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Wireless Communications and Applications Above 100 GHz: Opportunities and Challenges for 6G and Beyond
Open accessAbstract
Frequencies from 100 GHz to 3 THz are promising bands for the next generation of wireless communication systems because of the wide swaths of unused and unexplored spectrum. These frequencies also offer the potential for revolutionary applications that will be made possible by new thinking, and advances in devices, circuits, software, signal processing, and systems. This paper describes many of the technical challenges and opportunities for wireless communication and sensing applications above 100 GHz, and presents a number of promising discoveries, novel approaches, and recent results that will aid in the development and implementation of the sixth generation (6G) of wireless networks, and beyond. This paper shows recent regulatory and standard body rulings that are anticipating wireless products and services above 100 GHz and illustrates the viability of wireless cognition, hyper-accurate position location, sensing, and imaging. This paper also presents approaches and results that show how long distance mobile communications will be supported to above 800 GHz since the antenna gains are able to overcome air-induced attenuation, and present methods that reduce the computational complexity and simplify the signal processing used in adaptive antenna arrays, by exploiting the Special Theory of Relativity to create a cone of silence in over-sampled antenna arrays that improve performance for digital phased array antennas. Also, new results that give insights into power efficient beam steering algorithms, and new propagation and partition loss models above 100 GHz are given, and promising imaging, array processing, and position location results are presented. The implementation of spatial consistency at THz frequencies, an important component of channel modeling that considers minute changes and correlations over space, is also discussed. This paper offers the first in-depth look at the vast applications of THz wireless products and applications and provides approaches for how to reduce power and increase performance across several problem domains, giving early evidence that THz techniques are compelling and available for future wireless communications.
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“Bandwidth expansion from the millimetre-wave regime to the THz regime also causes uncertain biological impacts on humans and animals.”
From What should 6G be? (2020) · cites this paper as [26]
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Su, K., Moeller, L., Barat, R. B., & Federici, J. F. (2012) · Journal of the Optical Society of America A · doi:10.1364/josaa.29.000179 · Cited by 107 · cited 1×
“Work in [102], [111]–[115] showed effects of rain, fog, dust, and air turbulence at THz and infrared frequencies based on measurements with less than 10 m links, which indicated a relatively small change (a few dB) in the received power compared to the power received in clear weather.”
BackgroundExperimental comparison of terahertz and infrared data signal attenuation in dust clouds
Su, K., Moeller, L., Barat, R. B., & Federici, J. F. (2012) · Journal of the Optical Society of America A · doi:10.1364/josaa.29.002360 · Cited by 104
A beacon navigation method for autonomous vehicles
McGillem, C. D., & Rappaport, T. S. (1989) · IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology · doi:10.1109/25.45466 · Cited by 96 · cited 1×
“Many methods, such as a sum and difference method used in radars or optical receivers [162] or peak power method may be used.”
MethodSelf-citationComparison of path loss models for indoor 30 GHz, 140 GHz, and 300 GHz channels
Cheng, C.-L., Kim, S.-H., & Zajic, A. G. (2017) · European Conference on Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.23919/eucap.2017.7928124 · Cited by 88 · cited 3×
“losses at 30 GHz, 140 GHz, and 300 GHz were compared using different path loss models in [132].”
BackgroundMethodRey, S., Eckhardt, J. M., Peng, B., Guan, K., & Kürner, T. (2017) · International Congress on Ultra Modern Telecommunications and Control Systems and Workshops (ICUMT) · doi:10.1109/icumt.2017.8255203 · Cited by 87
73 GHz wideband millimeter-wave foliage and ground reflection measurements and models
Rappaport, T. S., & Deng, S. (2015) · doi:10.1109/iccw.2015.7247347 · Cited by 86 · cited 1×
“polarization characterization of the horn antennas [139], [144].”
BackgroundSelf-citationThree-dimensional cone filter banks
Bruton, L. T. (2003) · IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Fundamental Theory and Applications · doi:10.1109/tcsi.2002.808200 · Cited by 85
Position Locationing for Millimeter Wave Systems
Kanhere, O., & Rappaport, T. S. (2018) · Globecom · doi:10.1109/glocom.2018.8647983 · Cited by 81
Self-citationDetermination of the water vapor continuum absorption by THz-TDS and Molecular Response Theory
Yang, Y., Mandehgar, M., & Grischkowsky, D. (2014) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.22.004388 · Cited by 79 · cited 2×
“the attenuation of a propagating wave is mainly caused by molecular absorption in free space, which is minimal [102], but at higher frequencies, as the wavelength approaches the size of dust, rain, snow, or hail, the effects of Mie scattering become more severe [6], [103], [104].”
