cities of the future or smarter cities”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

In smart and smarter cities, big data analytics and its application are associated with diverse intelligence functions including control, automation, optimisation, management, prediction, and enhancement, which are involved in the operational functioning and planning of urban systems as part of various urban domains.

“All in all, in smart and smarter cities, big data analytics and its application are associated with such diverse intelligence functions as control, automation, optimisation, management, prediction, and enhancement, which are involved in the operational functioning and planning of urban systems as part of various urban domains.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Big data technologies and their applications are increasingly permeating the systems and domains of smart and smarter cities due to their potential for enabling their needed transition to sustainable development in an increasingly urbanised world.

“Big data technologies and their applications are increasingly permeating the systems and domains of smart and smarter cities due to their potential for enabling their needed transition to sustainable development in an increasingly urbanised world.”

May combine two claims.

Smart and smarter cities in their current state involve several issues, pose special conundrums, and present significant challenges as to their development and implementation with regard to their contribution to sustainability.

“The review indicates that smart and smarter cities in their current state involve several issues, pose special conundrums, and present significant challenges as to their development and implementation with regard to their contribution to sustainability.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Data-driven smart urbanism is an emerging field of research.

“As an emerging field of research, data-driven smart urbanism”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Smart city and big data computing research is still in its infancy.

“while smart city and big data computing research is still in its infancy”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Security and privacy concerns are an open issue requiring special attention and careful consideration in the context of smart cities of the future or smarter cities.

“Another open issue requiring special attention and careful consideration in the context of smart cities of the future or smarter cities is security and privacy concerns.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Despite the prevalence of the concept and phenomenon of smart city worldwide, there still is obscurity facing its definition; nevertheless, there seems to be an agreement on what the smart or smarter city should achieve as to sustainability and urbanisation, and how advanced ICT should be utilised to mitigate or solve the associated challenges and issues.

“Worth noting, however, is that despite the prevalence of the concept and phenomenon of smart city worldwide, there still is obscurity facing its definition; nevertheless, there seems to be an agreement on what the smart or smarter city should achieve as to sustainability and urbanisation, and how advanced ICT (particularly big data analytics and its application) should be utilised to mitigate or”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Smarter cities are still emerging and in the early stage of their development.

“as smarter cities are still emerging and in the early stage of their development”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Data-driven smart urbanism is remarkably heterogeneous with a diversity of research problems, integrating various theoretical and disciplinary perspectives.

“data-driven smart urbanism is remarkably heterogeneous with a diversity of research problems, integrating various theoretical and disciplinary perspectives.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Tremendous opportunities are available for utilising big data applications in smart cities of the future or smarter cities to improve their contribution to the goals of sustainable development by optimising and enhancing urban operations, functions, services, designs, strategies, and policies, as well as by finding answers to challenging analytical questions and thereby advancing knowledge forms.

“The review reveals that tremendous opportunities are available for utilising big data applications in smart cities of the future or smarter cities to improve their contribution to the goals of sustainable development by optimising and enhancing urban operations, functions, services, designs, strategies, and policies, as well as by finding answers to challenging analytical questions and thereby”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Tremendous opportunities are available for utilising big data analytics and its application in smart cities of the future to improve their contribution to the goals of sustainable development by optimising and enhancing urban operations, functions, services, designs, strategies, and policies, as well as by finding answers to challenging analytical questions and thereby advancing knowledge forms.

“Nevertheless, as also revealed by this study, tremendous opportunities are available for utilising big data analytics and its application in smart cities of the future to improve their contribution to the goals of sustainable development by optimising and enhancing urban operations, functions, services, designs, strategies, and policies, as well as by finding answers to challenging analytical ques”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Big data analytics and its application has tremendous potential to enhance urban operations, functions, services, designs, strategies, and policies in the direction of sustainability.

“One of such forms that has tremendous potential to enhance urban operations, functions, services, designs, strategies, and policies in this direction is big data analytics and its application.”

May combine two claims.

Cities are the world's major consumers of energy resources and significant contributors to GHG emissions.

“This is anchored in the recognition that cities as the engines of, and the hubs of innovation that drive, economic development are the world's major consumers of energy resources and significant contributors to GHG emissions.”

• cites [20] Bibri SE. Smart sustainable cities of the future: the untapped potential of big data analytics and context aware computing for advancing sustainability. Germany, Berlin: Springer; 2018. sourceNot checked yet

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• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Cities consume about 67% of the global energy demand and generate up to 70% of the harmful GHG emissions.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The UN's 2030 Agenda regards ICT as a means to promote socio-economic development and protect the environment, increase resource efficiency, achieve human progress and knowledge in societies, upgrade legacy infrastructure, and retrofit industries based on sustainable design principles.

“In this regard, the UN's 2030 Agenda regards ICT as a means to promote socio-economic development and protect the environment, increase resource efficiency, achieve human progress and knowledge in societies, upgrade legacy infrastructure, and retrofit industries based on sustainable design principles [127,129].”

• cites [127] United Nations. Transforming our world: the 2030 agenda for sustainable development, New York, NY. 2015a. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld .Not checked yet

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• cites [129] United Nations. Habitat III Issue Papers, 21—Smart cities (V2.0), New York, NY. 2015c. https://collaboration.worldbank.org/docs/DOC–20778 . Accessed 2 May 2017.Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Big data are regarded as the most scalable and synergic asset and resource for smart and smarter cities to enhance their performance on many scales, as they have become the fundamental ingredient for the next wave of urban analytics.

“Big data are regarded as the most scalable and synergic asset and resource for smart and smarter cities to enhance their performance on many scales, as they have become the fundamental ingredient for the next wave of urban analytics [20].”

• cites [20] Bibri SE. Smart sustainable cities of the future: the untapped potential of big data analytics and context aware computing for advancing sustainability. Germany, Berlin: Springer; 2018. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Smart city projects, programs, and initiatives tend to be based on specific objectives, technological capabilities, financial abilities, human and social resources, regulatory policies, institutional frameworks, political mechanisms, governance arrangements, and so on.

“This implies that smart city projects, programs, and initiatives tend to be based on specific objectives, technological capabilities, financial abilities, human and social resources, regulatory policies, institutional frameworks, political mechanisms, governance arrangements, and so on [20].”

• cites [20] Bibri SE. Smart sustainable cities of the future: the untapped potential of big data analytics and context aware computing for advancing sustainability. Germany, Berlin: Springer; 2018. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Many governments are funnelling huge expenditures into ICT research, development, and innovation, manifested in the high number of jointly funded research endeavours as well as smart initiatives and implementation projects.

“Concerning the financial abilities, many governments are funnelling huge expenditures (colossal investments) into ICT research, development, and innovation, which is manifested in the high number of jointly funded research endeavours as well as smart initiatives and implementation projects (e.g., [2]).”

• cites [2] Ahvenniemi H, Huovila A, Pinto-Seppä I, Airaksinen M. What are the differences between sustainable and smart cities? Cities. 2017;60:234–45. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The smart city and sustainable city landscapes are extremely fragmented both on the policy and the technical levels, and there is a host of unexplored opportunities toward sustainable smart city development.

