Frequency stability degradation of an oscillator slaved to a periodically interrogated atomic resonator
Abstract
Atomic frequency standards using trapped ions or cold atoms work intrinsically in a pulsed mode. Theoretically and experimentally, this mode of operation has been shown to lead to a degradation of the frequency stability due to the frequency noise of the interrogation oscillator. In this paper a physical analysis of this effect has been made by evaluating the response of a two-level atom to the interrogation oscillator phase noise in Ramsey and multi-Rabi interrogation schemes using a standard quantum mechanical approach. This response is then used to calculate the degradation of the frequency stability of a pulsed atomic frequency standard such as an atomic fountain or an ion trap standard. Comparison is made to an experimental evaluation of this effect in the LPTF Cs fountain frequency standard, showing excellent agreement.
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Non-continuous interrogation of the atom system results in the Dick effect, an aliasing of frequency noise of the laser interrogating the atomic transition.
“This non-continuous interrogation of the atom system results in the Dick effect, an aliasing of frequency noise of the laser interrogating the atomic transition 1,2 .”
From Ultrastable optical clock with two cold-atom ensembles (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
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Quantum Algorithmic Readout in Multi-Ion Clocks
Schulte, M. T., Lörch, N., Leroux, I. D., Schmidt, P. O., & Hammerer, K. (2016) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.116.013002 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Akatsuka, T., Ono, H., Hayashida, K., Araki, K., Takamoto, M., Takano, T., & Katori, H. (2014) · Japanese Journal of Applied Physics · doi:10.7567/jjap.53.032801 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Pulsed optically pumped rubidium clock with high frequency-stability performance
Micalizio, S., Godone, A., Calosso, C. E., Levi, F., Affolderbach, C., & Gruet, F. (2012) · IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control · doi:10.1109/tuffc.2012.2215 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Takamizawa, A., Yanagimachi, S., Tanabe, T., Hagimoto, K., Hirano, I., Watabe, K.-I., Ikegami, T., & Hartnett, J. G. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control · doi:10.1109/tuffc.2014.3060 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Hartnett, J. G., & Nand, N. R. (2010) · IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques · doi:10.1109/tmtt.2010.2086551 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Improving the Q Factor of an Optical Atomic Clock Using Quantum Nondemolition Measurement
Bowden, W., Vianello, A., Hill, I. R., Schioppo, M., & Hobson, R. (2020) · Physical Review X · doi:10.1103/physrevx.10.041052 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Improvement of the frequency stability below the dick limit with a continuous atomic fountain clock
Devenoges, L., Stefanov, A., Joyet, A., Thomann, P., & Domenico, G. D. (2012) · IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control · doi:10.1109/tuffc.2012.2181 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Efficient Raman sideband cooling of trapped ions to their motional ground state
Che, H., Deng, K., Xu, Z., Yuan, W. H., Zhang, J., & Lu, Z. H. (2017) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.96.013417 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
High-Stability Comparison of Atomic Fountains Using Two Different Cryogenic Oscillators
Abgrall, M., Guéna, J., Lours, M., Santarelli, G., Tobar, M. E., Bize, S., Grop, S., Dubois, B., Fluhr, C., & Giordano, V. (2016) · IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control · doi:10.1109/tuffc.2016.2570898 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Strontium Optical Lattice Clock: Optical Spectroscopy with Sub-Hertz Accuracy
Ludlow, A. D. (2008) · Cited by 25 · see citing works
General formalism for evaluating the impact of phase noise on Bloch vector rotations
Chen, Z., Bohnet, J., Weiner, J. M., & Thompson, J. K. (2012) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.86.032313 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Tobar, M. E., Hartnett, J. G., Ivanov, E. N., Cros, D., Blondy, P., & Guillon, P. (2000) · IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques · doi:10.1109/22.853470 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
A simple analysis of the Dick effect in terms of phase noise spectral densities
Presti, L. L., Rovera, D., & Marchi, A. D. (1998) · IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control · doi:10.1109/58.710552 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Greenhall, C. A. (1998) · IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control · doi:10.1109/58.710550 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
A low phase noise microwave source for atomic spin squeezing experiments in 87Rb
Chen, Z., Bohnet, J. G., Weiner, J. M., & Thompson, J. K. (2012) · Review of Scientific Instruments · doi:10.1063/1.3700247 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
A high stability atomic fountain clock using a cryogenic sapphire interrogation oscillator
Mann, A. G., Santarelli, G., Chang, S., Luiten, A. N., Laurent, P., Salomon, C., Blair, D. G., & Clairon, A. (2002) · Joint Conference of the European Frequency and Time Forum and IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium (EFTF/IFCS) · doi:10.1109/freq.1998.717871 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationGlover (2000) · doi:10.1002/1522-2594(200007)44:1
- Authors
- Santarelli, G., Audoin, C., Makdissi, A., Laurent, P., Dick, G. J., & Clairon, A.
- Affiliations
- Observatoire de Paris (FR)
- Université Paris-Sud (FR)
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control
- Published
- 1998-07
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 887-894
- ISSN
- 0885-3010 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2154453737
- Cited by
- 314
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 2.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Advanced Frequency and Time Standards
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advanced Electrical Measurement Techniques
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Scientific Measurement and Uncertainty Evaluation
- Keywords
- frequency stability, atomic clocks, oscillator phase noise, two-level atom
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