BackgroundRevealing hidden scenes by photon-efficient occlusion-based opportunistic active imaging
Xu, F., Shulkind, G., Thrampoulidis, C., Shapiro, J. H., Torralba, A. B., Wong, F. N. C., & Wornell, G. W. (2018) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.26.009945 · Cited by 79 · cited 1×
“NLOS imaging methods based on visible and infrared light have also been proposed in [63]–[65].”
MethodLooking behind a corner using multipath-exploiting UWB radar
Zetík, R., Eschrich, M., Jovanoska, S., & Thomä, R. S. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems · doi:10.1109/taes.2015.140303 · Cited by 77
Chi, T., Huang, M.-Y., Li, S., & Wang, H. (2017) · Digest of technical papers/Digest of technical papers - IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference · doi:10.1109/isscc.2017.7870382 · Cited by 77
Long-Path THz-TDS Atmospheric Measurements Between Buildings
Moon, E.-B., Jeon, T., & Grischkowsky, D. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology · doi:10.1109/tthz.2015.2443491 · Cited by 75 · cited 1×
“Work in [102], [111]–[115] showed effects of rain, fog, dust, and air turbulence at THz and infrared frequencies based on measurements with less than 10 m links, which indicated a relatively small change (a few dB) in the received power compared to the power received in clear weather.”
BackgroundD-Band Channel Measurements and Characterization for Indoor Applications
Kim, S., Khan, W. T., Zajic, A. G., & Papapolymerou, J. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.1109/tap.2015.2426831 · Cited by 74
Experimental Comparison of Terahertz and Infrared Signaling in Controlled Atmospheric Turbulence
Ma, J., Moeller, L., & Federici, J. F. (2014) · Journal of Infrared Millimeter and Terahertz Waves · doi:10.1007/s10762-014-0121-9 · Cited by 73 · cited 1×
“Scattering, instead, is expected to be more notable since the wavelength at THz frequencies are comparable to the size of dust, rain, snow, and roughness of walls [113].”
BackgroundWideband THz communication channel measurements for 5G indoor wireless networks
Khalid, N., & Akan, Ö. B. (2016) · International Conference on Communications · doi:10.1109/icc.2016.7511280 · Cited by 73 · cited 2×
“Acoustic ceiling panels, which were shown to be good reflectors at THz band, could be used as low cost components to support NLOS links [127].”
BackgroundMethodLeveraging mmWave Imaging and Communications for Simultaneous Localization and Mapping
Aladsani, M., Alkhateeb, A., & Trichopoulos, G. C. (2019) · IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/icassp.2019.8682741 · Cited by 73
Self-citationMultipath Exploitation in Non-LOS Urban Synthetic Aperture Radar
Setlur, P., Negishi, T., Devroye, N., & Erricolo, D. (2013) · IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/jstsp.2013.2287185 · Cited by 70
Hybrid beamforming for 5G millimeter-wave multi-cell networks
Sun, S. D., Rappaport, T. S., & Shaft, M. (2018) · IEEE Conference on Computer Communications Workshops (INFOCOM WKSHPS) · doi:10.1109/infcomw.2018.8406871 · Cited by 70
Self-citationExploiting High Millimeter Wave Bands for Military Communications, Applications, and Design
Harvey, J. F., Steer, M. B., & Rappaport, T. S. (2019) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2019.2911675 · Cited by 68 · cited 4×
“These frequency bands could easily be used for high speed 6G mobile wireless networks with up to km size coverage range, and perhaps even up to 10 km or beyond in fixed applications [4], [25], [105]–[107].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationIndoor office wideband penetration loss measurements at 73 GHz
Ryan, J., MacCartney, G. R., & Rappaport, T. S. (2017) · IEEE International Conference on Communications workshops · doi:10.1109/iccw.2017.7962662 · Cited by 63 · cited 2×
“Partition loss measurements at 73 GHz for V-V and V-H polarization configurations for glass doors, drywall, steel doors, and clear glass were conducted in [148].”