“On this note [6], conclude that the smart city and sustainable city landscapes are extremely fragmented both on the policy and the technical levels, and there is a host of unexplored opportunities toward sustainable smart city development.”

• cites [6] Angelidou M, Artemis P, Nicos K, Christina K, Tsarchopoulos P, Anastasia P. Enhancing sustainable urban development through smart city applications. J Sci Technol Policy Manag. 2017;9:1–25.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Big data computing as a new paradigm is fundamentally changing the way modern cities can sustainably be operated, managed, planned, and developed, shaping and driving decision-making processes within many urban domains.

“Indeed, big data computing as a new paradigm is fundamentally changing the way modern cities can sustainably be operated, managed, planned, and developed, shaping and driving decisionmaking processes within many urban domains [20], especially with regard to optimising resource utilisation, mitigating environmental risks, responding to socio-economic needs, and enhancing the quality of life and”

• cites [20] Bibri SE. Smart sustainable cities of the future: the untapped potential of big data analytics and context aware computing for advancing sustainability. Germany, Berlin: Springer; 2018. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

ICT constitutes an effective approach to decoupling the health of the city and the quality of life of citizens from the energy and material consumption and concomitant environmental risks associated with urban operations, functions, services, designs, and policies.

“As pointed out by Bibri [20], ICT constitutes an effective approach to decoupling the health of the city and the quality of life of citizens from the energy and material consumption and concomitant environmental risks associated with urban operations, functions, services, designs, and policies.”

• cites [20] Bibri SE. Smart sustainable cities of the future: the untapped potential of big data analytics and context aware computing for advancing sustainability. Germany, Berlin: Springer; 2018. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Batty et al. identify a number of smart city projects, including modelling urban land use; modelling network performance; sensing, networking, and the impact of social media; mobility and travel behaviour; transport and economic interactions; integrated databases across urban domains; participatory governance and planning structures; and decision support as urban intelligence.

“However, in relation to the objectives, for example, Batty et al. [16] identify a number of smart city projects, including modelling urban land use; modelling network performance; sensing, networking, and the impact of social media; mobility and travel behaviour; transport and economic interactions; integrated databases across urban domains; participatory governance and planning structures; and”

• cites [16] Batty M, Axhausen KW, Giannotti F, Pozdnoukhov A, Bazzani A, Wachowicz M, Ouzounis G, Portugali Y. Smart cities of the future. Eur Phys J. 2012;214:481–518.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

For an article or document to be considered relevant, it should cover one of the conceptual/theoretical subjects or thematic/topical categories intended to be examined.

“With that in mind, for an article or document to be considered of relevance for providing information or evidence on the issues in question, it should cover one of the conceptual/theoretical subjects or thematic/topical categories intended to be examined, as demonstrated by the sections and subsections of this paper.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

It is not until recently that the smart growth movement led the smart city concept to be adopted within urban planning and development.

“Yet, it is not until recently that this movement led this concept to be adopted within urban planning and development [16].”

• cites [16] Batty M, Axhausen KW, Giannotti F, Pozdnoukhov A, Bazzani A, Wachowicz M, Ouzounis G, Portugali Y. Smart cities of the future. Eur Phys J. 2012;214:481–518.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Based on a recent survey of the field of smart cities, there are two main approaches to smart city: technology-oriented and people-oriented.

“Furthermore, based on a recent survey of the field of smart cities [25], there are two main approaches to smart city: (1) the technology-oriented approach, i.e., infrastructures, architectures, platforms, systems, applications, and models and (2) the people-oriented approach, i.e., stakeholders, citizens, knowledge, services, and related data [20].”

• cites [25] Bibri SE, Krogstie J. Smart sustainable cities of the future: an extensive interdisciplinary literature review. Sustain Cities Soc. 2017;31:183–212. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [20] Bibri SE. Smart sustainable cities of the future: the untapped potential of big data analytics and context aware computing for advancing sustainability. Germany, Berlin: Springer; 2018. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

It is difficult to identify common trends of smart cities at global level.

“It is difficult to identify common trends of smart cities at global level [102].”

• cites [102] Neirotti P, De Marco A, Cagliano AC, Mangano G, Scorrano F. Current trends in smart city initiatives—some stylized facts. Cities. 2014;38:25–36. sourceNot checked yet

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Backward literature search and forward literature search were additionally used to enhance the search approach.

“To note, due to the potential limitations associated with relying on the keyword approach, backward literature search (backward authors, backward references, and previously used keywords) and forward literature search (forward authors and forward references) were additionally used to enhance the search approach [140].”

• cites [140] Webster J, Watson RT. Analyzing the past to prepare for the future: writing a literature review. MIS Quarterly. 2002;26(2):13–23.Not checked yet

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The literature search used a broad strategy covering several electronic search databases, including Cristin, NTNU Open, Scopus, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, ACM digital library, Sage Journals, and Google Scholar.

“A broad search strategy was used, covering several electronic search databases, including Cristin, NTNU Open, Scopus, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, ACM digital library, and Sage Journals, in addition to Google Scholar.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The hierarchical search approach involved searching databases of reviewed high quality literature, searching evidence based journals for review articles, and routine searches and other search engines.

“The hierarchical search approach to searching for literature involved the following: • Searching databases of reviewed high quality literature; • Searching evidence based journals for review articles; and, • Routine searches and other search engines.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Scholars, academics, planners, ICT experts, and policymakers converge on the idea that the use of ICT pertains to all domains of smart cities and consider ICT an inseparable facet of smart cities.

“Yet, scholars, academics, planners, ICT experts, and policymakers converge on the idea that the use of ICT pertains to all domains of smart cities, and hence on considering it as an inseparable facet thereof [20].”

• cites [20] Bibri SE. Smart sustainable cities of the future: the untapped potential of big data analytics and context aware computing for advancing sustainability. Germany, Berlin: Springer; 2018. sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The roots of the smart city concept date back to the 1970s under what is labeled the 'cybernetically planned cities', and then in urban development and planning proposals associated with networked or wired cities since the 1980s.

“According to a recent review conducted by Bibri and Krogstie [25], the roots of the smart city concept date back to the 1970s under what is labeled the 'cybernetically planned cities' , and then in urban development and planning proposals associated with networked or wired cities since the 1980s.”

• cites [25] Bibri SE, Krogstie J. Smart sustainable cities of the future: an extensive interdisciplinary literature review. Sustain Cities Soc. 2017;31:183–212. sourceNot checked yet

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The smart city concept's origin can be traced back to the smart growth movement during the 1990s.

“As echoed by Neirotti et al. [102], the smart city concept's origin can be traced back to the smart growth movement during 1990s.”

• cites [102] Neirotti P, De Marco A, Cagliano AC, Mangano G, Scorrano F. Current trends in smart city initiatives—some stylized facts. Cities. 2014;38:25–36. sourceNot checked yet

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Multidisciplinary efforts remain limited in impact on theory building for coping with the changing human condition.