BackgroundSelf-citationRadar surveillance through solid materials
Frazier, L. M. (1997) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.266733 · Cited by 62 · cited 2×
“As measured in [150], an 8-inch concrete wall had a typical partition loss of 2 to 4 dB at 900 MHz for both V-V and”
BackgroundMethod400-GHz Wireless Transmission of 60-Gb/s Nyquist-QPSK Signals Using UTC-PD and Heterodyne Mixer
Yu, X., Asif, R., Piels, M., Zibar, D., Galili, M., Morioka, T., Jepsen, P. U., & Oxenløwe, L. K. (2016) · IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology · doi:10.1109/tthz.2016.2599077 · Cited by 58
Millimeter-Wave Extended NYUSIM Channel Model for Spatial Consistency
Ju, S., & Rappaport, T. S. (2018) · Globecom · doi:10.1109/glocom.2018.8647188 · Cited by 57
Self-citationAround-the-corner radar: Detection and localization of a target in non-line of sight
Thai, K.-P.-H., Rabaste, O., Bosse, J., Poullin, D., Hinostroza, I., Letertre, T., & Chonavel, T. (2017) · IEEE Radar Conference (RadarConf) · doi:10.1109/radar.2017.7944320 · Cited by 56
Indoor Office Plan Environment and Layout-Based mmWave Path Loss Models for 28 GHz and 73 GHz
MacCartney, G. R., Deng, S., & Rappaport, T. S. (2016) · IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference · doi:10.1109/vtcspring.2016.7504287 · Cited by 55
Self-citationMurdock, J. N., & Rappaport, T. S. (2013) · IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications · doi:10.1109/jsac.2014.141204 · Cited by 52
Self-citationMeasurements of the characteristics of indoor penetration loss
Zhang, Y. P., & Hwang, Y. (2002) · IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC) · doi:10.1109/vetec.1994.345395 · Cited by 52 · cited 1×
“Work in [150] presented penetration loss measurements of concrete walls and plasterboard walls over the frequency range of 900 MHz to 18 GHz, as shown in Table V, and the penetration loss was shown to not necessarily increase monotonically with respect to frequency.”
BackgroundMillimeter wave small-scale spatial statistics in an urban microcell scenario
Sun, S. D., Yan, H., MacCartney, G. R., & Rappaport, T. S. (2017) · International Conference on Communications · doi:10.1109/icc.2017.7996408 · Cited by 50 · cited 1×
“user’s motion within a local area [73], [171], [172].”
BackgroundSelf-citationWideband $N$ -Beam Arrays Using Low-Complexity Algorithms and Mixed-Signal Integrated Circuits
Perera, S. M., Ariyarathna, V., Udayanga, N., Madanayake, A., Wu, G., Belostotski, L., Wang, Y., Mandal, S., Cintra, R. J., & Rappaport, T. S. (2018) · IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/jstsp.2018.2822940 · Cited by 50 · cited 3×
“In particular, fast algorithms for DVM factorization have already been found for relatively small N , while more general versions applicable to larger values of N are being actively developed [95]–[97].”
BackgroundMap-Assisted Millimeter Wave Localization for Accurate Position Location
Kanhere, O., Ju, S., Xing, Y., & Rappaport, T. S. (2019) · Globecom · doi:10.1109/globecom38437.2019.9013365 · Cited by 46 · cited 8×
“by using additional BSs for positioning the users [58].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationBreakthroughs in Photonics 2013: THz Communications Based on Photonics
Nagatsuma, T. (2014) · IEEE photonics journal · doi:10.1109/jphot.2014.2309643 · Cited by 43 · cited 1×
“Global regulatory bodies and standard agencies such as the FCC [33], the European Telecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI) [34], and the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) [35], are seeking comments to allocate frequency bands above 95 GHz for point-to-point use, broadcasting services, and other wireless…”
BackgroundThe Effect of Snow on a Terahertz Wireless Data Link
Ma, J., Adelberg, J., Shrestha, R., Moeller, L., & Mittleman, D. M. (2018) · Journal of Infrared Millimeter and Terahertz Waves · doi:10.1007/s10762-018-0486-2 · Cited by 43 · cited 2×
“THz outdoor measurements during a snow fall at 200 GHz were presented in [103], and a 2 dB decrease in the received power was observed across an 8 m LOS link indicating that a higher transmitted power was required during a snow fall to maintain the same data rate.”
BackgroundReiskarimian, N., Dinç, T., Zhou, J. Y., Chen, T., Dastjerdi, M. B., Diakonikolas, J., Zussman, G., & Krishnaswamy, H. (2019) · IEEE Microwave Magazine · doi:10.1109/mmm.2018.2880497 · Cited by 43 · cited 1×
“What is fascinating to note is that the use of TTD approaches has also found promise in mmWave and THz circulators and duplexers, which are nonlinear devices that allow one-way transmission for coupling multiple signals to a single RF port [98].”
BackgroundMacCartney, G. R., Yan, H., Sun, S. D., & Rappaport, T. S. (2017) · International Conference on Communications · doi:10.1109/icc.2017.7996791 · Cited by 39 · cited 1×
“At the RX, the received signal is cross-correlated with an identical but slightly delayed pseudo-random sequence, providing autocorrelation gain at the expense of a slightly longer acquisition time (on the order of tens of ms) [118], [121], [122].”
MethodSelf-citationComparison of Experimental and Theoretical Determined Terahertz Attenuation in Controlled Rain
Ma, J., Vorrius, F., Lamb, L., Moeller, L., & Federici, J. F. (2015) · Journal of Infrared Millimeter and Terahertz Waves · doi:10.1007/s10762-015-0200-6 · Cited by 37
Characterization of sub-THz and mmWave Propagation Channel for Indoor Scenarios
Pometcu, L., & D’Errico, R. (2018) · European Conference on Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.1049/cp.2018.0991 · Cited by 36 · cited 2×
“The root mean square delay spread was found to be 15 ns [137].”
BackgroundMethod900 MHz path loss measurements and prediction techniques for in-building communication system design
Seidel, S. Y., & Rappaport, T. S. (2002) · IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference · doi:10.1109/vetec.1991.140565 · Cited by 35 · cited 1×
“Wideband mmWave and THz networks, as well as precise ray-tracer algorithms [153], [154], will require accurate channel models that accurately represent the partition losses induced by common building objects [53], [138].”
BackgroundSelf-citationApplicability assessment of terahertz information showers for next-generation wireless networks
Petrov, V., Moltchanov, D., & Koucheryavy, Y. (2016) · International Conference on Communications · doi:10.1109/icc.2016.7511129 · Cited by 35 · cited 2×
“The ultra-high data rates facilitated by mmWave and THz wireless local area and cellular networks will enable super-fast download speeds for computer communication, autonomous vehicles, robotic controls, the information shower [42], highdefinition holographic gaming, entertainment, video conferencing, and high-speed w…”
BackgroundSimulating Motion - Incorporating Spatial Consistency into NYUSIM Channel Model
Ju, S., & Rappaport, T. S. (2018) · IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference · doi:10.1109/vtcfall.2018.8690738 · Cited by 35
Self-citationMeasurement of channel and propagation properties at 300 GHz
Kleine‐Ostmann, T., Jastrow, C., Priebe, S., Jacob, M. V., Kürner, T., & Schräder, T. (2012) · Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements · doi:10.1109/cpem.2012.6250900 · Cited by 33 · cited 2×
“Channel and propagation measurements at 300 GHz were presented in [125], [126], where a VNA based channel system with 26 dBi gain horn antennas at both TX and RX was used to analyze the channel characteristics from 300-310 GHz with an IF frequency bandwidth of 10 kHz.”
BackgroundMethodAriyarathna, V., Madanayake, A., Tang, X., Coelho, D. F. G., Cintra, R. J., Belostotski, L., Mandal, S., & Rappaport, T. S. (2018) · IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/jetcas.2018.2832177 · Cited by 32
Self-citationMultibeam Digital Array Receiver Using a 16-Point Multiplierless DFT Approximation
Ariyarathna, V., Coelho, D. F. G., Pulipati, S. K., Cintra, R. J., Bayer, F. M., Dimitrov, V. S., & Madanayake, A. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.1109/tap.2018.2882629 · Cited by 32 · cited 2×
“Moreover, approximate versions of the DFT can be computed with even lower complexity than the FFT, as shown by Cintra, Bayer, and their collaborators [89]–[93].”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationJärveläinen, J., Haneda, K., Kyrö, M., Kolmonen, V., Takada, J., & Hagiwara, H. (2012) · Loughborough Antennas & Propagation Conference (LAPC) · doi:10.1109/lapc.2012.6403008 · Cited by 31 · cited 2×
“The DS model has been used in [159] to model the RF propagation environment of a hospital room at 60 GHz.”