“However, multidisciplinary efforts remain limited in impact on theory building for coping with the changing human condition [99].”

• cites [99] Morinière L. Environmentally influenced urbanization: footprints bound for town? Urban Studies. 2012;49(2):435–50. sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

There are smart city strategies that focus on the efficiency and advancement of hard infrastructures (e.g., transport, energy, communication, distribution networks) and those that prioritise soft infrastructures (e.g., social and human capital, participation, equity, safety, cultural heritage).

“In other words, there are smart city strategies that focus on the efficiency and advancement of hard infrastructures in terms of transport, energy, communication, and distribution networks, and so on (e.g., [45,52,74,79,83,93]) and those that prioritise the soft infrastructures in terms of social and human capital, participation, equity, safety, cultural heritage, and so forth (e.g., [7,17,75,76,8”

• cites [45] Ersue M, Romascanu D, Schoenwaelder J, Sehgal A. Management of networks with constrained devices: use cases. IETF Internet. 2014. sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [52] Gubbi J, Rajkumar Buyya, Slaven Marusic, Marimuthu Palaniswami. Internet of things (IoT): a vision, architectural elements, and future directions. Future Gener Comput Syst. 2013;29(7):1645–60. sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [74] Khan Z, Anjum A, Kiani SL. Cloud based big data analytics for smart future cities. In: Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE/ACM 6th international conference on utility and cloud computing, IEEE computer society. 2013, p. 381–6. sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [79] Kitchin R. The real-time city? Big data and smart urbanism. Geo J. 2014;79:1–14.Not checked yet

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• cites [83] Kumar A, Prakash A. The role of big data and analytics in smart cities. Int J Sci Res. 2014;6(14):12–23.Not checked yet

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• cites [93] Marsal-Llacuna ML, Colomer-Llinàs J, Meléndez-Frigola J. Lessons in urban monitoring taken from sustainable and livable cities to better address the smart cities initiative. Technol Forecast Social Change. 2015;90(2):611–22. sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [7] Angelidou M. Smart city policies: a spatial approach. Cities. 2014;41(S1):S3–11. sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [17] Belanche D, Casaló L, Orús C. City attachment and use of urban services: benefits for smart cities. Cities. 2016;50:75–81. sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [75] Khan Z, Kiani SL. A cloud-based architecture for citizen services in smart cities In: IEEE fifth international conference on utility and cloud computing ITAAC workshop. 2012, p. 315–20. (UCC), Chicago, IL, USA. IEEE. sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [76] Khan Z, Kiani SL, Soomro K. A framework for cloud-based context-aware information services for citizens in smart cities. J Cloud Comput Appl Adv Syst Appl. 2014;3(14):1–17.Not checked yet

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The main strength of big data technology is the high influence it will have on smart cities of the future or smarter cities and on citizens' lives.

“Undoubtedly, the main strength of the big data technology is the high influence it will have on smart cities of the future or smarter cities and on citizens' lives (e.g., [5,16,18,20,54,73,79,83,104,124]).”

• cites [5] Al Nuaimi E, Al Neyadi H, Nader M, Al-Jaroodi J. Applications of big data to smart cities. J Internet Serv Appl. 2015;6(25):1–15.Not checked yet

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• cites [16] Batty M, Axhausen KW, Giannotti F, Pozdnoukhov A, Bazzani A, Wachowicz M, Ouzounis G, Portugali Y. Smart cities of the future. Eur Phys J. 2012;214:481–518.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [18] Bettencourt LMA. The uses of big data in cities Santa Fe Institute. New Mexico: Santa Fe; 2014.Not checked yet

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• cites [20] Bibri SE. Smart sustainable cities of the future: the untapped potential of big data analytics and context aware computing for advancing sustainability. Germany, Berlin: Springer; 2018. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [54] Hashem IAT, Chang V, Anuar NB, Adewole K, Yaqoob I, Gani A, Ahmed E, Chiroma H. The role of big data in smart city. Int J Infor Manag. 2016;36:748–58. sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [73] Khan Z, Anjum A, Soomro K, Tahir MA. Towards cloud based big data analytics for smart future cities. J Cloud Comput Adv Syst Appl. 2015;4:2. sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [79] Kitchin R. The real-time city? Big data and smart urbanism. Geo J. 2014;79:1–14.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [83] Kumar A, Prakash A. The role of big data and analytics in smart cities. Int J Sci Res. 2014;6(14):12–23.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [104] Pantelis K, Aija L. Understanding the value of (big) data. In: Big data 2013 IEEE international conference on IEEE. 2013, p. 38–42. sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [124] Townsend A. Smart cities—big data, civic hackers and the quest for a new utopia. New York: Norton & Company; 2013.Not checked yet

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Interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary approaches require conceptual precision in order for research outcomes to be valid and usable.

“However, they all require conceptual precision in order for research outcomes to be valid and usable (e.g., [89]).”

• cites [89] Lytras MD, Aljohani NR, Hussain A, Luo J, Zhang XZ. Cognitive computing track chairs’ welcome & organization. In: Proceedings of the companion of the web conference, Lyon, France. April 2018, p. 23–27. sourceNot checked yet

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A large number and variety of definitions have been suggested with different foci and orientations.

“In all, a large number and variety of definitions (e.g., [3,5]) have been suggested with different foci and orientations.”

• cites [3] Albino V, Berardi U, Dangelico R. Smart cities: definitions, dimensions, performance, and initiatives. J Urban Technol. 2015;22(1):3–21. sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [5] Al Nuaimi E, Al Neyadi H, Nader M, Al-Jaroodi J. Applications of big data to smart cities. J Internet Serv Appl. 2015;6(25):1–15.Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A great deal of existing definitions tend to converge on three main attributes of big data: huge volume, wide variety, and velocity of collection and analysis.

“A great deal of the existing definitions tend to converge on three main attributes of big data: the huge volume of data, the wide variety of data types, and the velocity at which the data can be collected and analysed.These are identified as the most agreed upon Vs (e.g., [49,86]).”

• cites [49] Fan W, Bifet A. Mining big data: current status, and forecast to the future. ACM SIGKDD Explor Newsl. 2013;14(2):1–5. sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [86] Laney D. 3–D data management: controlling data volume, velocity and variety. New York: META group research note; 2001.Not checked yet

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Big data tend to be characterised by a number of other Vs than volume, variety, and velocity, including inveracity, validity, value, and volatility.

“Yet, big data tend to be characterised by a number of other Vs than these three, including inveracity, validity, value, and volatility (e.g., [72]).”