BackgroundMethodAggrawal, H., Chen, P., Assefzadeh, M. M., Jamali, B., & Babakhani, A. (2016) · IEEE Microwave Magazine · doi:10.1109/mmm.2016.2608764 · Cited by 30 · cited 1×
“…radars for gesture detection and touchless smartphones, spectrometers for explosive detection and gas sensing [49], THz security body scanning, air quality detection [24], personal health monitoring systems [48], precision time/frequency transfer, and wireless synchronization [10], [22], [59].”
BackgroundXing, Y., Kanhere, O., Ju, S., Rappaport, T. S., & MacCartney, G. R. (2018) · IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference · doi:10.1109/vtcfall.2018.8690683 · Cited by 30
Self-citationMulti‐beam RF aperture using multiplierless FFT approximation
Suarez, D., Cintra, R. J., Bayer, F. M., Sengupta, A., Kulasekera, S., & Madanayake, A. (2014) · Electronics Letters · doi:10.1049/el.2014.3561 · Cited by 29
Self-citationPeng, B., Guan, K., & Kürner, T. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications · doi:10.1109/twc.2018.2854565 · Cited by 28 · cited 1×
“In [53], [164], the angle at which maximal power was received was determined to be the AoA.”
BackgroundAccurate and Robust Indoor Localization Systems using Ultra-wideband SignalsPreprint
Meissner, P., Leitinger, E., Fröhle, M., & Witrisal, K. (2013) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1304.7928 · Cited by 27 · cited 2×
“However [166] does not use AoA information, which will be available with high accuracy using directional antennas at THz frequencies.”
BackgroundMethodModeling of Spatially Correlated Geometry-Based Stochastic Channels
Ademaj, F., Mueller, M. K., Schwarz, Š., & Rupp, M. (2017) · IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference · doi:10.1109/vtcfall.2017.8287884 · Cited by 26
Channel characteristics study for future indoor millimeter and submillimeter wireless communications
Peng, B., Rey, S., & Kürner, T. (2016) · European Conference on Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.1109/eucap.2016.7481456 · Cited by 25 · cited 1×
“such as provided in [133] has not yet been performed for indoor sub-THz channels) [4], [132], [134], [135].”
BackgroundSecond generation transceivers for D-band radar and data communication applications
Sarkas, I., Laskin, E., Hasch, J., Chevalier, P., & Voinigescu, S. P. (2010) · IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium digest · doi:10.1109/mwsym.2010.5516139 · Cited by 24 · cited 1×
“Second generation transceivers demos for D-band radars with Doppler, loop-back, and 4 Gbps NLOS radio links, over the air and at distances exceeding one meter were presented in [128].”
BackgroundMeasurements and Characterisation of Surface Scattering at 60 GHz
Goulianos, A. A., Freire, A. L., Barratt, T., Mellios, E., Cain, P., Rumney, M., Nix, A., & Beach, M. A. (2017) · IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference · doi:10.1109/vtcfall.2017.8288373 · Cited by 24 · cited 5×
“(e.g., greater than 5 cm at below 6 GHz) [156].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialOn the attenuation of interference and mutual coupling in antenna arrays using 3D space-time filters
Liyanage, N., Bruton, L. T., & Agathoklis, P. (2009) · IEEE Pacific Rim Conference on Communications, Computers and Signal Processing (PACRIM) · doi:10.1109/pacrim.2009.5291383 · Cited by 23
Non-Line of Sight Terahertz Imaging from a Single Viewpoint
Doddalla, S. K. K., & Trichopoulos, G. C. (2018) · IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium digest · doi:10.1109/mwsym.2018.8439239 · Cited by 23 · cited 6×
“2 (see Section VIII for further details).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationMeasurements on penetration loss in terahertz band
Kokkoniemi, J., Lehtomäki, J. J., & Juntti, M. J. (2016) · European Conference on Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.1109/eucap.2016.7481176 · Cited by 22 · cited 1×
“However, the measurements in [148] were conducted in a very short range (less than 10 cm) and the thicknesses of samplematerials were less than 1 cmwhich may cause large uncertainty or error.”
BackgroundWang, H. H., & Rappaport, T. S. (2005) · IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters · doi:10.1109/lawp.2005.852581 · Cited by 20 · cited 2×
“D maps of the world created on the fly and uploaded/shared on the cloud by future devices [57], [58].”
BackgroundSelf-citationSkidmore, R. R., Rappaport, T. S., & Abbott, A. L. (2002) · IEEE International Conference on Universal Personal Communications (ICUPC) · doi:10.1109/icupc.1996.562653 · Cited by 20
Self-citationDual-Band Multipath Cluster Analysis of Small-Cell Backhaul Channels in an Urban Street Environment
Nguyen, S. L. H., Haneda, K., & Putkonen, J. (2016) · IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps) · doi:10.1109/glocomw.2016.7848881 · Cited by 20 · cited 1×
“Propagation measurements in the 140 GHz band were conducted in a shopping mall [129], [130] using a VNA based channel sounder with a 19 dBi horn antenna at the RX, and a 2 dBi bicone antenna at the TX.”
MethodLow-Complexity Maximally-Decimated Multirate 3-D Spatio-Temporal FIR Cone and Frustum Filters
Edussooriya, C. U. S., Bruton, L. T., Agathoklis, P., & Gunaratne, T. (2013) · IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers · doi:10.1109/tcsi.2012.2230511 · Cited by 19 · cited 2×
“Such cones directly arise from fundamental physics, namely the causality of electromagnetic plane-waves in the spacetime frequency domain ( ω x , ω y , ω ct ) ∈ R 3 [76]–[80], and are thus present for all uniformly-spaced rectangular arrays.”
Background100-340GHz Systems: Transistors and Applications
Rodwell, M. J. W., Fang, Y., Rode, J. C., Wu, J., Markman, B., Brunelli, S. Š., Klamkin, J., & Urteaga, M. E. (2018) · Technical digest - International Electron Devices Meeting/Technical digest · doi:10.1109/iedm.2018.8614537 · Cited by 19 · cited 5×
“The short wavelengths at mmWave and THz will allow massive spatial multiplexing in hub and backhaul communications, as well as incredibly accurate sensing, imaging, spectroscopy, and other applications described subsequently in this paper [21]–[24].”
BackgroundInfluentialMulti-beam receiver apertures using multiplierless 8-point approximate DFT
Kulasekera, S., Madanayake, A., Suarez, D., Cintra, R. J., & Bayer, F. M. (2015) · IEEE Radar Conference (RadarConf) · doi:10.1109/radar.2015.7131185 · Cited by 18
Self-citationWRC-19 Issues: Agenda Item 1.15 and the Use of 275–450 GHz
Marcus, M. J. (2016) · IEEE Wireless Communications · doi:10.1109/mwc.2016.7811828 · Cited by 18 · cited 1×
“Global regulatory bodies and standard agencies such as the FCC [33], the European Telecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI) [34], and the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) [35], are seeking comments to allocate frequency bands above 95 GHz for point-to-point use, broadcasting services, and other wireless…”
BackgroundMulti-beam 4 GHz microwave apertures using current-mode DFT approximation on 65 nm CMOS
Ariyarathna, V., Kulasekera, S., Madanayake, A., Lee, K., Suarez, D., Cintra, R. J., Bayer, F. M., & Belostotski, L. (2015) · IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium digest · doi:10.1109/mwsym.2015.7167112 · Cited by 16
Self-citationMurdock, J. N., & Rappaport, T. S. (2011) · IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps) · doi:10.1109/glocomw.2011.6162415 · Cited by 16 · cited 4×
“It was shown in [31], [32] that the efficiency of components of a transmitter closest to the output, such as the antenna, have the largest impact on CF [31].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationSelective filtering of spatio-temporal plane waves using 3D cone filter banks
Bruton, L. T. (2002) · IEEE Pacific Rim Conference on Communications, Computers and Signal Processing (PACRIM) · doi:10.1109/pacrim.2001.953524 · Cited by 14
Impact of diffraction and attenuation for material characterisation in millimetre wave bands
Isa, A. K. M., Nix, A., & Hilton, G. (2015) · Loughborough Antennas & Propagation Conference (LAPC) · doi:10.1109/lapc.2015.7366112 · Cited by 14 · cited 1×
“5 dB and 8 dB at 45 GHz for both H-H and V-V antenna configurations, respectively, while the attenuation through a concrete slab having a thickness of 3 cm was measured to be about 13 dB at 45 GHz for both H-H and V-V antenna configurations [151].”
BackgroundKaya, A. Ö., Greenstein, L. J., Chizhik, D., Valenzuela, R. A., & Moayeri, N. (2007) · Conference on Information Sciences and Systems · doi:10.1109/ciss.2007.4298332 · Cited by 13 · cited 1×
“In [167], authors used backwards ray tracing using AoA and power observations to estimate the TX location.”