• cites [72] Khan M, Uddin MF, Gupta N. Seven V’s of big data understanding: big data to extract value. In: 2014 zone 1 conference of the IEEE American society for engineering education (ASEE Zone 1). 2014, p. 1–5. sourceNot checked yet

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The impetus behind the concept of smarter cities or smart cities of the future based on big data analytics and its application is to mobilise and align urban stakeholders through research and development endeavours for the purpose of promoting and advancing sustainability by using advanced ICT to continuously evaluate and strategically plan the contribution of such cities to the goals of可持续

“the impetus behind the concept of smarter cities or smart cities of the future [16,20] based on big data analytics and its application-is to mobilise and align urban stakeholders through research and development endeavours for the purpose of promoting and advancing”

• cites [16] Batty M, Axhausen KW, Giannotti F, Pozdnoukhov A, Bazzani A, Wachowicz M, Ouzounis G, Portugali Y. Smart cities of the future. Eur Phys J. 2012;214:481–518.Not checked yet

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• cites [20] Bibri SE. Smart sustainable cities of the future: the untapped potential of big data analytics and context aware computing for advancing sustainability. Germany, Berlin: Springer; 2018. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The model linked to Caragliu et al.'s definition, based on six smart dimensions (economy, environment, mobility, living, people, governance), neither specifies how these dimensions can be prioritised as to their contribution to sustainability nor how they can, combined, add value to sustainable development.

“However, this model neither specifies how these dimensions can be prioritised as to the contribution to sustainability, nor how they can, combined, add value to sustainable development.”

May combine two claims.

Big data generated in smart and smarter cities are invariably tagged with spatial and temporal labels, commonly streamed from a large number and variety of sources, and mostly generated automatically and routinely; hence, it is near on impossible to make sense of, or decipher, the big data generated in smart and smarter cities based on computing technology in current use.

“Such data are invariably tagged with spatial and temporal labels, commonly streamed from a large number and variety of sources, and mostly generated automatically and routinely; hence, it is near on impossible to make sense of, or decipher, the big data generated in smart and smarter cities based on computing technology in current use [20].”

• cites [20] Bibri SE. Smart sustainable cities of the future: the untapped potential of big data analytics and context aware computing for advancing sustainability. Germany, Berlin: Springer; 2018. sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

As far as the complexity of big data analytics is concerned, it is commonly characterized by four Is: in-situ analytics, interactive analysis, incremental analysis, and iterative analysis.

“As far as the complexity of big data analytics is concerned, it is commonly characterized by four Is, namely (1) In-situ analytics which directly operates on the data where it sits without requiring an expensive process of Extract, Transform, Load (ETL), (2) interactive analysis where the analysts work interactively with data and the subsequent questions are formulated depending on the results of”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Digital cities tend to focus on hard infrastructure whereas intelligent cities focus on the way such infrastructure is used, and wired cities embrace ICT as a development strategy, pioneer in embedding digital infrastructure and systems into their urban fabric and utilize them for entrepreneurial and regulatory effect.

“For example, digital cities tend to focus on the hard infrastructure whereas intelligent cities on the way such infrastructure is used [12][13][14], and wired cities embrace ICT as a development strategy, pioneer in embedding digital infrastructure and systems into their urban fabric and utilize them for entrepreneurial and regulatory effect [43].”

• cites [12][13][14]Not checked yet

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• cites [43] Dutton WH, Blumler JG, Kraemer KL. Wired cities: shaping future communication. New York: Macmillan; 1987.Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The body of literature focusing on the defining role of ICT (e.g., big data analytics) as well as human and social capital in smart cities is particularly relevant in terms of the dimensions of sustainability.

“It is of particular relevance in this paper to highlight the body of the literature focusing on the defining role of ICT (e.g., big data analytics and its application) as well as human and social capital in smart cities in terms of the dimensions of sustainability (e.g., [5,6,10,16,82,102]).”

• cites [5] Al Nuaimi E, Al Neyadi H, Nader M, Al-Jaroodi J. Applications of big data to smart cities. J Internet Serv Appl. 2015;6(25):1–15.Not checked yet

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• cites [6] Angelidou M, Artemis P, Nicos K, Christina K, Tsarchopoulos P, Anastasia P. Enhancing sustainable urban development through smart city applications. J Sci Technol Policy Manag. 2017;9:1–25.Not checked yet

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• cites [10] Anthopoulos L. Understanding smart cities—a tool for smart government or an industrial trick? Public Administration and Information Technology, vol. 22. New York: Springer; 2017. sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [16] Batty M, Axhausen KW, Giannotti F, Pozdnoukhov A, Bazzani A, Wachowicz M, Ouzounis G, Portugali Y. Smart cities of the future. Eur Phys J. 2012;214:481–518.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [82] Kramers A, Höjer M, Lövehagen N, Wangel J. Smart sustainable cities: exploring ICT solutions for reduced energy use in cities. Environ Model Softw. 2014;56:52–62. sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [102] Neirotti P, De Marco A, Cagliano AC, Mangano G, Scorrano F. Current trends in smart city initiatives—some stylized facts. Cities. 2014;38:25–36. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The big data deluge flooding within smart and smarter cities entails the use of novel technologies and their integration in terms of algorithms and techniques based on supervised and unsupervised learning methods, techniques, and processing platforms that could work beyond the limits of existing analytic systems.

“Therefore, the big data deluge flooding within smart and smarter cities entails rather the use of novel technologies and their integration in terms of algorithms and techniques that are based on supervised and unsupervised learning methods (e.g., classification, clustering, regression, causal modelling, etc.), techniques (e.g., data mining, machine learning, statistical analysis, database querying”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Common to all smart cities of the future or smarter cities as urban development approaches is the idea that ICT is, and will be for many years yet to come, central to urban operations, functions, services, strategies, and policies.

“In all, common to all smart cities of the future or smarter cities as urban development approaches is the idea that ICT is, and will be for many years yet to come, central to urban operations, functions, services, strategies, and policies.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

This strand of research is concerned with smart cities as urban innovations whose focus is on advancing, harnessing, and integrating physical, human, and social infrastructures for environmental protection, economic regeneration, and enhanced public and social services.

“This strand of research is concerned with smart cities as urban innovations whose focus is on advancing, harnessing, and integrating physical, human, and social infrastructures for environmental protection, economic regeneration, and enhanced public and social services [20].”

• cites [20] Bibri SE. Smart sustainable cities of the future: the untapped potential of big data analytics and context aware computing for advancing sustainability. Germany, Berlin: Springer; 2018. sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Smart cities come in many faces depending on the way ICT is applied, the extensiveness of its use, the degree and form of its ubiquity, the focus of its orientation, and the kind of digital technology by which it is coordinated and integrated.

“Smart cities come in many faces depending on the way ICT is applied, the extensiveness of its use, the degree and form of its ubiquity, and/or the focus of its orientation, as well as the kind of digital technology by which it is coordinated and integrated [20].”

• cites [20] Bibri SE. Smart sustainable cities of the future: the untapped potential of big data analytics and context aware computing for advancing sustainability. Germany, Berlin: Springer; 2018. sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The real-time city is likely to become a reality in many cities over the next decade, as urban administrations seek to capitalise on new data streams and new products are brought to market that help governments and citizens make sense of the city.

“For example, the real-time city is likely to become a reality in many cities over the next decade, as urban administrations seek to capitalise on new data streams and new products are bought to market that help governments and citizens make sense of the city [79].”