MethodMadanayake, A., Akram, N., Mandal, S., Liang, J., & Belostotski, L. (2017) · International Workshop on Multidimensional (nD) Systems (nDS) · doi:10.1109/nds.2017.8070633 · Cited by 13
Self-citationDesign of a low-complexity wideband analog true-time-delay 5-beam array in 65nm CMOS
Madanayake, A., Ariyarathna, V., Udayanga, N., Belostotski, L., Perera, S. K. M., & Cintra, R. J. (2017) · IEEE International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS) · doi:10.1109/mwscas.2017.8053145 · Cited by 12 · cited 1×
“been explored, where the delay Vandemonde Matrix (DVM) and its factorization [96], [97], has the potential to significantly lower the net arithmetic complexity of the underlying digital system, well below the brute-force matrix computations required for the direct-computed DVM approach [95].”
BackgroundSelf-citationDesign methodology of an analog 9-beam squint-free wideband IF multi-beamformer for mmW applications
Ariyarathna, V., Udayanga, N., Madanayake, A., Perera, S. M., Belostotski, L., & Cintra, R. J. (2017) · 2017 Moratuwa Engineering Research Conference (MERCon) · doi:10.1109/mercon.2017.7980488 · Cited by 11 · cited 2×
“In particular, fast algorithms for DVM factorization have already been found for relatively small N , while more general versions applicable to larger values of N are being actively developed [95]–[97].”
BackgroundSelf-citationDelta-sigma noise shaping in 2D spacetime for uniform linear aperture array receivers
Handagala, S., Madanayake, A., Belostotski, L., & Bruton, L. T. (2016) · Moratuwa Engineering Research Conference (MERCon) · doi:10.1109/mercon.2016.7480125 · Cited by 9 · cited 2×
“The key point exploited in [81]–[86] is that the potential benefits of i) spatially oversampling an antenna array, and ii) shaping unwanted thermal and quantization noise of the array electronics away from the “cone of silence” occupied by propagating electromagnetic waves, are exactly analogous to…”
BackgroundSelf-citation$\Delta-\Sigma$ Noise-Shaping in 2-D Space-Time for Wideband Antenna Array Receivers
Wang, Y., Liang, J., Handagala, S., Madanayake, A., & Mandal, S. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers · doi:10.1109/tcsi.2018.2866366 · Cited by 8 · cited 5×
“In fact, many ∆ − Σ ADCs use a 1-bit quantizer (i.e., a single comparator) but nevertheless provide several bits of effective resolution (i.e., effective number of bits or ENOB (cid:29) 1 ).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationMulti-beam 8×8 RF aperture digital beamformers using multiplierless 2-D FFT approximations
Kulasekera, S., Madanayake, A., Wijenayake, C. A., Bayer, F. M., Suarez, D., & Cintra, R. J. (2015) · Moratuwa Engineering Research Conference (MERCon) · doi:10.1109/mercon.2015.7112356 · Cited by 7 · cited 1×
“However, both DFT/FFT and approximate-DFT approaches are narrowband digital beamformers and are therefore not suitable for emerging wideband 5G/6G digital arrays [94].”
BackgroundSelf-citationCho, C., Maloy, M., Devlin, S. M., Aras, Ö., Castro-Malaspina, H. R., Dauer, L. T., Jakubowski, A. A., O’Reilly, R. J., Papadopoulos, E. B., Perales, M., et al. (2018) · Transplantation and Cellular Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.bbmt.2017.12.182 · Cited by 7 · cited 4×
“Ionizing radiation, which includes ultraviolet, x-rays, galactic radiation, and gamma-rays, is dangerous since it is known to have sufficiently high particle energy to dislodge electrons and create free-radicals that can lead to cancer [11], [12] and is believed to be a major health risk for interplanetary travel [12]…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationA Wideband Sliding Correlator-Based Channel Sounder with Synchronization in 65 nm CMOS
Wu, T., Rappaport, T. S., Knox, M. E., & Shahrjerdi, D. (2019) · IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems proceedings · doi:10.1109/iscas.2019.8702223 · Cited by 7
Self-citationAll electronic propagation loss measurement and link budget analysis for 350 GHz communication link
Bhardwaj, S., Nahar, N. K., & Volakis, J. L. (2016) · Microwave and Optical Technology Letters · doi:10.1002/mop.30307 · Cited by 5 · cited 2×
“Propagation loss measurements for estimating the performance of a communication link in the 350 GHz frequency band were presented in [124], where a VNA based system”
BackgroundSub-mm-wave technologies: Systems, ICs, THz transistors
Rodwell, M. J. W. (2013) · Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference (APMC) · doi:10.1109/apmc.2013.6694847 · Cited by 4 · cited 3×
“Since the first Fresnel zone is tiny at THz frequencies, the antenna beams of wireless devices are easily blocked [116], [117], which requires rapidly steerable phased array transceivers to support both adequate transmission range and to provide adaptive beam steering [2], [8], [60], [110].”