• cites [79] Kitchin R. The real-time city? Big data and smart urbanism. Geo J. 2014;79:1–14.Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Networked, wired, cyber, digital, virtual, intelligent, knowledge, and cyber cities all share a focus on the effects of ICT on urban forms, processes, and modes of living, and have largely been subsumed within the label 'smart cities' in recent years.

“However, they all share a focus on the effects of ICT on urban forms, processes, and modes of living, and have largely been subsumed within the label 'smart cities' in recent years, although each of those terms is used in a particular way to conceptualize the relationship between ICT and contemporary urbanism [79].”

• cites [79] Kitchin R. The real-time city? Big data and smart urbanism. Geo J. 2014;79:1–14.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The common types of big data analytics being used in the context of smart and smarter cities are descriptive, predictive, diagnostic, and prescriptive.

“The common types of big data analytics being used in the context of smart and smarter cities are: descriptive, predictive, diagnostic, and prescriptive [20].”

• cites [20] Bibri SE. Smart sustainable cities of the future: the untapped potential of big data analytics and context aware computing for advancing sustainability. Germany, Berlin: Springer; 2018. sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

These platforms perform big data analytics related to a wide variety of large-scale applications intended for different uses associated with sustainable urban development, such as management, control, optimisation, assessment, and improvement, spanning a variety of urban domains and sub-domains, and thus are prerequisite for data-centric applications in the context of sustainable smart and smarter

“These platforms 'perform big data analytics related to a wide variety of large-scale applications intended for different uses associated with the process of sustainable urban development, such as management, control, optimisation, assessment, and improvement, thereby spanning a variety of urban domains and sub-domains… Thus, they are prerequisite for data-centric applications in the context of”

• cites [21, p. 203]Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

New technologies have a tendency to polarise and divide at many levels, and new forms of regulation at the level of urban transport and planning, and economic and community development can be improved using future and emerging technologies.

“As stated by Batty et al. [16], 'New technologies have a tendency to polarise and divide at many levels and we need to explore how new forms of regulation at the level of urban transport and planning, and economic and community development can be improved using future and emerging technologies' .”

• cites Batty et al. [16] Batty M, Axhausen KW, Giannotti F, Pozdnoukhov A, Bazzani A, Wachowicz M, Ouzounis G, Portugali Y. Smart cities of the future. Eur Phys J. 2012;214:481–518.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the context of smart and smarter cities, big data analytics targets intelligent decision support and optimisation and simulation associated with the operational functioning, planning, design, and development of urban systems in terms of control, automation, management, efficiency, enhancement, and prediction as urban intelligence functions.

“In this context, it targets the intelligent decision support and optimisation and simulation associated with the operational functioning, planning, design, and development of urban systems as operating and organizing processes of urban life in terms of control, automation, management, efficiency, enhancement, and prediction as urban intelligence functions.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Socio-economic factors affect the use of smart technologies, and to fully optimise their potential, such factors need to be addressed so that smart and smarter city technologies can play a part in contributing to sustainability.

“Regardless, socio-economic factors affect the use of smart technologies, and to fully optimise their potential, such factors need to be addressed so that smart and smarter city technologies can play a part in contributing to sustainability.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Socio-economic factors affect the use of smart technologies.

May combine two claims.

Most smart city strategies are poorly adapted to accommodate the local needs of their area, fail to incorporate bottom-up approaches, and fall short in considering issues of privacy and security.

“Angelidou [9] found that most smart city strategies are poorly adapted to accommodate the local needs of their area, fail to incorporate bottom-up approaches, and fall short in considering issues of privacy and security.”

• cites Angelidou [9] Angelidou M. The role of smart city characteristics in the plans of fifteen cities. J Urb Technol. 2017;24(4):3–28. sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Cities standing on a smartness scale spectrum can embrace and pursue the goals of sustainable development through related initiatives, programs, and projects, and thereby achieve the required level of sustainability as to operations, functions, services, strategies, designs, and policies within urban domains.

“In this case, the cities standing on a smartness scale spectrum can well embrace and pursue the goals of sustainable development through related initiatives, programs, and projects, and thereby achieve the required level of sustainability as to operations, functions, services, strategies, designs, and policies within urban domains.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: ICT is founded on the application of data science and complexity science, which are well positioned to tackle the complex challenges of urbanisation and sustainability.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The subject of smart and smarter cities has a theoretical base open to interpretation, evaluation, and examination, and theoretical debate is rife and a key aspect of the discipline of smart urban planning and development.

“'this subject has a theoretical base that is open to interpretation, evaluation, and examination, or in it, theoretical debate seems to be rife and a key aspect of the discipline of smart urban planning and development.”

• cites [25] Bibri SE, Krogstie J. Smart sustainable cities of the future: an extensive interdisciplinary literature review. Sustain Cities Soc. 2017;31:183–212. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The existing definitions of smart and smarter city set up no baseline for sustainability and do not include what sustainable development entails.

“In this regard, it has been argued that the existing definitions of smart and smarter city set up no baseline for sustainability, and do not include what sustainable development entails”

• Also stated in: § Research strands of particular relevance to the topic of the study · plain

  “Since its adoption in urban planning and development in 1994 until recent years, the concept of smart city has been criticised for not explicitly incorporating the goals of sustainable development in its definition, as well as for lacking the connection with that of sustainable city (e.g., [2,6,20,25,28,55,56]).”

• cites [2] Ahvenniemi H, Huovila A, Pinto-Seppä I, Airaksinen M. What are the differences between sustainable and smart cities? Cities. 2017;60:234–45. sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [6] Angelidou M, Artemis P, Nicos K, Christina K, Tsarchopoulos P, Anastasia P. Enhancing sustainable urban development through smart city applications. J Sci Technol Policy Manag. 2017;9:1–25.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [20] Bibri SE. Smart sustainable cities of the future: the untapped potential of big data analytics and context aware computing for advancing sustainability. Germany, Berlin: Springer; 2018. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [25] Bibri SE, Krogstie J. Smart sustainable cities of the future: an extensive interdisciplinary literature review. Sustain Cities Soc. 2017;31:183–212. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [28] Bifulco F, Tregua M, Amitrano CC, D’Auria A. ICT and sustainability in smart cities management. Int J Pub Sec Manag. 2016;29(2):132–47. sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [55] Höjer M, Wangel S. Smart sustainable cities: definition and challenges. In: Hilty L, Aebischer B, editors. ICT innovations for sustainability. Berlin: Springer; 2015. p. 333–49. sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [56] Hollands RG. Will the real smart city please stand up? City Anal Urban Trends Cult Theory Policy Action. 2008;12(3):303–20.Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

As pointed out by Lytras and Visvizi, research originating in the social sciences tends to reduce the centrality of ICT in smart city research, and hence, the depth and breadth of implications that emerge at the intersection of ICT in urban spaces and innate social problems remain underexplored.

“Speaking of such issues and concerns, to note, the challenge is that, as pointed out by Lytras and Visvizi [89], research originating in the social sciences tends to reduce the centrality of ICT in smart city research, and hence, the depth and breadth of implications that emerge at the intersection of ICT in urban spaces and innate social problems remain underexplored.”

• cites [89] Lytras MD, Aljohani NR, Hussain A, Luo J, Zhang XZ. Cognitive computing track chairs’ welcome & organization. In: Proceedings of the companion of the web conference, Lyon, France. April 2018, p. 23–27. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Smart and smarter cities may thrive further or get smarter by leveraging their informational landscape in ways that allow them to improve and maintain their contribution to the goals of sustainable development.

“Here, the argument is that smart and smarter cities may thrive further or get smarter by leveraging their informational landscape in ways that allow to improve and maintain their contribution to the goals of sustainable development.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: ICT is founded on the application of data science and complexity science, which are well positioned to tackle the complex challenges of urbanisation and sustainability.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The contribution of smart cities to sustainable development remains vague.

“Furthermore, Bibri [23] notes that the contribution of smart cities to sustainable development remains vague.”

• cites Bibri [23] Bibri SE. Big Data science and analytics for smart sustainable urbanism: unprecedented paradigmatic shifts and practical advances. Germany, Berlin: Springer; 2019. sourceNot checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The concept of smart city is associated with limitations pertaining to sustainability, i.e., it does not necessarily allow for cities to develop in a sustainable manner.

“Moreover, in examining the concept of smart city through the lens of strategic sustainable development, Colldahl et al. [37] conclude that this concept is associated with limitations pertaining to sustainability, i.e., 'does not necessarily allow for cities to develop in a sustainable manner' .”

• cites Colldahl et al. [37] Colldahl C, Frey S, Kelemen JE. Smart cities: strategic sustainable development for an urban world. Master thesis, School of Engineering, Blekinge Institute of Technology. 2013.Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

There are divergences in terms of the current and future use of big data applications, as well as in terms of related innovation.

“• There are divergences in terms of the current and future use of big data applications, as well as in terms of related innovation.”

• cites Bibri [20] Bibri SE. Smart sustainable cities of the future: the untapped potential of big data analytics and context aware computing for advancing sustainability. Germany, Berlin: Springer; 2018. sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

While some challenges pertaining to urbanisation are already being addressed through the development of smart technologies, many of the proposed smart solutions are not aligned with sustainability targets, thereby leading to the emergence of sustainable smart cities.

“In relation to this, while some of the challenges pertaining to urbanisation are already being addressed through the development of smart technologies [29,40,133], many of the proposed smart solutions in this regard are not aligned with sustainability targets, thereby the emergence of sustainable smart cities [2,20].”

• cites [29] Castán JA, Martínez SI, Menchaca JL, Berrones MGT. Improving vehicular mobility in urban traffic using ubiquitous computing. J Comput Commun. 2016;4:57–62. https://doi.org/10.4236/jcc.2016.410006 . sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [40] Degbelo A, Granell Granell C, Trilles Oliver S, Bhattacharya D, Casteleyn S, Kray C. Opening up smart cities: citizen-centric challenges and opportunities from GIScience. ISPRS Int J Geo-Inf. 2016;5(2):16. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi5020016 . sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [133] Vinod Kumar TM, Dahiya B. Smart economy in smart cities. In: Vinod Kumar TM, editor. Smart economy in smart cities international collaborative research: ottawa, St. Louis, Stuttgart, Bologna, Cape Town, Nairobi, Dakar, Lagos, New Delhi, Varanasi, Vijayawada, Kozhikode, Hong Kong. Singapore: Springer; 2017. sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [2] Ahvenniemi H, Huovila A, Pinto-Seppä I, Airaksinen M. What are the differences between sustainable and smart cities? Cities. 2017;60:234–45. sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [20] Bibri SE. Smart sustainable cities of the future: the untapped potential of big data analytics and context aware computing for advancing sustainability. Germany, Berlin: Springer; 2018. sourceNot checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Smart cities continue to strive for smart targets rather than integrating them with sustainability goals.

“• Smart cities continue to strive for smart targets rather than integrating them with sustainability goals.”

• cites Bibri and Krogstie [25] Bibri SE, Krogstie J. Smart sustainable cities of the future: an extensive interdisciplinary literature review. Sustain Cities Soc. 2017;31:183–212. sourceNot checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Smart cities focus mostly on ICT advancement and the efficiency of solutions and fall short in considering, if not ignoring, design concepts and principles and planning practices of urban sustainability and their effects and benefits.

“• Smart cities focus mostly on ICT advancement and the efficiency of solutions and fall short in considering, if not ignoring, design concepts and principles and planning practices of urban sustainability and their effects and benefits.”

• cites Bibri and Krogstie [25] Bibri SE, Krogstie J. Smart sustainable cities of the future: an extensive interdisciplinary literature review. Sustain Cities Soc. 2017;31:183–212. sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

ICT poses great risks to and negative implications for environmental and social sustainability.

“• ICT poses great risks to and negative implications for environmental and social sustainability.”

• cites Bibri [20] Bibri SE. Smart sustainable cities of the future: the untapped potential of big data analytics and context aware computing for advancing sustainability. Germany, Berlin: Springer; 2018. sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

There are gaps between theory and practice and visions and their realisation with regard to the sustainability dimension.

“• There are gaps between theory and practice and visions and their realisation with regard to the sustainability dimension.”

• cites Bibri [20] Bibri SE. Smart sustainable cities of the future: the untapped potential of big data analytics and context aware computing for advancing sustainability. Germany, Berlin: Springer; 2018. sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Smarter cities typically instantiate the dominating ICT visions in Europe, Asia, and the USA, namely Ubiquitous Computing, Ambient Intelligence, and the Internet of Things.

“Indeed, they typically instantiate the dominating ICT visions in Europe, Asia, and the USA, namely Ubiquitous Computing, Ambient Intelligence, and the Internet of Things.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In smart cities, economic and social aspects tend to dominate over environmental aspects.

“According to a recent study carried out by Ahvenniemi et al. [2] on the difference between smart cities and sustainable cities, in the former economic and social aspects tend to dominate over environmental aspects.”

• cites Ahvenniemi et al. [2] Ahvenniemi H, Huovila A, Pinto-Seppä I, Airaksinen M. What are the differences between sustainable and smart cities? Cities. 2017;60:234–45. sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

There will be multiple ways to achieve such objectives, manage available resources, design and execute policy regulations, and this should have direct implications for the success of smart and smarter cities, including in relation to their sustainability performance and its continuation.

“Obviously, there will be multiple ways to achieve such objectives, manage available resources, design and execute policy regulations.This should have direct implications for the success of smart and smarter cities, including in relation to their sustainability performance and its continuation.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The smart and smarter city endeavour can be driven by a wide range of target objectives as well as available resources, technical capabilities, and policy regulations, and shaped by diverse disruptive technologies and how these are embedded in the socio-cultural context as part of the socio-technical landscape.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: There will be multiple ways to achieve such objectives, manage available resources, design and execute policy regulations.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The evolvement of the smart urban development approach is increasingly driven by the growing application of, and the rising demand for, big data analytics and its novel applications and services as a set of novel technologies.