BackgroundMethodExploiting the Terahertz Band for Radionavigation
Parker, J. S., Mickelson, P. G., Yeak, J., Kremeyer, K. P., & Rife, J. H. (2016) · Journal of Infrared Millimeter and Terahertz Waves · doi:10.1007/s10762-016-0291-8 · Cited by 4 · cited 1×
“In [162], the phase of the received signal in LOS was used to estimate the TR separation distance at 300 GHz.”
MethodAn Offset-Canceling Approximate-DFT Beamforming Architecture for Wireless Transceivers
Zhao, H., Mandal, S., Ariyarathna, V., Madanayake, A., & Cintra, R. J. (2018) · IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems proceedings · doi:10.1109/iscas.2018.8351765 · Cited by 4 · cited 1×
“These computations can be efficiently performed using a spatial Fast Fourier transform (FFT), which can be implemented using both analog as well as digital approaches [88] and reduces the brute force computational complexity of the DFT from O(N 2) down to O(N logN ).”
MethodSelf-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
3 of the 155 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 23
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Integrated Sensing and Communications: Toward Dual-Functional Wireless Networks for 6G and Beyond
Liu, F., Cui, Y., Masouros, C., Xu, J., Han, T. X., Eldar, Y. C., & Buzzi, S. (2022) · IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications · doi:10.1109/jsac.2022.3156632 · Cited by 3,857
“, low-earth-orbit (LEO) satellite networks [223], [224], Terahertz (THz) communications and sensing [225], [226], digital twins [227], [228], orthogonal time frequency space (OTFS) modulation [229]–[231], and more.”
BackgroundOn the Road to 6G: Visions, Requirements, Key Technologies, and Testbeds
Wang, C., You, X., Gao, X., Zhu, X., Li, Z., Zhang, C., Wang, H., Huang, Y., Chen, Y., Haas, H., et al. (2023) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2023.3249835 · Cited by 2,613
The Roadmap to 6G: AI Empowered Wireless Networks
Letaief, K. B., Chen, W., Shi, Y., Zhang, J., & Zhang, Y.-J. A. (2019) · IEEE Communications Magazine · doi:10.1109/mcom.2019.1900271 · Cited by 2,207
“, 73GHz140GHz and 1THz-3THz [4]); • Ubiquitous always-on broadband global network coverage by integrating terrestrial wireless with satellite systems; • Connected intelligence with machine learning capability.”
Chowdhury, M. Z., Shahjalal, M. A., Ahmed, S., & Jang, Y. M. (2020) · IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society · doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2020.3010270 · Cited by 1,925
The Road Towards 6G: A Comprehensive Survey
Jiang, W., Han, B., Habibi, M. A., & Schotten, H. D. (2021) · IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society · doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2021.3057679 · Cited by 1,757
“focus merely on one specific aspect of 6G, such as THz [12], AI [14], green networks [18], use cases [22], ML [27], and”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Rappaport, T. S., Xing, Y., Kanhere, O., Ju, S., Madanayake, A., Mandal, S., Alkhateeb, A., & Trichopoulos, G. C.
- Affiliations
- New York University (US)
- Florida International University (US)
- Case Western Reserve University (US)
- Arizona State University (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- IEEE Access
- Published
- 2019
- Volume
- 7
- Pages
- 78729-78757
- ISSN
- 2169-3536 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2955897898
- Cited by
- 2,617
- References
- 155
- Citations by year
- 2026: 333 · 2025: 448 · 2024: 412 · 2023: 422 · 2022: 406 · 2021: 356 · 2020: 214 · 2019: 26
- FWCI
- 90.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- IEEE Access (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (1702967, 1731290, 1902283, 1711395, 1854798, 1730946)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Antenna Design and Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Terahertz technology and applications
- Keywords
- terahertz communication, 6G, wireless sensing, wireless imaging, position location, smart antennas, beam steering, propagation models, channel modeling, spatial consistency, power efficiency, spectrum regulation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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