“The evolvement of this smart urban development approach is increasingly driven by the growing application of, and the rising demand for, big data analytics and its novel applications and services as a set of novel technologies.”

May combine two claims.

The existing assessment performance frameworks lack environmental indicators and tend to overemphasise economic aspects.

“• The existing assessment performance frameworks lack environmental indicators and tend to overemphasise economic aspects.”

• cites Bibri [20] Bibri SE. Smart sustainable cities of the future: the untapped potential of big data analytics and context aware computing for advancing sustainability. Germany, Berlin: Springer; 2018. sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The rapid pace of ICT development and innovation seems to happen ad hoc when new technologies and their applications and services become available, rather than grounded in a focused overall approach or directed to solving the most pressing issues and significant challenges associated with sustainability in an increasingly urbanised world.

“However, the rapid pace of ICT development and innovation seems to happen ad hoc when new technologies and their applications and services become available-rather than grounded in a focused overall approach or directed to solving the most pressing issues and significant challenges associated with sustainability in an increasingly urbanised world.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

The field is unable to proceed in anything like a cumulative fashion and to contribute systematically and constructively to the development of innovative technologies for sustainability.

“• The field is unable to proceed in anything like a cumulative fashion and to contribute systematically and constructively to the development of innovative technologies for sustainability.”

• cites Bibri [20] Bibri SE. Smart sustainable cities of the future: the untapped potential of big data analytics and context aware computing for advancing sustainability. Germany, Berlin: Springer; 2018. sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The smart and smarter city endeavour can be driven by a wide range of target objectives as well as available resources, technical capabilities, and policy regulations, and shaped by diverse disruptive technologies and how these are embedded in the socio-cultural context as part of the socio-technical landscape.

“And in this sense, it is of relevance to look at the smart and smarter city endeavour as an ambition which can be driven by a wide range of target objectives as well as available resources, technical capabilities, and policy regulations, and also shaped by diverse disruptive technologies and how these are embedded in the socio-cultural context as part of the socio-technical landscape.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The smart and smarter city endeavour can be driven by a wide range of target objectives as well as available resources, technical capabilities, and policy regulations, and shaped by diverse disruptive technologies and how these are embedded in the socio-cultural context as part of the socio-technical landscape.

May combine two claims.

The research field of smart and smarter cities is currently fragmented due to its ill-defined character and scattered research programs, thereby fostering discontinuity, and consequently, smart perspectives remain too diverse to resolve.

“Moreover, the research field of smart and smarter cities is currently fragmented due to its ill-defined character and scattered research programs, thereby fostering discontinuity, and consequently, smart perspectives remain too diverse to resolve [20].”

• cites [20] Bibri SE. Smart sustainable cities of the future: the untapped potential of big data analytics and context aware computing for advancing sustainability. Germany, Berlin: Springer; 2018. sourceNot checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Existing smart city approaches raise critical issues, pose special conundrums, and involve significant challenges when it comes to their development and implementation as to their contribution to the goals of sustainable development.

“Overall, as concluded by Bibri and Krgostie [25], the existing smart city approaches raise critical issues, pose special conundrums, and involve significant challenges-when it comes to their development and implementation as to their contribution to the goals of sustainable development.”

• cites Bibri and Krgostie [25] Bibri SE, Krogstie J. Smart sustainable cities of the future: an extensive interdisciplinary literature review. Sustain Cities Soc. 2017;31:183–212. sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The existing smart city performance assessment frameworks need to be redeveloped in ways that incorporate the design concepts and principles and planning practices of sustainability as well as environmental indicators.

“• The existing smart city performance assessment frameworks need to be redeveloped in ways that incorporate the design concepts and principles and planning practices of sustainability as well as environmental indicators.”

• cites Bibri and Krogstie [25] Bibri SE, Krogstie J. Smart sustainable cities of the future: an extensive interdisciplinary literature review. Sustain Cities Soc. 2017;31:183–212. sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Smart cities need to leverage their informational landscape together with their physical landscape in line with the vision of sustainability.

“• Smart cities need to leverage their informational landscape together with their physical landscape in line with the vision of sustainability.”

• cites Bibri and Krogstie [25] Bibri SE, Krogstie J. Smart sustainable cities of the future: an extensive interdisciplinary literature review. Sustain Cities Soc. 2017;31:183–212. sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Cities can only be smart if there are intelligence functions that are able to integrate and synthesise the data to some purpose, ways of improving efficiency, sustainability, equity, and the quality of life.

“In reference to smart cities of the future, Batty et al. [16] point out that cities can only be smart if there are intelligence functions that are able to integrate and synthesise the data to some purpose, ways of improving efficiency, sustainability, equity, and the quality of life.”

• cites Batty et al. [16] Batty M, Axhausen KW, Giannotti F, Pozdnoukhov A, Bazzani A, Wachowicz M, Ouzounis G, Portugali Y. Smart cities of the future. Eur Phys J. 2012;214:481–518.Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The concept of smart sustainable/sustainable smart cities has gained momentum as both a holistic approach to urban development as well as an academic and societal pursuit, not least in technologically and ecologically advanced nations.

“Concurrently, the concept of smart sustainable/sustainable smart cities has gained momentum as both a holistic approach to urban development as well as an academic and societal pursuit, not least in technologically and ecologically advanced nations [24].”

• cites [24] Bibri SE, Krogstie J. On the social shaping dimensions of smart sustainable cities: a study in science, technology, and society. Sustain Cities Soc. 2016;29:219–46. sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

A recent wave of research work has started to focus on various technological propositions about what makes cities smart and smarter as to contributing to, or achieving, the goals of sustainable development, but such propositions are too often investigated without consideration of the rather established strategies for achieving urban sustainability, specifically design concepts and principles and,

“In relation to the latter point, while a recent wave of research work has started to focus on various technological propositions about what makes cities smart and smarter as to contributing to, or achieving, the goals of sustainable development [25], such propositions are too often investigated without consideration of the rather established strategies for achieving urban sustainability,”

• cites [25] Bibri SE, Krogstie J. Smart sustainable cities of the future: an extensive interdisciplinary literature review. Sustain Cities Soc. 2017;31:183–212. sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Ahvenniemi et al. [2] contrast 8 smart city and 8 sustainable city assessment frameworks as performance measurement systems with respect to 12 application domains, and observe a much stronger focus on modern ICT in the former in relation to economic and social aspects and a deficiency in environmental indicators.

“Moreover, Ahvenniemi et al. [2] contrast 8 smart city and 8 sustainable city assessment frameworks as performance measurement systems with respect to 12 application domains as a way to examine how the former compares with the latter regarding both commonalities and differences.They observe a much stronger focus on modern ICT in the former in relation to economic and social aspects and a deficiency”

• cites Ahvenniemi et al. [2] Ahvenniemi H, Huovila A, Pinto-Seppä I, Airaksinen M. What are the differences between sustainable and smart cities? Cities. 2017;60:234–45. sourceNot checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Sustainability goals and smartness targets are misunderstood as to their interconnection.

“• Sustainability goals and smartness targets are misunderstood as to their interconnection.”

• cites Bibri and Krogstie [25] Bibri SE, Krogstie J. Smart sustainable cities of the future: an extensive interdisciplinary literature review. Sustain Cities Soc. 2017;31:183–212. sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

The increasing insertion, functioning, and dissemination of the smart sustainable/sustainable smart urban development discourse is increasingly shaped and influenced by emerging smart technologies and their future generation being under vigorous investigation and scrutiny by ICT industry consortia, collaborative research institutes, policy networks, and Quadruple Helix of University-Industry-

“The accordingly increasing insertion, functioning, and dissemination of such discourse is increasingly shaped and influenced by the emerging smart technologies and their future generation being under vigorous investigation and scrutiny by ICT industry consortia, collaborative research institutes, policy networks, and Quadruple Helix of University-Industry-Government-Citizen relations in terms of”

• cites [20] Bibri SE. Smart sustainable cities of the future: the untapped potential of big data analytics and context aware computing for advancing sustainability. Germany, Berlin: Springer; 2018. sourceNot checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The two landscapes of the smart city and sustainable city are extremely fragmented on the technical and policy levels.

“• The two landscapes of the smart city and sustainable city are extremely fragmented on the technical and policy levels.”

• cites Bibri and Krogstie [25] Bibri SE, Krogstie J. Smart sustainable cities of the future: an extensive interdisciplinary literature review. Sustain Cities Soc. 2017;31:183–212. sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In the early 2010s, Erdmann and Hilty [44] highlighted the crucial role that ICT could play in sustainable urban development by decoupling resource consumption and environmental impact from economic growth, while noting that the topic of ICT for sustainability had not attracted actionable political interest as of yet.

“In the early 2010s, Erdmann and Hilty [44] highlighted the crucial role that ICT could play in sustainable urban development by decoupling resource consumption and environmental impact from economic growth, while noting that the topic of ICT for sustainability had not attracted actionable political interest as of yet.”

• cites Erdmann and Hilty [44] Erdmann L, Hilty LM (2010) Scenario analysis exploring the macroeconomic impacts of information and communication technologies on greenhouse gas emissions. J Ind Ecol 14(5):826. sourceNot checked yet

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For many contemporary urban scholars, theorists, and planners, the adoption of the strategies through which sustainable urban forms can be achieved is necessary for achieving the required level of sustainability.

“Of importance to underscore here is that for many contemporary urban scholars, theorists, and planners, the adoption of the strategies through which sustainable urban forms can be achieved is necessary for achieving the required level of sustainability (e.g., [42, 62-64, 67, 141, 142]).”

• cites [42] Dumreicher H, Levine RS, Yanarella EJ. The appropriate scale for “low energy”: theory and practice at the Westbahnhof. In: Steemers K, Yannas S, editors. Architecture, city, environment, proceedings of PLEA 2000. London: James & James; 2000. p. 359–63.Not checked yet

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• cites [62] Jabareen YR. Sustainable urban forms: their typologies, models, and concepts. J Plann Educ Res. 2006;26:38–52. sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [63] Joss S. Eco-cities: the mainstreaming of urban sustainability; key characteristics and driving factors. Int J Sustain Dev Plan. 2011;6(3):268–85. sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [64] Joss S, Cowley R, Tomozeiu D. Towards the ubiquitous eco-city: an analysis of the internationalisation of eco-city policy and practice. J Urban Res Pract. 2013;76:16–22.Not checked yet

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• cites [67] Kärrholm M. The scaling of sustainable urban form: some scale—related problems in the context of a Swedish urban landscape. Eur Plan Stud. 2011;19(1):97–112. sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [141] Wheeler SM. Constructing sustainable development/safeguarding our common future: rethinking sustainable development. J Am Plan Assoc. 2002;68(1):110–1.Not checked yet

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• cites [142] Williams K, Burton E, Jenks M, editors. Achieving sustainable urban form. London: E & FN Spon; 2000.Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Ahvenniemi et al. [2] and Angelidou et al. [6] report the misalignment between the targets of smart urban growth and sustainable urban development, with the former stating that smart city assessment frameworks downplay the importance of environmental sustainability, and the latter highlighting the unexplored role of smart applications in advancing environmental sustainability.

“Indeed, Ahvenniemi et al. [2] and Angelidou et al. [6] report the misalignment between the targets of smart urban growth and sustainable urban development, with the former stating that smart city assessment frameworks downplay the importance of environmental sustainability, and the latter highlighting the unexplored role of smart applications in advancing environmental sustainability.”

• cites Ahvenniemi et al. [2] Ahvenniemi H, Huovila A, Pinto-Seppä I, Airaksinen M. What are the differences between sustainable and smart cities? Cities. 2017;60:234–45. sourceNot checked yet

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• cites Angelidou et al. [6] Angelidou M, Artemis P, Nicos K, Christina K, Tsarchopoulos P, Anastasia P. Enhancing sustainable urban development through smart city applications. J Sci Technol Policy Manag. 2017;9:1–25.Not checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Smart cities need to improve their sustainability performance with support of advanced technologies.

“They conclude that smart cities need to improve their sustainability performance with support of advanced technologies.”

• cites Ahvenniemi et al. [2] Ahvenniemi H, Huovila A, Pinto-Seppä I, Airaksinen M. What are the differences between sustainable and smart cities? Cities. 2017;60:234–45. sourceNot checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Smart cities hold great potential for advancing sustainability, as it is a powerful approach to enabling cities to become more sustainable due to the role of ICT in providing advanced solutions for addressing the complex challenges and pressing issues of sustainability, in addition to planning cities in a more innovative and forward-thinking manner.

“In looking at smart cities through the lens of strategic sustainable development, Colldahl et al. [37] note that smart cities hold great potential for advancing sustainability, as it is a powerful approach to enabling cities to become more sustainable due to the role of ICT in providing advanced solutions for addressing the complex challenges and pressing issues of sustainability, in addition to”

• cites Colldahl et al. [37] Colldahl C, Frey S, Kelemen JE. Smart cities: strategic sustainable development for an urban world. Master thesis, School of Engineering, Blekinge Institute of Technology. 2013.Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The concept of smart sustainable/sustainable smart cities has become important not only in urban planning and policymaking, but also in urban research and practice, generating worldwide attention as a powerful framework for strategic sustainable urban development.

“That is to say, it has become important not only in urban planning and policymaking, but also in urban research and practice, generating worldwide attention as a powerful framework for strategic sustainable urban development [20].”

• cites [20] Bibri SE. Smart sustainable cities of the future: the untapped potential of big data analytics and context aware computing for advancing sustainability. Germany, Berlin: Springer; 2018. sourceNot checked yet

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